High-resolution three-dimensional (3D) shape reconstruction of objects has huge potential for applications in the field of design, security, entertainment, biomedicine, industrial quality control etc. Of the available techniques, optical methods have the distinctive advantage of facilitating non-contact and non-intrusive measurements. Of late, integration of optical measurement system with the computer based data processing has improved the quality of the results. Of the available techniques, structured-light illumination (Fringe Projection) is the most effective, owing its simplistic experimental architecture and analysis. Traditional Fringe Projection techniques function with the use of fringes generated using interferometric methods. With the advent of digital light projectors, digitally generated fringes have taken the place of interferometry based fringes. Despite the technological advances that this field has witnessed over last couple of decades, digital fringe projection technique still suffers from various shortcomings. This thesis presents a strategic solution to the challenges faced by the technique in its application to out-of-plane deformation measurement of objects under impact loading. First part of the thesis reports the developmental work on building an LED-Grating based optical projection system for implementation of linear-fringe projection profilometry. Successful use of the developed system in measuring out-of-plane deformation experienced by multiple targets under impact loading with a time sapling of 20,000 frames per second is re-ported. However, for performing ballistic impact measurements using the liner-fringe projection method, an order of magnitude higher time-sampling is needed. This is due to the disadvantages associated with linear fringe projection technique: (1) results in wrapped phase map (2p ambiguity) estimation, and (2) the deformation/shift of the recorded fringe pattern in the modulation direction sets a limit on unambiguously measurable whole-plane displacement. Typically, fringe pitch dictates the limit of maximum detectable displacement, and thus to be able to capture larger deformation from the earlier state, coarser fringe pitch is required to be projected; while this adversely affects the resolution of measurement system. Hence, there is a need to develop a fringe projection system which has capability for whole-plane displacement without affecting the resolution and/or necessitating higher temporal-sampling. Circular Fringe Projection (CFP) technique is proposed in the second part of the thesis as a novel solution to address the above issues. CFP technique offers additional advantage of relaxing the temporal resolution requirements of the imaging system by decoupling the maximum measurable deformation rate and the frame rate of camera. A new image analysis method is also developed to extract the underlying phase distribution of the recorded circular-fringe patterns, as the conventionally used single-frame linear-fringe analysis methods are incompetent at demodulating the circular fringes. Experimental results obtained in 3D shape measurement and whole-field out-of-plane displacement measurements of a deforming object reported in this thesis, not only confirms the ability of the proposed CFP technique in overcoming the shortcomings of the widely used linear-fringe projection technique, but also its suitability for deployment in ballistic-impact measurements.

Hat sections, single and double, made of steel are frequently encountered in automotive body structural components such as front rails, B-Pillar, and rockers of unitized-body cars. These thin-walled components can play a significant role in terms of crashworthiness and impact energy absorption, through a nonlinear phenomenon called as progressive dynamic buckling. As modern vehicle safety design relies heavily on computer-aided engineering, there is a great need for analysis-based predictions to yield close correlation with test results. Although hat sections subjected to axial loading have been studied widely in the past, there is scanty information in published literature on modeling procedures that can lead to robust prediction of test responses. In the current study, both single-hat and double-hat components made of mild steel are studied extensively experimentally and numerically to quantify statistical variations in test responses such as peak load, mean load and energy absorption, and formulate modeling conditions for capturing elasto-plastic material behavior, strain rate sensitivity, spot-welds, etc. that can lead to robust predictions of force-time and force-displacement histories as well as failure modes. In addition, keeping initial stages of vehicle design in mind, the effectiveness of soft computing techniques based on polynomial regression analysis, radial basis functions and artificial neural networks for quick assessment of the behaviors of steel hat sections has been demonstrated. The study is extended to double-hat sections subjected to eccentric impact loading which has not been previously reported. A lightweight enhancement of load carrying capacity of steel hat section components has been investigated with PU (polyurethane) foam-filled single and double hat sections, and subjecting the same to quasi-static and axial impact loading. Good predictions of load-displacement responses are again obtained and shortening of fold lengths vis-à-vis hollow sections is observed. Finally, the performance of hat sections made of glass fiber-reinforced composites is studied as a potential lightweight substitute to steel hat section components. The challenging task of numerical prediction of the behaviors of the composite hat sections has been undertaken using a consistent modeling and analysis procedure described earlier and by choosing an appropriate constitutive behavior available in the popular explicit contact-impact analysis solver, LS-DYNA.

