Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is the process of assessing the social consequences that are likely to follow specific policy actions or project development. SIA has not been widely adopted and is said to be the orphan of the assessment process. Using Environmental Assessment (EA) however, there are two primary limitations to EA: first, EA is inherently biased toward the biophysical environment, and social impacts, when considered, are only considered in an indirect or secondary manner; second, EA is targeted at the project level, where many alternatives that may have met the larger goals have been rejected. These limitations are reflected in Canadas agricultural sector where SIAs are rarely, if ever, undertaken. Agriculture is responsible for approximately ten percent of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, and several better management practices (BMP) have been suggested for managing these emissions in Canadian agriculture. However, there has not been a strategic assessment of the on-farm socioeconomic effects of such programs, nor the geographic implications of a one-size-fits-all policy solution. <p>This paper presents a higher level strategic assessment of alternative policy options for managing greenhouse gas emissions in Canadian agriculture. Data are collected using a stakeholder survey assessment, and the process is guided by a seven-phase strategic environmental assessment framework. Using this strategic framework, the on-farm social impacts of alternative greenhouse gas mitigation programs are assessed. Data are aggregated using multi-criteria weighting techniques. Stakeholder preference structures for the alternatives set are identified as well, the results of the SIA identified adoption of zero till practices as the most socially acceptable alternative. The research results suggest that a one-size-fits-all GHG mitigation policy would not be acceptable from a social perspective. The implications of include such issues as: the applicability of regional policies based on soil zone, alternatives to governmental top down hierarchical policies, and the necessity for collaboration and meaningful dialogue between on-farm individuals and policy makers. Adoption of a GHG mitigation policy in Canada will require education and collaboration between all affected stakeholders and decision makers. The application of a strategic framework illustrates how the SIA process is enhanced when an assessment is completed at the plan, policy, and program level it enables proactive consideration of the social effects on par with the biophysical effects, and it facilitates consideration of a broad range of alternatives, in support of sustainable development principles.

Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is the process of assessing the social consequences that are likely to follow specific policy actions or project development. SIA has not been widely adopted and is said to be the orphan of the assessment process. Using Environmental Assessment (EA) however, there are two primary limitations to EA: first, EA is inherently biased toward the biophysical environment, and social impacts, when considered, are only considered in an indirect or secondary manner; second, EA is targeted at the project level, where many alternatives that may have met the larger goals have been rejected. These limitations are reflected in Canadas agricultural sector where SIAs are rarely, if ever, undertaken. Agriculture is responsible for approximately ten percent of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, and several better management practices (BMP) have been suggested for managing these emissions in Canadian agriculture. However, there has not been a strategic assessment of the on-farm socioeconomic effects of such programs, nor the geographic implications of a one-size-fits-all policy solution. <p>This paper presents a higher level strategic assessment of alternative policy options for managing greenhouse gas emissions in Canadian agriculture. Data are collected using a stakeholder survey assessment, and the process is guided by a seven-phase strategic environmental assessment framework. Using this strategic framework, the on-farm social impacts of alternative greenhouse gas mitigation programs are assessed. Data are aggregated using multi-criteria weighting techniques. Stakeholder preference structures for the alternatives set are identified as well, the results of the SIA identified adoption of zero till practices as the most socially acceptable alternative. The research results suggest that a one-size-fits-all GHG mitigation policy would not be acceptable from a social perspective. The implications of include such issues as: the applicability of regional policies based on soil zone, alternatives to governmental top down hierarchical policies, and the necessity for collaboration and meaningful dialogue between on-farm individuals and policy makers. Adoption of a GHG mitigation policy in Canada will require education and collaboration between all affected stakeholders and decision makers. The application of a strategic framework illustrates how the SIA process is enhanced when an assessment is completed at the plan, policy, and program level it enables proactive consideration of the social effects on par with the biophysical effects, and it facilitates consideration of a broad range of alternatives, in support of sustainable development principles.

Combating infectious diseases and poverty are hot topics on the world development agenda. The vicious cycle of ill health and poverty is reinforced by a “medical poverty trap” relating to households being impoverished due to escalating illness-related out-of-pocket costs, especially in combination with loss of income due to incapacity to work. Evidence-based knowledge on the impacts of ill health on household welfare is essential to design adequate interventions and evaluate their efficiency. This thesis presents the findings of a critical review of studies assessing the impacts of infectious diseases on households’ ability to utilize their resources and generate income in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. The review revealed a dearth of relevant studies (merely 15), poor methodological quality in short-term geographically limited surveys, and large diversity in study design obstructing comparison of results and extraction of general conclusions. Major research obstacles are discussed and recommendations for coordination, standardization and scaling up of data collection that allows adequate impact assessment are suggested. Experimental intervention studies are recommended to improve quality and efficiency of interventions and guide prioritizing processes prior to large scale implementations to avoid waste of time and resources. The linkages between infectious diseases and poverty are complex and multifaceted and thus imply multi- and interdisciplinary research approaches. Collaboration between various disciplines like health sciences, economics, geography and sociology give opportunities of linking data in innovative ways to provide new insights and perspectives that have the potential to analyse the impacts of infectious diseases on poverty in a more comprehensive manner. Methodological standardisation and consensus will enable us to accumulate comparable results and scale up research and thereby contribute to foundation of efficient interventions to accomplish sustainable improvements in health and significant reductions in poverty. / Kampen mot infeksjonssykdommer og fattigdom er høyt prioritert på den globale agenda. Dårlig helse og fattigdom utgjør en ond sirkel som forsterkes av en ”medisinsk fattigdomsfelle” grunnet økende sykdomsrelaterte utgifter kombinert med tap av inntekt fordi sykdom hindrer en i å arbeide. Evidensbasert kunnskap om sykdommenes konsekvenser for husholdenes velferd er påkrevet for å utarbeide adekvate intervensjoner og evaluere deres effektivitet. Denne masteroppgaven presenterer resultatene av en kritisk gjennomgang av publiserte studier som analyserer effekter av infeksjonssykdommer på rurale husholds evne til å nyttiggjøre seg av sine ressurser og generere inntekt i afrikanske land sør for Sahara. Litteraturgjennomgangen avdekket få relevante studier (bare 15), svak metodologisk kvalitet i geografisk begrensede studier og stor diversitet i studiedesign. Diversiteten gjorde det nesten umulig å sammenlige resultater og sammenfatte generelle konklusjoner. De viktigste forskningsmessige hindringene diskuteres og det foreslås anbefalinger for koordinering, standardisering og oppskalering av datainnsamling som muliggjør adekvat konsekvensanalyse. Eksperimentelle intervensjonsstudier anbefales både som ledd i prioriteringsprosesser, for å bedre intervensjoners kvalitet og effektivitet og for å unngå sløsing med tid og ressurser før stor-skala implementeringer. Sammenhengen mellom infeksjonssykdommer og fattigdom er kompleks og mangesidig og innbyr dermed til flerfaglige og tverrfaglige tilnærminger. Samarbeid mellom ulike fagområder som medisin, økonomi, sosiologi og geografi åpner for muligheter til å kombinere data på innovative måter for å frembringe nye perspektiver og innsikter med potensiale til å analysere infeksjonssykdommers effekt på hushold mer omfattende og helhetlig. Metodologisk standardisering og konsensus åpner for oppskalering av forskningen og for akkumulering av sammenlignbare resultater. Slik kan investeringer i forskning bidra til å få kontroll med infeksjonssykdommer og legge forholdene bedre tilrette for økonomisk vekst i utviklingsland / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-07-8</p>