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by Tse Man Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-81). / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.I / ABSTRACT --- p.II / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.III / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1 --- rIbosome-inactivatIng proteins (RIPS) --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Classification of RIPs --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Distribution of RIPs --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Molecular biology of RIPs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Physical and chemical properties of RIPs --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Enzymatic and translation-inhibitory activities --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- RIP-based Immunotoxins --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2 --- MOMORDICA CHARANTIA and its RIBoosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Momordica charantia --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) in Momordica charantia --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objective of this study --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- STUDY ON A NEW RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEIN (RIP) FROM MOMORDICA CHARANTIA SEEDS --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- RIP isolation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Characterization --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STUDY ON A NEW RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEIN (RIP) FROM MOMORDICA CHARANTIA FRUITS --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- RIP isolation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Characterization --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.62 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1 --- General discussion --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- Conclusion --- p.72 / REFERENCES --- p.74

Apesar da ampla demonstração do potencial tóxico do benzeno ao sistema imune, os mecanismos envolvidos nos seus diferentes efeitos não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho avaliou a mobilização e função de leucócitos polimorfonucleares (PMN) na vigência de resposta inflamatória aguda em ratos expostos a metabólitos do benzeno. Ratos Wistar, machos foram tratados por período de tempo prolongado (50 mg/kg; i. p.; 1 uma vez ao dia, 13 ou 16 doses diárias com intervalos de 2 dias a cada 5 doses) com hidroquinona (HQ), fenol (FE) ou veículo. As respostas inflamatória inata ou adquirida foram induzidas 24 hs após a última dose dos tratamentos. Para avaliar a intensidade de intoxicação, um método analítico foi padronizado para a extração de HQ e FE da urina dos animais por microextração em fase sólida, para subseqüente análise por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. Os dados da validação mostraram que a técnica analítica é adequada, e a análise das amostras demonstrou o aumento na concentração urinária de HQ, FE e catecol (CAT) em urina dos ratos expostos, confirmando assim a exposição ao FE ou a HQ. A avaliação da resposta inflamatória inata demonstrou que o tratamento com HQ acarretou aumento acentuado no influxo de PMN para a cavidade inflamada. A análise do leucograma mostrou que o tratamento com HQ promoveu neutrofilia, que pode ser decorrente da mobilização destas células da medula, uma vez que número menor de células segmentadas na última etapa de maturação foi encontrado nestes animais. No entanto, durante a vigência de resposta inflamatória, a neutrofilia esperada para este processo não foi detectada nestes animais. Espécies reativas de nitrogênio podem participar dos efeitos aqui detectados em animais tratados com HQ, já que valores aumentados de óxido nítrico (NO) foram mensurados no sangue após o tratamento e no exsudato inflamatório. Diferentemente da exposição à HQ, a administração de FE não alterou a migração de PMN para o foco de lesão na vigência de reposta inflamatória aguda inata. Apesar do tratamento com FE ter acarretado linfocitopenia, a produção das células brancas no compartimento medular e a leucocitose em resposta ao processo inflamatório foram equivalentes ao encontrado em animais controles. No que concerne à resposta inflamatória alérgica, ambos os tratamentos inibiram o influxo de leucócitos para o lavado bronco-alveolar (LBA) e para o tecido pulmonar. A investigação