A proficiência e o fluxo de estudantes são desafios importantes a serem enfrentados pelos vários níveis de ensino no Brasil, em especial no ensino médio. Cientes desse desafio, setor público e sociedade civil têm buscado melhorar esses indicadores por meio de alguns programas. O programa Jovem de Futuro é uma dessas iniciativas. Direcionado às escolas públicas de ensino médio, o programa objetiva melhorar a proficiência e fluxo dos alunos por meio de um conjunto de ações focadas em capacitação para a gestão e auxílio financeiro para as escolas. Com o objetivo de verificar o impacto sobre esses resultados, as escolas participantes foram selecionadas por meio de um sorteio aleatório. O presente trabalho realizou análises de impacto desse programa em diferentes dimensões. As estimativas encontradas indicam que o programa teve impacto sobre as notas dos estudantes em quatro das cinco regiões participantes. Quando estatisticamente significante, esse impacto foi de no mínimo 0, 158? para língua portuguesa e 0, 176? em matemática. Com a intenção de entender se os impactos foram diferenciados para determinados grupos de estudantes e escolas, foram também realizadas análises de heterogeneidade. Os resultados apontaram que o programa não teve efeitos diferenciados para os perfis de estudantes analisados. Por outro lado, quando os perfis de escolas são analisados, as estimativas apontam que os estudantes de escolas com melhores indicadores no período pré-tratamento podem ter sido mais beneficiados. O trabalho também realizou a análise de impacto para a probabilidade de evasão e reprovação dos estudantes tratados. Os resultados apontaram que o tratamento diminuiu as chances de evasão e reprovação em regiões onde o programa estabeleceu metas para esses fatores. Finalmente, diante das diferentes direções de impacto sobre notas e fluxo, realizou-se também uma análise de impacto sobre o IDEB. As análises indicaram que em locais onde a piora do fluxo foi relevante os resultados no IDEB não avançaram da mesma maneira do que nas notas dos estudantes. / Low tests scores and low graduation rates are examples of educational challenges in Brazil, especially if we refer to secondary students. Public policies have been created to improve these indices and the \"Jovem de Futuro\" program is one example. We analyzed details of this program to understand if and how it works. \"Jovem de Futuro\" has been a program focused on support for public secondary schools. It provides training for principals and teachers to improve school management and funding for schools. In addition, a randomized controlled trial was designed for selection of treated schools, which ensured our ability to perform a causality analysis. Our results indicate that the program improves student performance in language (Portuguese) and mathematics tests. The scores of treated students increased about 0.2?. Furthermore, we did not find any difference in the performance of students when we grouped them, for example, by sex or race. Our analysis also indicates that students perform better if they are from schools with better previous results. Because repetition and dropout rates are a real problem in schools of secondary level in Brazil, we estimated how effective the program was at changing these rates. Our results indicate repetition and dropout probabilities fell if students are from schools that received goals to improve these rates. On the other hand, if schools did not receive any goal, dropout and repetition probability from students in treated schools increased. Finally, because of these mix effects - better test performance and worse repetition and dropout rates - we calculated and estimated the impact in the Index of Development of Basic Education (IDEB). This index put together: performance in tests and rates of students approved. Our results show that the impact on this index was lower than in the student tests performance in schools from areas with lower approbation rates.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Environmental Management in the Faculty of Applied Science at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / The concept “Sustainable Development” (SD) is defined and interpreted differently worldwide with the result that it encompasses different meanings to different people. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) process has been identified as a key tool for the implementation of SD. This research focuses on the concept of SD and its interpretation, meaning and implementation in terms of the legislation governing EIAs in South Africa. The research methodology employed in the thesis involves a literature study of the historical development and emergence of the concept of SD and the legal framework in which it is contextualised in South Africa. This is followed by a critical evaluation of the concept and its implementation using Jacob’s six Fault Lines. These Fault Lines include (i) the degree of environmental protection that is envisaged to attain SD, (ii) the emphasis placed on equality as a prerequisite for SD, (iii) the measure of participation required to attain SD, (iv) the scope of the concept of SD, (v) the environmental monitoring and evaluation that is required for SD as well as (vi) environmental planning to achieve the goal of SD. The second half of the thesis employs a case study methodology to evaluate the implementation of SD in five separate housing EIA processes in the Stellenbosch Municipal Area. Personal interviews and site observations are used to inform the case studies. The study identifies major conceptual flaws associated with the interpretation and implementation of the concept of SD as well as the challenges preventing EIAs from being an effective tool to enhance SD.The main findings are that EIAs do not sufficiently take into account the cumulative impacts of developments, they are unable to protect the environment from the increasing demand for additional housing in South Africa and that there is insufficient monitoring of EIA processes to ensure adequate long-term environmental protection.