Firing pin is a critical component in terms of firearm function. Tip of firing pin can break off due to repeated impact loading, which results in malfunction of the whole firearm. This master's thesis aims to propose changes in geometry of the firing pin so that new firing pin will be more durable against fatigue failure. Geometry and characteristics of the original firing pin are provided by company Česká zbrojovka, a.s. To determine the amount of fatigue damage for specific configuration of firing pin, computational model, which simulates impact loading of the firing pin during dry fire, is created. Finite element method with explicit formulation is used for the calculation. Parameters of geometry, which are assumed to have highest influence on fatigue life, are chosen based on the analisys of the original firing pin. These parameters are changed in further calculations, resulting in new configuration of the firing pin, which is approximately 15 % more durable against fatigue failure.

Neste trabalho estuda-se o comportamento de laminados fibra-metal em regime de impacto, a partir de uma abordagem teórica, numérica e experimental. Os materiais estudados consistem em camadas finas intercaladas de alumínio 2024-T4 e de um novo material termoplástico de polipropileno (PP) de alta resistência mecânica. Eventos de impacto de baixa e alta velocidade contra placas destes laminados foram realizados a partir de um martelo de impacto e de um canhão pneumático, respectivamente. Nestes experimentos buscou-se identificar as condições limite de ruptura e perfuração das amostras, assim como parâmetros de comportamento do material. O laminado fibra metal de PP (ou TFML) e seus constituintes foram caracterizados a taxas de deformação entre 10-4 / s e 102 / s, utilizando-se máquinas de ensaio universal comerciais e um dispositivo desenvolvido especificamente para este estudo, capaz de caracterizar materiais em taxas intermediárias de deformação. Os modelos teóricos de Jones e Reid-Wen foram adaptados para utilização com TFMLs, sendo capazes de identificar o comportamento do material em regime de baixa e alta velocidade de impacto, respectivamente. Um modelo numérico do TFML em regime de impacto foi desenvolvido utilizando o programa comercial LSDyna. Resultados experimentais e teóricos foram confrontados com esse, apresentado boa correlação na predição do limiar de falha e limite balístico do material. Uma vez que o comportamento do TFML ao impacto foi modelado, buscou-se identificar o efeito da distribuição de camadas e composição de constituintes no comportamento do material ao impacto. Estudos também foram conduzidos com o intuito de identificar a influência da taxa de deformação, geometria do indentador e localização do impacto no comportamento dos laminados. Por fim, uma configuração de TFML foi proposta visando melhoria de seu desempenho ao impacto. / In this work, the behaviour of fibre-metal laminates under impact loading is studied by using theoretical, numerical and experimental approaches. The material is a combination of thin aluminium 2024-T3 layers and an innovative high strength thermoplastic polypropylene material. Low and high velocity impact events were performed using a falling weight machine and a gas-gun projectile launcher, respectively. The thermoplastic fibre-metal laminates (or TFML) and its constituents were mechanically characterized in the range of strain rates between 10-4 / s and 102 / s , using commercial universal testing machines and a specifically designed rig for tensile tests at intermediate strain rates. The Jones and Reid-Wen theoretical models were adapted to be used with TFML plates. A finite element model of the TFML under impact events was developed using LS-Dyna software. The numerical model revalled results that were compared with the theoretical models and the experimental data, providing reasonably similar results. Once the TFML impact behaviour was identified and modelled, the effect of the layers distribution and constituent composition on the TFML impact response was studied. Studies of the strain rate effect, identor geometry and the impact location were also performed. Finally, a TFML configuration was suggested in order to improve the TFML impact performance.