dos mecanismos envolvidos que a exposição à HQ interfere com a síntese de imunoglobulina E e, eventualmente, com a desgranulação de mastócitos. Por outro lado, a exposição ao PHE não alterou estes parâmetros. Em conjunto, os dados aqui apresentados sugerem que os tratamentos com HQ ou FE provocam efeitos distintos na gênese de respostas inflamatórias de diferentes origens quanto à migração leucocitária, e que os mecanismos envolvidos com a imunotoxicidade induzida pelo benzeno é altamente complexa. / Despite toxicity of benzene has been fully demonstrated, the mechanisms involved on its immunotoxicity are not fully comprehended. Then, the present work studied the mobilization and functions of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) during acute inflammatory reactions in rats exposed to benzene metabolites. Male Wistar rats were treated with hydroquinone (HQ) or phenol (Phe) for prolonged period of time (50 mg/Kg; i.p.; once a day, 13 or 16 doses, 2 days intervals after each 5 doses). Innate or acquired inflammatory reactions were carried out 24 hours after the last dose of treatments. Animals treated with vehicle were employed as control. In order to determine the intensity of intoxications, an extraction method was developed in urine using a solid phase micro-extraction fiber. The subsequent analysis was performed on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Data from validation showed the adequacy of methodology and demonstrated the presence of HQ, PHE and CAT in urine from exposed rats, corroborating the exposition to PHE or HQ. The evaluation of innate inflammatory reaction showed that HQ exposition promoted increment on the number of PMN cells to inflamed area. The leucogram demonstrated that treatment evoked neutrophilia, probably due to mobilizations of segmented cells in the last phase of maturation from bone marrow. However, during the inflammatory process, the characteristic neutrophilia was not detected. Nitrogen reactive species may participate of the intoxication, since elevated values of nitric oxide (NO) were found in blood after intoxication and in inflammatory exudates. Differentially from HQ exposition, administrations of PHE did not alter the migration of PMN into inflammatory focus. Despite the treatment promoted reductions on number of lymphocytes, the production of white cells on bone marrow and the neutrophilia during and inflammatory process were equivalent to those found in control animals. Regarding acquired inflammation, both treatments significantly inhibited the influx of leukocytes to bronchoalveolar fluid. This pattern of response did not reflect the accumulation of PMN cells on pulmonary tissue, since the myeloperoxidase activity was not higher when compared to control rats. The investigations of the mechanisms involved in the inhibited leukocyte recruitment, showed that HQ treatment probably impairs the immunoglobulin E synthesis and mast cell degranulation. On the other hand, FE exposition did not present these effects. Together, data herein suggest that HQ or PHE treatments promete singular effects on PMN recruitment during inflammatory reactions elicited by different agents, and the complexity of mechanisms responsible for the immunotoxicity induced by benzene.

Apesar da ampla demonstração do potencial tóxico do benzeno ao sistema imune, os mecanismos envolvidos nos seus diferentes efeitos não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho avaliou a mobilização e função de leucócitos polimorfonucleares (PMN) na vigência de resposta inflamatória aguda em ratos expostos a metabólitos do benzeno. Ratos Wistar, machos foram tratados por período de tempo prolongado (50 mg/kg; i. p.; 1 uma vez ao dia, 13 ou 16 doses diárias com intervalos de 2 dias a cada 5 doses) com hidroquinona (HQ), fenol (FE) ou veículo. As respostas inflamatória inata ou adquirida foram induzidas 24 hs após a última dose dos tratamentos. Para avaliar a intensidade de intoxicação, um método analítico foi padronizado para a extração de HQ e FE da urina dos animais por microextração em fase sólida, para subseqüente análise por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. Os dados da validação mostraram que a técnica analítica é adequada, e a análise das amostras demonstrou o aumento na concentração urinária de HQ, FE e catecol (CAT) em urina dos ratos expostos, confirmando assim a exposição ao FE ou a HQ. A avaliação da resposta inflamatória inata demonstrou que o tratamento com HQ acarretou