This study deals with that minority segment of the German immigration population which, as evidenced by hospitalization for mental illness, has failed to make a satisfactory adjustment in Canada. Heavy environmental demands of a new country, or personal and social inadequacies, or a combination of both factors, have been held responsible for such failures. This exploratory study seeks to throw light on either interpretation. It examines clinical information, and suggests ways of analyzing case histories so that environmental and personal factors contributing to mental illness, can be more closely investigated. For the purpose of intensive study, ten case records of German immigrants were carefully selected, and were compared with those of twenty Canadian-born patients chosen on the same basis of elimination. The material available was analyzed, and classified with a view to underlining the correlating or diverging factors in the functioning of both groups. The extracted findings led to an assessment scheme in the areas of economic and work capacities, social and personal factors, applicable to individual patients and to comparable groups. A rating scale was designed which could become a measuring tool for present or future functional capacities. In spite of the small numbers used and of the analytical limitations, this attempt resulted in some well-marked similarities and deviations. To supplement this method, two composite examples of patients, reflecting causative influences in the social diagnosis, are presented. The outstanding result of this study is the emergence of similarities rather than differences between the German and Canadian patient groups. This suggests that the impact of immigration stress cannot be solely responsible for mental illness in the German group. Migration to a completely unfamiliar country, it is assumed, renders certain dormant inadequacies, for example in social relations, more prominent than a pattern of mobility or instability in one's native country would do. However, in both groups there is also the indication of low-grade functioning in economic, social and personal areas, and evidence that personal, as well as precipitating situational forces, could be accountable for mental illness in both. This experimental study strongly suggests the need for further research in this field along the same lines. However, some social work implications can be, and have been drawn from the study. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This dissertation gives a brief background of the development of Canada in the period preceding Confederation. In this is included a short account of the plans for acquiring land the acquisition of the North-West Territories. Then follows an account of the development of dominion policy regarding the disposition of the Crown lands and the attempts to attract settlers to farm those lands. The building of the first transcontinental railroad is also briefly treated. Some attention is given to the early settlements, both foreign and British, and the reasons for the failure of much of the government effort in that field. The study of the great period of development in the years following 1896, the work of Sifton in bringing about the expansion of settlement, increasing immigration, building additional railroads, stimulating the colonization companies, and the resulting increase in all branches of industry, is them made, in more detail. The decline of immigration as a result of depression and the disappearance of the free homestead is then studied, and finally the effect of World War I on immigration. The following section treats of the post-war period and its curtailed immigration and of the efforts of the governments to stimulate immigration through the British Empire Settlement Scheme, especially in the application of this scheme to Canada. This leads to a brief discussion of the gradual ending of immigration as a result of the depression of 1930 and the passing of the restrictive acts that were enacted to limit the entry of immigrants to those considered "desirable". The growth of industries besides as the basic one of agriculture is briefly studied. The Oriental section deals briefly with the coming of the Chinese, the growth of opposition to them, the struggle between Ottawa and Victoria on the subject of the control of Chinese immigration. The immigration of the Japanese is next considered, with comment on the difference of attitude on the part of the Dominion government toward the Chinese and the Japanese and the reasons for this difference. A brief study is made of the Indian problem and its special difficulty because of the fact that these East Indians were British subjects. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