Neste trabalho estuda-se o comportamento de laminados fibra-metal em regime de impacto, a partir de uma abordagem teórica, numérica e experimental. Os materiais estudados consistem em camadas finas intercaladas de alumínio 2024-T4 e de um novo material termoplástico de polipropileno (PP) de alta resistência mecânica. Eventos de impacto de baixa e alta velocidade contra placas destes laminados foram realizados a partir de um martelo de impacto e de um canhão pneumático, respectivamente. Nestes experimentos buscou-se identificar as condições limite de ruptura e perfuração das amostras, assim como parâmetros de comportamento do material. O laminado fibra metal de PP (ou TFML) e seus constituintes foram caracterizados a taxas de deformação entre 10-4 / s e 102 / s, utilizando-se máquinas de ensaio universal comerciais e um dispositivo desenvolvido especificamente para este estudo, capaz de caracterizar materiais em taxas intermediárias de deformação. Os modelos teóricos de Jones e Reid-Wen foram adaptados para utilização com TFMLs, sendo capazes de identificar o comportamento do material em regime de baixa e alta velocidade de impacto, respectivamente. Um modelo numérico do TFML em regime de impacto foi desenvolvido utilizando o programa comercial LSDyna. Resultados experimentais e teóricos foram confrontados com esse, apresentado boa correlação na predição do limiar de falha e limite balístico do material. Uma vez que o comportamento do TFML ao impacto foi modelado, buscou-se identificar o efeito da distribuição de camadas e composição de constituintes no comportamento do material ao impacto. Estudos também foram conduzidos com o intuito de identificar a influência da taxa de deformação, geometria do indentador e localização do impacto no comportamento dos laminados. Por fim, uma configuração de TFML foi proposta visando melhoria de seu desempenho ao impacto. / In this work, the behaviour of fibre-metal laminates under impact loading is studied by using theoretical, numerical and experimental approaches. The material is a combination of thin aluminium 2024-T3 layers and an innovative high strength thermoplastic polypropylene material. Low and high velocity impact events were performed using a falling weight machine and a gas-gun projectile launcher, respectively. The thermoplastic fibre-metal laminates (or TFML) and its constituents were mechanically characterized in the range of strain rates between 10-4 / s and 102 / s , using commercial universal testing machines and a specifically designed rig for tensile tests at intermediate strain rates. The Jones and Reid-Wen theoretical models were adapted to be used with TFML plates. A finite element model of the TFML under impact events was developed using LS-Dyna software. The numerical model revalled results that were compared with the theoretical models and the experimental data, providing reasonably similar results. Once the TFML impact behaviour was identified and modelled, the effect of the layers distribution and constituent composition on the TFML impact response was studied. Studies of the strain rate effect, identor geometry and the impact location were also performed. Finally, a TFML configuration was suggested in order to improve the TFML impact performance.

Passive safety is a well-known term. This term can be further categorized into different topics of the car passive safety, restraint systems, safety assistants (ABS, ESP, ASR, etc.). One of these topics is passive safety of the fuel system. Safety and tightness of the fuel system must be guaranteed even under non-standard conditions, for example a collision against a fixed obstacle. This issue is not often mentioned in the field of car safety. It is considered a standard. Passive safety of the fuel system is often ensured using various interesting technical solutions and devices, usually patented ones. The development of these solutions is supported by numerical simulations in different stages of development process. The doctoral thesis deals with impact loading of the plastic components of the fuel system, in particular Fuel Supply Module (FSM), which is mounted inside the fuel tank. The flange is the most important part of the fuel supply module from the car safety point of view. The flange closes FSM on the external side of the fuel tank. The thesis focuses on the finite element analysis of the complete or partial FSM, and the flange itself during impact loading. The main objective of this thesis are numerical material models, taking into account important aspects of the mechanical behavior of polymer materials during impact loading. There are a lot of ad hoc invented or standardized experiments described in this thesis. These experiments are used for estimation of the material parameters or comparison of numerical analysis vs real conditions, or tests. The solver LS-DYNA was mainly used for numerical simulations. The final results of this thesis brings new quantified knowledge about behavior of the Typical Semi-Crystal Polymer (TSCP), not only for impact loading. The practical part of this thesis defines new methodology for the numerical simulation approach of impact loading for FSM. This methodology is directly usable for new product development. A lot of numerical material models were developed and tested. The best results were achieved using numerical material model *MAT_24 with combination of *MAT_ADD_EROSION card. The limits and parameters for this numerical material model was estimated empirically during conducting experiments. The numerical material model SAMP-1 was partly solved in this doctoral thesis, but more detail study will be given in future works.

Im Rahmen der beschriebenen Arbeit erfolgt die experimentelle Untersuchung von nachträglich an Stahlbetonplatten aufgetragenen Verstärkungsschichten, die einer Impaktbelastung ausgesetzt werden. Die Grundlage hierfür bilden drei verschieden bewehrte Testserien, welche anhand eines entwickelten Versuchsschemas geprüft werden. Zielstellung ist die Quantifizierung der Leistungsfähigkeit rückseitig applizierter Verstärkungen sowie die Weiterentwicklung einer bereits existierenden Schädigungsbeschreibung und eines analytischen bzw. numerischen Modells.