aumento acentuado no influxo de PMN para a cavidade inflamada. A análise do leucograma mostrou que o tratamento com HQ promoveu neutrofilia, que pode ser decorrente da mobilização destas células da medula, uma vez que número menor de células segmentadas na última etapa de maturação foi encontrado nestes animais. No entanto, durante a vigência de resposta inflamatória, a neutrofilia esperada para este processo não foi detectada nestes animais. Espécies reativas de nitrogênio podem participar dos efeitos aqui detectados em animais tratados com HQ, já que valores aumentados de óxido nítrico (NO) foram mensurados no sangue após o tratamento e no exsudato inflamatório. Diferentemente da exposição à HQ, a administração de FE não alterou a migração de PMN para o foco de lesão na vigência de reposta inflamatória aguda inata. Apesar do tratamento com FE ter acarretado linfocitopenia, a produção das células brancas no compartimento medular e a leucocitose em resposta ao processo inflamatório foram equivalentes ao encontrado em animais controles. No que concerne à resposta inflamatória alérgica, ambos os tratamentos inibiram o influxo de leucócitos para o lavado bronco-alveolar (LBA) e para o tecido pulmonar. A investigação dos mecanismos envolvidos que a exposição à HQ interfere com a síntese de imunoglobulina E e, eventualmente, com a desgranulação de mastócitos. Por outro lado, a exposição ao PHE não alterou estes parâmetros. Em conjunto, os dados aqui apresentados sugerem que os tratamentos com HQ ou FE provocam efeitos distintos na gênese de respostas inflamatórias de diferentes origens quanto à migração leucocitária, e que os mecanismos envolvidos com a imunotoxicidade induzida pelo benzeno é altamente complexa. / Despite toxicity of benzene has been fully demonstrated, the mechanisms involved on its immunotoxicity are not fully comprehended. Then, the present work studied the mobilization and functions of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) during acute inflammatory reactions in rats exposed to benzene metabolites. Male Wistar rats were treated with hydroquinone (HQ) or phenol (Phe) for prolonged period of time (50 mg/Kg; i.p.; once a day, 13 or 16 doses, 2 days intervals after each 5 doses). Innate or acquired inflammatory reactions were carried out 24 hours after the last dose of treatments. Animals treated with vehicle were employed as control. In order to determine the intensity of intoxications, an extraction method was developed in urine using a solid phase micro-extraction fiber. The subsequent analysis was performed on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Data from validation showed the adequacy of methodology and demonstrated the presence of HQ, PHE and CAT in urine from exposed rats, corroborating the exposition to PHE or HQ. The evaluation of innate inflammatory reaction showed that HQ exposition promoted increment on the number of PMN cells to inflamed area. The leucogram demonstrated that treatment evoked neutrophilia, probably due to mobilizations of segmented cells in the last phase of maturation from bone marrow. However, during the inflammatory process, the characteristic neutrophilia was not detected. Nitrogen reactive species may participate of the intoxication, since elevated values of nitric oxide (NO) were found in blood after intoxication and in inflammatory exudates. Differentially from HQ exposition, administrations of PHE did not alter the migration of PMN into inflammatory focus. Despite the treatment promoted reductions on number of lymphocytes, the production of white cells on bone marrow and the neutrophilia during and inflammatory process were equivalent to those found in control animals. Regarding acquired inflammation, both treatments significantly inhibited the influx of leukocytes to bronchoalveolar fluid. This pattern of response did not reflect the accumulation of PMN cells on pulmonary tissue, since the myeloperoxidase activity was not higher when compared to control rats. The investigations of the mechanisms involved in the inhibited leukocyte recruitment, showed that HQ treatment probably impairs the immunoglobulin E synthesis and mast cell degranulation. On the other hand, FE exposition did not present these effects. Together, data herein suggest that HQ or PHE treatments promete singular effects on PMN recruitment during inflammatory reactions elicited by different agents, and the complexity of mechanisms responsible for the immunotoxicity induced by benzene.