O trabalho parte da premissa de que é altamente importante se precisar os limites da atividade regulatória exercida pela Administração Pública no Brasil. Embora tenha sempre estado entre nós, a regulação econômica tem ganhado mais e mais relevância ultimamente, em especial nos últimos vinte anos. E da mesma forma como têm crescido de incidência, a regulação produzida cada vez mais demonstra ignorar qualquer preocupação com limites interventivos ou mesmo com a capacidade privada. Pois a tese aqui defendida é que um dos principais limites regulatórios se encontra na ideia de subsidiariedade, aqui entendida como o respeito à capacidade e autossuficiência dos atores privados em implementar pautas de interesse público. Não apenas, defende-se ainda que o itinerário ideal para se consagrar a subsidiariedade na atividade de regulação administrativa da economia dentro do rulemaking regulatório reside na Análise de Impacto Regulatório AIR. Com isso, pretendeu-se não apenas defender a existência e juridicidade de uma regra de subsidiariedade da intervenção regulatória administrativa no Brasil, como também definir um critério instrumental para a sua implementação prática. / The work starts from the premise that it is highly important to clarify the limits of the regulatory activity in Brazil. Although it has always been among us, economic regulation has gained more and more importance lately, especially in the past twenty years. And just as it has grown in incidence, the regulation produced shows no concerns about its limits or even with private self-capacity. In this sense, the present study defends that the one of the most important regulatory limit is the idea of subsidiarity, here understood as respect for self-sufficiency and ability of private actors to implement public interest agendas. Not only, it is argued that the ideal itinerary to enshrine the subsidiarity in the regulatory activity of the economy within the regulatory rulemaking lies in the Regulatory Impact Analysis RIA. Thus, it is intended not only to defend the existence and legality of a rule of subsidiarity in the regulatory activity in Brazil, but also set an instrumental criterion for its practical implementation.

Three of the most widely studied software dependency types are the structural, logical and semantic dependencies. Logical dependencies capture the degree of co-change between software artifacts. Semantic dependencies capture the degree to which artifacts, comments and names are related. Structural dependencies capture the dependencies in the source code of artifacts. Prior studies show that a combination of dependency analysis (e.g., semantic and logical analysis) improves accuracy when predicting which artifacts are likely to be impacted by ripple effects of software changes (though not to a large extent) compared to individual approaches. In addition, some dependencies could be hidden dependencies when an analysis of one dependency type (e.g., logical) does not reveal artifacts only linked by another dependency type (semantic). While previous studies have focused on combining dependency information with minimal benefits, this Thesis explores the consistency of these measurements, and whether hidden dependencies arise between artifacts, and in any of the axes studied. In this Thesis, 79 Java projects are empirically studied to investigate (i) the direct influence and the degree of overlap between dependency types on three axes (logical - structural (LSt); logical - semantic (LSe); structural - semantic (StSe)) (structural, logical and semantic), and (ii) the presence of hidden coupling on the axes. The results show that a high proportion of hidden dependencies can be detected on the LSt and StSe axes. Notwithstanding, the LSe axis shows a much smaller proportion of hidden dependencies. Practicable refactoring methods to mitigate hidden dependencies are proposed in the Thesis and discussed with examples.