2022 fanden die 9. Jahrestagung des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton (DAfStb) sowie das 61. DAfStb-Forschungskolloquium am 26. und 27. September in Dresden direkt im Vorfeld der 14. Carbon- und Textilbetontage statt. Gastgeber waren die Institute für Baustoffe (IfB) und Massivbau (IMB) der Technischen Universität Dresden. Thematische Schwerpunkte waren Impaktbelastungen, Ingenieurbau, Ermüdung und Dauerhaftigkeit, Frischbeton und Rheologie, additive Fertigung und Sensorik sowie Carbonbeton. Der vorliegende Tagungsband enthält alle Beiträge in deutscher oder englischer Sprache.:Themenschwerpunkt Impakt Cesare Signorini, Viktor Mechtcherine: Mineral-bonded composites for enhanced structural impact safety: The vision of the DFG GRK 2250 Ahmed Tawfik, Viktor Mechtcherine: On the shear behavior of mineral-bonded composites under impact loading Lena Leicht: Charakterisierung von mineralisch gebundenen Kompositen zur Impaktdämpfung Franz Bracklow: Rückseitige Verstärkung von Stahlbetonplatten unter Impaktbeanspruchung Themenschwerpunkt Ingenieurbau Steffen Marx: Ingenieurbau im Bestand Conrad Pelka: Sanierung von Gewölbebrücken Max Herbers: Langzeitverformung semi-integraler Talbrücken – Messung und Simulation Fabian Klein: Modellierung der Torsionstragfähigkeit segmentierter Betontürme auf Basis der Wölbtheorie dünnwandiger Stäbe Jan-Hauke Bartels: Robuste, lebensdauerumfassende Monitoringkonzepte für Offshore-Windenergieanlagen Themenschwerpunkt Ermüdung und Dauerhaftigkeit Dominik Junger, Viktor Mechtcherine: Ermüdungsverhalten von hochduktilem Kurzfaserbeton Raúl Beltrán: Untersuchung von ermüdungsbedingten Veränderungen der Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit in Beton Marc Koschemann: Rissbreitenentwicklung unter Langzeitbelastung anhand lokaler Verbundbeziehungen Daniel Gebauer: Rissbildung und Rissbreitenentwicklung bei Stahlbetonbauteilen unter verformungsinduziertem Zwang Michaela Reichardt, Steffen Müller, Viktor Mechtcherine: Erhöhung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Wasserbauwerken durch faserbewehrte, zementgebundene Komposite Themenschwerpunkt Frischbeton und Rheologie Rolf Breitenbücher, Udo Wiens, Mirsada Omercic: Wandel im Betonbau – Aktuelle Herausforderungen Daniil Mikhalev, Viktor Mechtcherine, Dario Cotardo, Michael Haist: Pumpverhalten und Blockierungsneigung von Beton: Erkenntnisse aus Großversuchen Irina Ivanova, Silvia Reißig, Viktor Mechtcherine: Vergleich von Bewertungsmethoden für die rheologischen Eigenschaften von frisch gedrucktem Beton Slava Markin, Viktor Mechtcherine: Rissbildung in 3D-gedruckten Betonelementen infolge plastischen Schwindens: Ursachen und Quantifizierungsmethoden Steffen Müller, Viktor Mechtcherine: Alternative mineralische Baustoffe – Potentiale und Eigenschaften Themenschwerpunkt Additive Fertigung und Sensorik Viktor Mechtcherine: Additive Fertigung mit Beton Tobias Neef, Viktor Mechtcherine: Additiv gefertigter Carbonbeton mit mineralischer Tränkung der Garne Egor Ivaniuk, Viktor Mechtcherine: Formwork-free, continuous production of variable frame elements for modular shell structures Markus Taubert, Viktor Mechtcherine: 3D-druckbarer Normalbeton mit grober Gesteinskörnung Sebastian Hegler, Marco Liebscher, Viktor Mechtcherine, Dirk Plettemeier: Rissdetektion und -lokalisierung in Betonstrukturen mittels Auswertung elektromagnetischer Hochfrequenzwellen Themenschwerpunkt Carbonbeton Norbert Will: DAfStb-Richtlinie „Betonbauteile mit Nichtmetallischer Bewehrung“ – Von Forschung und Pilotprojekten zum Regelwerk Nazaib Ur Rehman, Harald Michler: Existing codes and guidelines for durability design of FRP reinforcement Peter Betz: Carbonbeton unter Druck – Einfluss von Querdruck und Querzug Enrico Baumgärtel: Untersuchung von Stäben und Gelegen aus rezyklierten Carbonfasern Iurii Vakaliuk: Use of pervading internal shell-type substructures to dissolve compact components / 2022, the 9th Annual Conference of the Deutscher Ausschusses für Stahlbeton (German Committee for Reinforced Concrete, DAfStb) and the 61st DAfStb Research Colloquium took place on 26 and 27 September in Dresden directly in the run-up to the 14th Carbon and Textile Concrete Days. It was hosted by the Institutes