A proliferação acelerada de cianobactérias do gênero Microcystis em mananciais e reservatórios tem causado sérios danos ecológicos e à saúde pública, e é um problema que desafia as instituições responsáveis pelo fornecimento de água para a população. Essas cianobactérias produzem microcistinas (MC), heptapeptídeos cíclicos hepatotóxicos e que podem causar câncer. Neste trabalho, isolamos (CLAE preparativa) e identificamos (ESI-EM/EM) as microcistinas MC-LR e [ASp3]-MC-LR produzidas pela cianobactéria Microcystis panniformis. As concentrações dessas substâncias foram determinadas por CLAE e variaram de 0,25 a 2,75 (MC-LR) e 0,08 a 0,75 ([ASp3]-MC-LR) fmol. Célula-1. Analisamos as concentrações destes compostos em tempos diferentes durante o ciclo claro:escuro (C:E) e foi encontrado que a quantidade de MC por célula é pelo menos três vezes mais alta durante a fase clara do que a fase escura. Isto pode ser associado ao relógio biológico, pois as cianobactérias expressam um robusto ritmo circadiano no controle do mecanismo de tempo que é independente do ciclo de divisão celular. O mesmo ocorreu no ciclo claro:claro (C:C). Também estudamos os efeitos da MC-LR e [ASp3]-MC-LR sobre as funções de neutrófilos humanos in vitro. Essas substâncias têm capacidade quimiotáxica, uma vez que observamos um aumento de migração de neutrófilos, além de ativarem a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e a fagocitose. Já a atividade microbicida é ativada somente pela MC-LR. Nossos resultados indicam que concentrações menores do que o limite máximo de exposição a MC-LR (1 µg.L-1), sugerido pela OMS, exercem efeito sobre funções de neutrófilos humanos in vitro, podendo contribuir com a toxicidade dessas MC. / Cyanobacterial blooms of the genus Microcystis in water reservoirs have caused serious ecological and public health concern due to their ability to produce toxins. Microcystis and some other cyanobacerial species biosynthesize microcystins (MC). These cyanotoxins are hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides which can induce tumor promotion. In this study, MC-LR and [Asp3]-MC-LR were isolated (by preparative HPLC) and identified (by ESI-MS/MS) in the strain Microcystis panniformis BCCUSP100. Their levels were determined by HPLC and ranged from 0.25-2.75 and 0.08-0.75 fmols. cell-1 , respectively. The levels of MC-LR and [Asp3]-MC-LR were analyzed at different times during the light:dark (L:D) and light:light (L:L) cycles. It was found that the levels of MC per cell were at least three-fold as high during the day-phase than during the night-phase (L:D experiment). This may be associated to the biological clock since prokaryotic cyanobacteria express robust circadian (daily) rhythms under the control of a timing mechanism that is independent of the cell division cycle. Our findings also showed the same pattern under L:L cycle. The effects of MC-LR and [Asp3]-MC-LR in some human neutrophil functions were also studied by in vitro assays. We observed that MC have chemotactic capacity as well as can generate reactive oxygen species and increase phagocytosis activity. The killing activity was activated only by MC-LR. Our results indicated that lower concentrations of MC-LR than the one recommended by World Health Organization (1 µg.L-1) may affect human neutrophil functions in vitro. These findings can contribute to the elucidation of MC toxicity as well as its effects in human neutrophils.

A proliferação acelerada de cianobactérias do gênero Microcystis em mananciais e reservatórios tem causado sérios danos ecológicos e à saúde pública, e é um problema que desafia as instituições responsáveis pelo fornecimento de água para a população. Essas cianobactérias produzem microcistinas (MC), heptapeptídeos cíclicos hepatotóxicos e que podem causar câncer. Neste trabalho, isolamos (CLAE preparativa) e identificamos (ESI-EM/EM) as microcistinas MC-LR e [ASp3]-MC-LR produzidas pela cianobactéria Microcystis panniformis. As concentrações dessas substâncias foram determinadas por CLAE e variaram de 0,25 a 2,75 (MC-LR) e 0,08 a 0,75 ([ASp3]-MC-LR) fmol. Célula-1. Analisamos as concentrações destes compostos em tempos diferentes durante o ciclo claro:escuro (C:E) e foi encontrado que a quantidade de MC por célula é pelo menos três vezes mais alta durante a fase clara do que a fase escura. Isto pode ser associado ao relógio biológico, pois as cianobactérias expressam um robusto ritmo circadiano no controle do mecanismo de tempo que é independente do ciclo de divisão celular. O mesmo ocorreu no ciclo claro:claro (C:C). Também estudamos os efeitos da MC-LR e [ASp3]-MC-LR sobre as funções de neutrófilos humanos in vitro. Essas substâncias têm