A proficiência e o fluxo de estudantes são desafios importantes a serem enfrentados pelos vários níveis de ensino no Brasil, em especial no ensino médio. Cientes desse desafio, setor público e sociedade civil têm buscado melhorar esses indicadores por meio de alguns programas. O programa Jovem de Futuro é uma dessas iniciativas. Direcionado às escolas públicas de ensino médio, o programa objetiva melhorar a proficiência e fluxo dos alunos por meio de um conjunto de ações focadas em capacitação para a gestão e auxílio financeiro para as escolas. Com o objetivo de verificar o impacto sobre esses resultados, as escolas participantes foram selecionadas por meio de um sorteio aleatório. O presente trabalho realizou análises de impacto desse programa em diferentes dimensões. As estimativas encontradas indicam que o programa teve impacto sobre as notas dos estudantes em quatro das cinco regiões participantes. Quando estatisticamente significante, esse impacto foi de no mínimo 0, 158? para língua portuguesa e 0, 176? em matemática. Com a intenção de entender se os impactos foram diferenciados para determinados grupos de estudantes e escolas, foram também realizadas análises de heterogeneidade. Os resultados apontaram que o programa não teve efeitos diferenciados para os perfis de estudantes analisados. Por outro lado, quando os perfis de escolas são analisados, as estimativas apontam que os estudantes de escolas com melhores indicadores no período pré-tratamento podem ter sido mais beneficiados. O trabalho também realizou a análise de impacto para a probabilidade de evasão e reprovação dos estudantes tratados. Os resultados apontaram que o tratamento diminuiu as chances de evasão e reprovação em regiões onde o programa estabeleceu metas para esses fatores. Finalmente, diante das diferentes direções de impacto sobre notas e fluxo, realizou-se também uma análise de impacto sobre o IDEB. As análises indicaram que em locais onde a piora do fluxo foi relevante os resultados no IDEB não avançaram da mesma maneira do que nas notas dos estudantes. / Low tests scores and low graduation rates are examples of educational challenges in Brazil, especially if we refer to secondary students. Public policies have been created to improve these indices and the \"Jovem de Futuro\" program is one example. We analyzed details of this program to understand if and how it works. \"Jovem de Futuro\" has been a program focused on support for public secondary schools. It provides training for principals and teachers to improve school management and funding for schools. In addition, a randomized controlled trial was designed for selection of treated schools, which ensured our ability to perform a causality analysis. Our results indicate that the program improves student performance in language (Portuguese) and mathematics tests. The scores of treated students increased about 0.2?. Furthermore, we did not find any difference in the performance of students when we grouped them, for example, by sex or race. Our analysis also indicates that students perform better if they are from schools with better previous results. Because repetition and dropout rates are a real problem in schools of secondary level in Brazil, we estimated how effective the program was at changing these rates. Our results indicate repetition and dropout probabilities fell if students are from schools that received goals to improve these rates. On the other hand, if schools did not receive any goal, dropout and repetition probability from students in treated schools increased. Finally, because of these mix effects - better test performance and worse repetition and dropout rates - we calculated and estimated the impact in the Index of Development of Basic Education (IDEB). This index put together: performance in tests and rates of students approved. Our results show that the impact on this index was lower than in the student tests performance in schools from areas with lower approbation rates.

Environmental costs of products are closely related to their environmental impacts incurred at all life cycle stages of a product. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) methods are often used to estimate these environmental costs and impacts. However, LCA analysis is known to be a costly and time-consuming method, whereas LCC analysis often neglects the social cost which is currently paid by society as a whole. Therefore, this research proposes a new methodology to assess the environmental impact and social cost for the entire life cycle of a product, which can be used as a simple and transparent tool for the early conceptual design stage. The methodology delivers the Environmental Impact Drivers and the associated Social Cost Drivers for all product life cycle stages via spreadsheets, and it provides the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method in the SimaPro software as a user interface. Furthermore, the drivers provide the values for four different geographical regions and damage categories. The conceptual model is based on the impact pathway approach which integrates the Simplified LCA (SLCA) model and the social cost databases. The SLCA model is derived from an extension of previous research whereas the social costs are based on the most suitable Economic Valuation (EV) studies such as the EPS2000d, EXMOD, Ecosense and Asian EV studies. The data collection for the SLCA database was accomplished by using the LCA analysis of the Eco Indicator 99 H/A method and the Hierarchical clustering technique. The data for the social cost database was collected using the Benefit Transfer Method which obtains the EV studies mainly from the Environmental Valuation Reference Inventory (EVRI) data source. Several case studies utilising existing products, including a product redesign case study were used to prove the concept and demonstrate the efficiency of this proposed methodology.