for Building Materials (IfB) and Concrete Structures (IMB) of the Technische Universität Dresden. The main topics were impact loads, civil engineering, fatigue and durability, fresh concrete and rheology, additive manufacturing and sensor technology as well as carbon reinforced concrete. The present conference proceedings contain all contributions in German or English.:Themenschwerpunkt Impakt Cesare Signorini, Viktor Mechtcherine: Mineral-bonded composites for enhanced structural impact safety: The vision of the DFG GRK 2250 Ahmed Tawfik, Viktor Mechtcherine: On the shear behavior of mineral-bonded composites under impact loading Lena Leicht: Charakterisierung von mineralisch gebundenen Kompositen zur Impaktdämpfung Franz Bracklow: Rückseitige Verstärkung von Stahlbetonplatten unter Impaktbeanspruchung Themenschwerpunkt Ingenieurbau Steffen Marx: Ingenieurbau im Bestand Conrad Pelka: Sanierung von Gewölbebrücken Max Herbers: Langzeitverformung semi-integraler Talbrücken – Messung und Simulation Fabian Klein: Modellierung der Torsionstragfähigkeit segmentierter Betontürme auf Basis der Wölbtheorie dünnwandiger Stäbe Jan-Hauke Bartels: Robuste, lebensdauerumfassende Monitoringkonzepte für Offshore-Windenergieanlagen Themenschwerpunkt Ermüdung und Dauerhaftigkeit Dominik Junger, Viktor Mechtcherine: Ermüdungsverhalten von hochduktilem Kurzfaserbeton Raúl Beltrán: Untersuchung von ermüdungsbedingten Veränderungen der Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit in Beton Marc Koschemann: Rissbreitenentwicklung unter Langzeitbelastung anhand lokaler Verbundbeziehungen Daniel Gebauer: Rissbildung und Rissbreitenentwicklung bei Stahlbetonbauteilen unter verformungsinduziertem Zwang Michaela Reichardt, Steffen Müller, Viktor Mechtcherine: Erhöhung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Wasserbauwerken durch faserbewehrte, zementgebundene Komposite Themenschwerpunkt Frischbeton und Rheologie Rolf Breitenbücher, Udo Wiens, Mirsada Omercic: Wandel im Betonbau – Aktuelle Herausforderungen Daniil Mikhalev, Viktor Mechtcherine, Dario Cotardo, Michael Haist: Pumpverhalten und Blockierungsneigung von Beton: Erkenntnisse aus Großversuchen Irina Ivanova, Silvia Reißig, Viktor Mechtcherine: Vergleich von Bewertungsmethoden für die rheologischen Eigenschaften von frisch gedrucktem Beton Slava Markin, Viktor Mechtcherine: Rissbildung in 3D-gedruckten Betonelementen infolge plastischen Schwindens: Ursachen und Quantifizierungsmethoden Steffen Müller, Viktor Mechtcherine: Alternative mineralische Baustoffe – Potentiale und Eigenschaften Themenschwerpunkt Additive Fertigung und Sensorik Viktor Mechtcherine: Additive Fertigung mit Beton Tobias Neef, Viktor Mechtcherine: Additiv gefertigter Carbonbeton mit mineralischer Tränkung der Garne Egor Ivaniuk, Viktor Mechtcherine: Formwork-free, continuous production of variable frame elements for modular shell structures Markus Taubert, Viktor Mechtcherine: 3D-druckbarer Normalbeton mit grober Gesteinskörnung Sebastian Hegler, Marco Liebscher, Viktor Mechtcherine, Dirk Plettemeier: Rissdetektion und -lokalisierung in Betonstrukturen mittels Auswertung elektromagnetischer Hochfrequenzwellen Themenschwerpunkt Carbonbeton Norbert Will: DAfStb-Richtlinie „Betonbauteile mit Nichtmetallischer Bewehrung“ – Von Forschung und Pilotprojekten zum Regelwerk Nazaib Ur Rehman, Harald Michler: Existing codes and guidelines for durability design of FRP reinforcement Peter Betz: Carbonbeton unter Druck – Einfluss von Querdruck und Querzug Enrico Baumgärtel: Untersuchung von Stäben und Gelegen aus rezyklierten Carbonfasern Iurii Vakaliuk: Use of pervading internal shell-type substructures to dissolve compact components