capacidade quimiotáxica, uma vez que observamos um aumento de migração de neutrófilos, além de ativarem a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e a fagocitose. Já a atividade microbicida é ativada somente pela MC-LR. Nossos resultados indicam que concentrações menores do que o limite máximo de exposição a MC-LR (1 µg.L-1), sugerido pela OMS, exercem efeito sobre funções de neutrófilos humanos in vitro, podendo contribuir com a toxicidade dessas MC. / Cyanobacterial blooms of the genus Microcystis in water reservoirs have caused serious ecological and public health concern due to their ability to produce toxins. Microcystis and some other cyanobacerial species biosynthesize microcystins (MC). These cyanotoxins are hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides which can induce tumor promotion. In this study, MC-LR and [Asp3]-MC-LR were isolated (by preparative HPLC) and identified (by ESI-MS/MS) in the strain Microcystis panniformis BCCUSP100. Their levels were determined by HPLC and ranged from 0.25-2.75 and 0.08-0.75 fmols. cell-1 , respectively. The levels of MC-LR and [Asp3]-MC-LR were analyzed at different times during the light:dark (L:D) and light:light (L:L) cycles. It was found that the levels of MC per cell were at least three-fold as high during the day-phase than during the night-phase (L:D experiment). This may be associated to the biological clock since prokaryotic cyanobacteria express robust circadian (daily) rhythms under the control of a timing mechanism that is independent of the cell division cycle. Our findings also showed the same pattern under L:L cycle. The effects of MC-LR and [Asp3]-MC-LR in some human neutrophil functions were also studied by in vitro assays. We observed that MC have chemotactic capacity as well as can generate reactive oxygen species and increase phagocytosis activity. The killing activity was activated only by MC-LR. Our results indicated that lower concentrations of MC-LR than the one recommended by World Health Organization (1 µg.L-1) may affect human neutrophil functions in vitro. These findings can contribute to the elucidation of MC toxicity as well as its effects in human neutrophils.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 183 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Eingeschränkte Apoptose trägt zur Tumorentstehung und zur Entwicklung von Chemoresistenz bei, da die Apoptose normalerweise Zellen mit genetischen Schäden oder malignem Potential eliminiert. Dieser Prozess, der bereits für viele unterschiedlichen Tumorzellen nachgewiesen wurde, limitiert häufig die Behandelbarkeit maligner Erkrankungen und ist somit ein grosses Problem in der heutigen Krebsbehandlung. Es existieren unterschiedliche Ansätze die Auslöseschwelle für die Apoptose zu vermindern, um so Chemotherapie-resistente Tumorzellen zu eliminieren. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde das anti-tumorale Potential des bispezifischen 4625 Antisense-Oligonukleotid in Kombination mit chemotherapeutischen Wirkstoffen in vitro und in vivo untersucht. Der zweite Teil beschreibt die Ergebnisse mit dem rekombinanten Ep-CAM spezifischen scFv Immunotoxin 4D5MOC-B-ETA in vitro und im Modell der Nacktmaus. Bcl-2 und Bcl-xL sind Inhibitoren der Apoptose, die von vielen malignen Tumorzellen überexprimiert werden. Das Herunterregulieren von Bcl-2 oder Bcl-xL erniedrigt die apoptotische Auslöseschwelle und Tumorzellen sterben durch programmierten Zelltod. Das 4625 Antisense Oligonukleotid richtet sich gegen eine Region hoher Homologie in der bcl-2/bcl-xL mRNA und hemmt simultan die Expression von Bcl-2 und Bcl-xL. Die durch das bispezifische 4625 Antisense gehemmte Expression von Bcl-2 und Bcl-xL in Tumorzellen unterschiedlicher Histologie zeigen die Ergebnisse der Immuno-Blots. Weiterhin führt 4625 zur dosisabhängigen Wachstumshemmung von Krebszellen bei Konzentrationen von 75-600 nM im MTT Assay. Für die Kombinationsbehandlung wurden Paclitaxel und 5-FU jeweils als Standardtherapie zur Behandlung von Brust- und kolorektalem Karzinom gewählt. Die ip. Applikation von 20mg/kg KG 4625 mit oder ohne Paclitaxel/5-FU führte zu einem verlangsamten Wachstum humaner Tumor Xenotransplantaten in Nacktmäusen, im Vergleich mit denen die mit dem Kontrolloligonukleotid 4626 mit oder ohne Chemotherapie behandelt wurden. Bcl-2 und Bcl-xL spielen unterschiedliche Rollen in der Tumorentwicklung und sind häufig heterogen in soliden Tumorgeweben exprimiert. Diese Daten zeigen, daß die moderne Antisense Technologie eine wirksame Methode zur Herunterregulierung zweier Hauptinhibitoren der Apoptose mit einem einzigen Oligonukleotid darstellt, wovon möglicherweise mehr Patienten mit malignen