La plupart des immigrants étrangers qui tentent d'intégrer le marché du travail au Canada vont connaître une trajectoire impliquant diverses contraintes. Cette étude qualitative se penche sur la problématique de l'insertion en emploi des immigrants francophones hors Québec. Elle est réalisée par le biais d'entrevues auprès de douze immigrants haïtiens dans la région Ottawa-Gatineau et vise à identifier les obstacles d’intégration en emploi et les stratégies de contournement employées par les immigrants tout au long de leur trajectoire respective. Il s'agit d'examiner comment les éléments du capital humain, du capital social et de la discrimination peuvent influencer leur insertion en emploi. Suite aux données recueillies dans nos entrevues nous avons déterminé que la non-reconnaissance des diplômes et des compétences acquises à l'étranger, la barrière linguistique due à la non-maîtrise de l'anglais, le manque d'expérience sur le marché du travail canadien, la faiblesse des réseaux sociaux et la discrimination sont les principaux obstacles rencontrés par les immigrants dans leur trajectoire d'insertion en emploi. Malgré ceux-ci, les immigrants ne se découragent pas et mettre en place diverses stratégies. Ainsi, le retour aux études postsecondaires, l'apprentissage de l'anglais, le recours aux réseaux sociaux, ne pas porter attention à la discrimination et prendre du recul face à ce phénomène sont certains des éléments qui ont favorisé l'insertion en emploi des participants de notre recherche.

This research project proposes to examine the role of religious/secular identities and spaces in processes of newcomer settlement. By focusing on how newcomer participants performed socio-spatially contingent religious/secular identities and experienced religious/secular spaces fluidly, I shed light on the importance of these negotiations of identity and space as settlement strategy. I examined these settlement strategies through participants’ navigation of religious organizations and other spatial contexts such as the workplace, school and home. Informed by their individual agency, participants were shown to perform identities and experience different spaces in such a way as to address a variety of structural constraints and settlement challenges. This thesis research was conducted using a feminist geography framework, drawing on qualitative research methods. I relied on a mixed-methods approach, using participant observation, individual semi-structured interviews and mental maps to collect data. My data collection took place in Ottawa, focusing on the settlement experiences of 11 newcomers to the National Capital Region of Canada.

Les associations porte-parole des francophones du Canada, entre les années 1960 et 2010, ont vu leurs priorités changer. Alors que de 1960 à 1980, le thème de l’immigration est absent de leurs préoccupations, celui du pluralisme était loin de faire l’unanimité. Entre 1980 et 1990, les choses commencent à changer. Les deux thèmes – immigration et pluralisme – commencent à émerger au sein des associations, et un certain flou se dessine quant à leur vision de ces thèmes. D’autres acteurs ont d’ailleurs une influence très importante sur ce changement : le gouvernement fédéral, les gouvernements provinciaux, ou encore des acteurs individuels impliqués dans les associations francophones. Ces acteurs évoluent au sein de moments clés, qui émergent du contexte politique dans lequel les thèmes finissent par s’imposer. Ainsi, entre 1991 et 2010, l’on peut constater que, pour les associations francophones du Canada, l’immigration et le pluralisme deviennent des thèmes prioritaires.