<div>The mechanical behaviors of different kinds of biological tissues, including muscle tissues, cortical bones, cancellous bones and skulls, were studied under various loading conditions to investigate their strain-rate sensitivities and loading-direction dependencies. Specifically, the compressive mechanical behaviors of porcine muscle were studied at quasi-static (<1/s) and intermediate (1/s─10^2/s) strain rates. Both the compressive and tensile mechanical behaviors of human muscle were investigated at quasi-static and intermediate strain rates. The effect of strain-rate and loading-direction on the compressive mechanical behaviors of human frontal skulls, with its entire sandwich structure intact, were also studied at quasi-static, intermediate and high (10^2/s─10^3/s) strain rates. The fracture behaviors of porcine cortical bone and cancellous bone were investigated at both quasi-static (0.01mm/s) and dynamic (~6.1 m/s) loading rates, with the entire failure process visualized, in real-time, using the phase contrast imaging technique. Research effort was also focused on studying the dynamic fracture behaviors, in terms of fracture initiation toughness and crack-growth resistance curve (R-curve), of porcine cortical bone in three loading directions: in-plane transverse, out-of-plane transverse and in-plane longitudinal. A hydraulic material testing system (MTS) was used to load all the biological tissues at quasi-static and intermediate loading rates. Experiments at high loading rates were performed on regular or modified Kolsky bars. Tomography of bone specimens was also performed to help understand their microstructures and obtain the basic material properties before mechanical characterizations. Experimental results found that both porcine muscle and human muscle exhibited non-linear and strain-rate dependent mechanical behaviors in the range from quasi-static (10^(-2)/s─1/s) to intermediate (1/s─10^2/s) loading rates. The porcine muscle showed no significant difference in the stress-strain curve between the along-fiber and transverse-to-fiber orientation, while it was found the human muscle was stiffer and stronger along fiber direction in tension than transverse-to fiber direction in compression. The human frontal skulls exhibited a highly loading-direction dependent mechanical behavior: higher ultimate strength, with an increasing ratio of 2, and higher elastic modulus, with an increasing ratio of 3, were found in tangential loading direction when compared with those in the radial direction. A transition from quasi-ductile to brittle compressive mechanical behaviors of human frontal skulls was also observed as loading rate increased from quasi-static to dynamic, as the elastic modulus was increased by factors of 4 and 2.5 in the radial and tangential loading directions, respectively. Experimental results also suggested that the strength in the radial direction was mainly depended on the diploë porosity while the diploë layer ratio played the predominant role in the tangential direction. For the fracture behaviors of bones, straight-through crack paths were observed in both the in-plane longitudinal cortical bone specimens and cancellous bone specimens, while the cracks were highly tortuous in the in-plane transverse cortical bone specimens. Although the extent of toughening mechanisms at dynamic loading rate was comparatively diminished, crack deflections and twists at osteon cement lines were still observed in the transversely oriented cortical bone specimens at not only quasi-static loading rate but also dynamic loading rate. The locations of fracture initiations were found statistical independent on the bone type, while the propagation direction of incipient crack was significantly dependent on the loading direction in cortical bone and largely varied among different types of bones (cortical bone and cancellous bone). In addition, the crack propagation velocities were dependent on crack extension over the entire crack path for all the three loading directions while the initial velocity for in-plane direction was lower than the other two directions. Both the cortical bone and cancellous bone exhibited higher fracture initiation toughness and steeper R-curves at the quasi-static loading rate than the dynamic loading rate. For cortical bone at a dynamic loading rate (5.4 m/s), the R-curves were steepest, and the crack surfaces were most tortuous in the in-plane transverse direction while highly smooth crack paths and slowly growing R-curves were found in the in-plane longitudinal direction, suggesting an overall transition from brittle to ductile-like fracture behaviors as the osteon orientation varies from in-plane longitudinal to out-of-plane transverse, and to in-plane transverse eventually.</div>