Erkrankungen in Zukunft profitieren könnten. Die Expression bestimmter Zelloberflächenmoleküle ist ein häufiger Prozess in vielen soliden Tumoren, was sie für eine zielgerichtete Antikörpertherapie angreifbar macht. Das epitheliale Glykoprotein-2 (Ep-CAM) wird reichlich von epithelialen Tumoren und Tumorzellinien exprimiert. Die antineoplastische Aktivität des Ep-CAM spezifischen 4D5MOC-B-ETA Immunotoxin wird im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit beschrieben. In vitro hemmt 4D5MOC-B-ETA spezifisch die Proteinsynthese in Ep-CAM positiven Krebszellen unterschiedlichen histologischen Ursprungs ermittelt durch [H3]leucin Aufnahme und reduzierte die Überlebensrate dieser Zellen in Konzentrationen von 0.01 bis 1 pM. Ep-CAM negative Zellen wurden als negative Kontrolle genutzt und blieben durch das Immunotoxin in Konzentration bis zu 10.000 pM unversehrt, was dessen hochgradige Ep-CAM Spezifität beweist. Die tägliche Applikation von 0.01 mg 4D5MOC-B-ETA im Nacktmausmodell führte zu einem Schrumpfen der Tumor Xenotransplantate während der Behandlungszeit. Diese hohe Wirksamkeit des scFv Immunotoxin bedarf weiterer Beachtung in der zukünftigen Krebstherapie. / Impaired apoptosis contributes to cancer development and resistance towards chemotherapy, since apoptosis normally eliminates cells with damaged DNA or increased malignant potential. The increased resistance towards cell death often limits therapeutic options in the clinic and is one major problemin current tumor therapy. Different approaches, which have been described so far intend to lower the apoptotic threshold in order to eliminate chemoresistant cancer cells. In the first part of this thesis the anti-tumor potential of the bispecific 4625 oligonucleotide was investigated in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro and in vivo. The second part describes the anti tumor activity of the recombinant Ep-CAM specific scFv immunotoxin 4D5MOC-B-ETA in vitro and in nude mice. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are inhibitors of apoptosis frequently overexpressed in malignant tumor cells. Downregulation of either Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL lowers the apoptotic threshold and tumor cells undergo apoptosis. The 4625 antisense oligonucleotide targets a region of high homology shared by the bcl-2/bcl-xL mRNAs and simultaneously downregulates Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. The 4625 bispecific Antisense Oligonucleotide downregulates Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression in cancer cell lines of diverse histological origins assessed by immuno blotting. It further leads to proliferation inhibition of cancer cells at concentrations ranging from 75-600 nM in MTT assay in a dose-dependent manner. For combination experiments Paclitaxel and 5-FU were chosen as standard therapy for the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer, respectively. The ip. application of 20 mg/kg 4625 with or without Paclitaxel/5-FU led to a growth inhibition of established human carcinomas xenografts in nude mice, relative to those treated with the 4626 control oligonucleotide with or without chemotherapy. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL play nonredundant roles in tumor growth and are often heterogeneously expressed in solid tumor tissues. This data suggests that state-of-the-art antisense technology offers a potent approach to inhibit the expression of the two major anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL with one single oligonucleotide, which could make additional patients benefit from a treatment with this antisense compound. Expression of certain cell surface antigens is a common process in many solid tumors making them suitable for targeted antibody therapy. The epithelial glycoprotein-2 (Ep-CAM) is abundantly expressed on carcinomas and cancer cell lines. The anti tumor activity of the Ep-CAM specific 4D5MOC-B-ETA immunotoxin is described in the second part. In vitro 4D5MOC-B-ETA specifically inhibited protein synthesis in Ep-CAM positive cancer cells of diverse histological origin assessed by [H3]leucin incorporation and reduced cell viability with IC50 ranging from 0.01 to 1 pM. Ep-CAM negative cells were taken as control and were not harmed by the immunotoxin at concentrations up to 10.000 pM, which proves the 4D5MOC-B-ETA Ep-CAM specific potential. In athymic mice, the systemic application of 4D5MOC-B-ETA at a dose of 0.01 mg per day resulted in the regression of established tumor xenografts during the time of treatment. This highly potent anti-tumor activity of a recombinant scFv immunotxin deserves further attention for use in cancer therapy.