The plight of the impecunious unmarried gentlewoman is a familiar theme in Victorian social history. Historians have ransacked literary sources to demonstrate the misery of the Victorian governess and the depth of a dilemma that was sufficiently serious to generate the feminist movement. Yet there has been no systematic study of the changing fate of the Victorian "distressed gentlewoman" in the face of all the attempts by reformers and philanthropists to improve her position during the nineteenth century. The problem of writing a social history of the Victorian middle-class spinster has been aggravated by the paucity of appropriate sources. This study is based on the records of contemporary female emigration societies and Colonial Office emigration projects, and on the personal correspondence of some emigrants. It investigates the position of distressed gentlewomen from 1830 to 1914, and explains the results of one popular remedy for their dilemma: emigration. Only in the latter half of the nineteenth century did voluntary organizations establish facilities expressly for the emigration of middle-class women. Yet some early-Victorian gentlewomen were sufficiently hard pressed to use the facilities of working-class organizations to escape from difficult circumstances in Britain. The emigration records permit a closer analysis of the social backgrounds and careers of some Victorian gentlewomen than has hitherto been possible. Throughout the nineteenth century in Britain there was an increasing surplus of women of marriageable age. This intensified the problems of middle-class women who were without any means of financial support. The Victorian social code stressed marriage as the most respectable career for women, and for those unable to achieve that status the employment field was confined, in large measure, to the overcrowded and exploited occupation of the governess. For women with only mediocre qualifications for teaching who were accustomed to the relative leisure of the middle-class home the need to find employment could come as a rude shock, and usually involved a certain loss of caste. The economic problems of distressed gentlewomen are familiar, but it is not generally recognized that many of them suffered from what we today call alienation. Emigration, more than any possible occupation in Britain, was able to alleviate this sense of alienation by providing remunerative work in combination with secure social relations, a combination rarely enjoyed by the working gentlewoman in Britain. In the British colonies a gentlewoman could safely become a domestic servant without losing social rank and the companionship of her employers. Yet several factors prevented large numbers of distressed gentlewomen from taking advantage of emigration. The early-Victorian prejudice against female emigration, the preference of the colonists for working-class women, the rigid principles of the feminists and the insistence of British emigration organizations on expensive preliminary domestic training raised formidable barriers against the emigration of most impecunious gentlewomen. When, in the late-Victorian and Edwardian periods, voluntary organizations used the rhetoric of the Victorian feminine civilizing mission to encourage large numbers of educated women to emigrate, it was well-trained lower-middle-class women seeking professional work who benefited most, and not the less qualified distressed gentlewomen. The latter had not profited from the late-Victorian advances in female education; rather, the resulting competition worsened their relative position in the search for employment. Neither emigration nor the achievements of the feminists could solve the problem of the distressed gentlewoman, a problem which remained acute while the Victorian social code survived. Only the decline of that social code and the mass-mobilization of the female labour force during the First World War eliminated the existence of distressed gentlewomen as an important social problem. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

In this dissertation, the effectiveness of three Polish return migration programs will be analysed against a combination of return migration theories and economic channels. It will examine the motivations behind their conception, and the services, grants or initiatives implemented with the aim of addressing the needs of new and existing migrants, improving communication channels, and most importantly, developing the environment, means and incentives that will attract migrants to return to their homeland. Any failures to properly identify and address the needs, desires and aspirations of migrants with the structure of the return migration programs greatly delimit the success of the respective program through lesser participation and diminished societal impact.

The H-1B visa program was initiated in 1990 to temporarily hire highly-skilled foreign workers. The H-1B visa program has changed several times since its initiation. One of the most important changes occurred in 2001 when the 21st Century Act exempted individuals employed by institutions of higher education and nonprofit and government research organizations from the H-1B visa cap increasing the number of visas available for foreign high-skilled immigrants. To analyze the impact of policy changes affecting the H-1B program on highly-skilled workers, we study the behavior of foreign-born Ph.D. students who graduated from institutions in the United States over the 1990-2013 period. We estimate logit models to quantify the impacts on their stay rates and placement patterns. Our model shows that the exemption policy increased the probability of staying among STEM graduates, Chinese and Indian graduates, and among graduates from universities ranked as high research by Carnegie. These findings suggest that the labor market for non-STEM graduates was near its competitive equilibrium before the exemption policy came into effect. The exemption policy, which could potentially increase the quantity supplied of jobs, did not change the equilibrium quantity in this market, suggesting that the cap of H1-B visas was not binding among this type of graduates. Intuitively the exemption policy can increase or decrease the proportion of Ph.D. graduates in exempted positions. The proportion of graduates in exempted jobs increases as the number of visas for those types of jobs is excluded from the cap (direct effect). Conversely, if the number of candidates willing to take exempted jobs, or if the number of positions opened by exempted institutions are unchanged after the policy change, the increase in the availability of visas for non-exempted positions can increase the proportion of graduates in those types of jobs (indirect effect). The overall effect depends on the magnitude of the direct and indirect effect. Our findings also show that the exemption policy pushed doctoral degree recipients into higher education or affiliated research employment positions. Ph.D. recipients in STEM fields, and graduating from low-rank universities were more likely to go into exempt employment post-policy than before.

No description available.