LOPAP (Lonomia obliqua prothrombin activator protease) é uma serino protease isolada das cerdas da Lagarta Lonomia obliqua que induz efeitos sobre a coagulação sanguínea, semelhantes ao extrato de cerdas bruto. Recentemente, foi obtido um peptídeo do LOPAP, P4, que parece possuir efeitos similares à proteína. No sentido de complementar os dados sobre estas toxinas, este estudo investigou os efeitos do LOPAP ou do P4 sobre interações leucócito-endotélio in vivo; expressão de moléculas de adesão, síntese de mediadores inflamatórios, apoptose e necrose de leucócitos e célula endotelial, além de suas possíveis ações sobre a formação de novos vasos. Aplicação tópica de 30µg/mL ou 300µg/mL (10µL) de LOPAP ou de P4 na rede microvascular do mesentério de ratos Wistar machos não alterou o diâmetro de vênulas pós-capilares, as interações dos leucócitos ao endotélio, nem a reatividade microvascular frente à acetilcolina ou noradrenalina. Somente a concentração de 1000µg/mL aumentou o número de leucócitos aderidos à parede vascular, simultaneamente a estases intermitentes nos vasos da microcirculação. Ensaios de citometria de fluxo mostraram que a incubação de LOPAP ou P4 (300µg/mL) não modificou a expressão de L-selectina e β2-integrina em neutrófilos circulantes obtidos de ratos Wistar. Por outro lado, incubações do LOPAP ou do P4 com célula endotelial (cultura primária obtida do músculo cremaster de ratos Wistar; 300µg/mL) induziram a expressão da molécula ICAM-1 , e somente o P4 promoveu a expressão de VCAM-1. Diferentemente, nenhuma das toxinas alterou a expressão de PECAM-1. Ensaios imuinoenzimáticos realizados em sobrenadantes de neutrófilos e de célula endotelial incubadas com LOPAP ou P4 (300µg/mL) mostraram que as toxinas não alteraram a secreção de interleucina-6 (IL-6), interleucina-10 (IL-10), fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNF-α) por neutrófilos; as toxinas não induziram a secreção de TNF-α pela célula endotelial, mas aumentaram a secreção de IL-6 e IL-10. A concentração de óxido nítrico (NO), quantificado pela reação de Griess, estava aumentada nos sobrenadantes dos dois tipos celulares incubados com LOPAP ou P4. A incubação de LOPAP ou P4 com neutrófilos ou célula endotelial não alterou a viabilidade celular, mas preveniu a apoptose da célula endotelial ou neutrófilo provocada pela carência de soro bovino fetal. A incubação simultânea com L-NAME (1 mM) reduziu a proteção conferida pelo LOPAP ou pelo P4. A investigação dos efeitos das toxinas sobre a formação da rede microcirculatória foi realizada em camundongos Swiss, machos, utilizando o modelo da câmara dorsal por microscopia intravital. A aplicação tópica do LOPAP ou P4 (30µg/mL, 300µg/mL; 10µL; 3 doses a cada 96 horas) no leito microvascular dorsal reduziu significantemente o número de vasos na rede microcirculatória em condições basais. Adicionalmente, o tratamento com P4 inibiu a formação de novos vasos provocada pela aplicação tópica de suplemento de fatores de crescimento vascular. O tratamento de célula endotelial de microcirculação de camundongos imortalizadas (tENd) com LOPAP ou P4 (300µg/mL) reduziu a capacidade de migração destas células. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos até o momento mostram que o LOPAP e o P4 não induziram as interações leucócito-endotélio in vivo e que a secreção de mediadores por neutrófilos e célula endotelial, como o NO, podem estar envolvidos com suas atividades anti-apoptótica. Ademais, o LOPAP e o P4 inibem o crescimento de novos vasos, e um dos possíveis mecanismos pode ser a interferência nos mecanismos de migração da célula endotelial. / LOPAP (Lonomia obliqua prothrombin activator protease) is a serine protease isolated from the crude extract of Lonomia obliqua caterpillar, which induces effects on blood coagulation comparable to the extract. Recently it was obtained a peptide fragment from LOPAP, P4, with similar activities with the protein. This study aimed to complete data about these toxins, LOPAP and P4, on in vivo leukocyte-endothelial interactions; adhesion molecule expressions, synthesis of inflammatory mediators, necrosis and apoptosis of neutrophils and endothelial cells, besides possible actions on angiogenesis. Topical applications of 30μg/mL or 300µg/mL (10µL) of LOPAP or P4 on microvascular network of mesentery of Male Wistar rats did not affect the diameter of postcapillary venules, leukocyte-endothelial interactions, either vascular reactivity to acetylcholine or norepinephrine. Only topical application of 1000µg/mL (10 µL) promoted increment on the number of leukocytes adhered to vessel wall, simultaneously to intermittent blood stasis in the microvascular network. Flow cytometry assays showed that incubations with LOPAP or P4 (300µg/mL) did not modify the expression of L-selectin or β2-integrin in neutrophils from Male Wistar rats. On the other hand, incubations of LOPAP or P4 with primary cultured endothelial cells evoked expressions of ICAM-1, and only incubation with P4 promoted expression of VCAM-1. Differently, the treatments did not affect PECAM-1 expression in endothelial cells. Immunoenzimatic assays carried out in supernatants of neutrophils and endothelial cells incubated with LOPAP or P4 (300µg/mL) showed that both toxins did not alter the basal secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by neutrophils; both toxins did not promote secretion of TNF-α by endothelial cells, however they enhanced the secretion of IL-6 and IL-10. Concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), quantified by Griess reaction, were enhanced in the supernatant of neutrophils or endothelial cells incubated with LOPAP or P4. LOPAP or P4 treatments did not alter the viability of neutrophils or endothelial cells, but prevented the apoptosis of both type cell caused by fetal bovine serum deprivation. Simultaneous incubation with L-NAME (1 mM) and LOPAP or P4 reduced the protection on apoptosis exerted by the toxins. The action of toxins on formation of microcirculatory network was investigated in Male Swiss mice. Topical application of LOPAP or P4 (30µg/mL, 300µg/mL; 10µL; 3 times each 96 hours) in the microvascular network significantly reduced the number of vessels in basal conditions. Additionally, treatment with P4 inhibited the new vessel formation provoked by topical application of vascular growth factor supplement. Immortalized endothelial cells of mice (tEnd) incubated with toxins presented lower migration than cells incubated with saline. Together, data herein obtained showed that LOPAP and P4 did not evoke in vivo leukocyte-endothelial interactions and secretions of chemical mediators by neutrophils and endothelial cells, as NO, seem to be related to anti-apoptotic activities. Additionally LOPAP or P4 inhibit the microcirculatory network formation, by interfering, at least in part, by altering the migration of endothelial cells.