This thesis investigates the participation of Maori (New Zealand�s indigenous people) in the impact assessment process. Traditionally, Maori have had limited involvement in the management of New Zealand�s environment. One possible solution to this could be through the adoption of a collaborative management framework. Unfortunately, there is limited information and research on tools that could facilitate collaborative management between iwi and applicants for resource consent (including, developers, planning consultants and local authorities). Therefore, this research attempts to fill in a gap in current literature and to investigate the potential of the cultural impact assessment as a tool for collaborative management. Despite some criticisms of collaborative management, there are examples where this form of communicative planning has resulted in a very positive outcome for indigenous groups. Therefore, the specific aim of this research is to analyse the extent to which cultural impact assessments can be used as a tool to promote collaborative management between iwi and applicants. In achieving the research objectives of the thesis, the theoretical background of collaborative management and impact assessment theories are explored. In addition, democracy and participation theories are also investigated. In particular, in the discussion of these theories emphasis is placed on the potential involvement of indigenous peoples. The thesis argues that the application of collaborative management via the use of cultural impact assessments may potentially increase Maori involvement in planning. Analysis of collaborative management and impact assessment theories is supported by empirical research. This includes; 1) an exploration of the New Zealand setting for the two theories, 2) a content analysis of cultural impact assessments from eight different iwi authority in New Zealand, and 3) a case study analysis of two iwi organizations that have an established system for undertaking cultural impact assessments (Kai Tahu ki Otago and the Wellington Tenths Trust). The research finds that cultural impact assessments are very similar to other impact assessment reports. However, they should be viewed as evolving documents, as there are some areas of the assessment process that need to be improved upon. The research concludes by suggesting that cultural impact assessments do have the potential to be a tool for collaborative management between iwi and applicants. Further research and education in relation to the content, value and process of cultural impact assessments is required. It is also argued that increased resourcing, training and legislative requirements are needed to further increase Maori participation in planning.

This thesis involves construction of input-output models measuring the economic impact of a farming innovation organisation (The Birchip Cropping Group) on the Victorian regional economy of Buloke Shire. The input-output modeling undertaken is of two forms; the first being a simple naïve top-down model, and the second a more sophisticated hybrid model. The naïve top-down model is based on input-output coefficients drawn from the Australian national input-output tables, and is regarded as naïve because these input-output coefficients are not adjusted to take account of local economic factors. The hybrid model uses the same national input-output coefficients as a base, and then modifies these coefficients to better reflect industrial conditions in the Shire using a location quotients-adjustment technique, as well as using original survey data collected from entities operating in Buloke Shire. One of the aims of the thesis is to determine whether the simpler naïve top-down approach produces results consistent with the theoretically more accurate hybrid methodology, and thus whether the naïve top-down approach represents a reliable method of conducting regional economic impact analysis. That is, can such studies be undertaken accurately using a naïve top down approach, or is it necessary to adopt the more resource intensive methodology of a hybrid model. The results of the analysis suggest construction of a hybrid model is advisable, as generally the naïve top-down approach produces over-estimates of the economic effects of the Birchip Cropping Group. That is, it appears the economic impact multipliers estimated with the naïve top-down model are too large, suggesting the time and effort involved in constructing the hybrid model was worthwhile. Using the hybrid model, the conclusion is that the Birchip Cropping Group has a significant affect on the regional economy of Buloke Shire, with the economic impact being estimated at close to $600,000 in additional output, $61,000 in additional income, and 3.5 additional jobs per year.

After more than a decade of environmental impact assessment ( EIA ) provisions within South Australian Planning Act, 1982 it is appropriate to examine the role of the environmental impact statement ( EIS ) as a major element of EIA and an important decision making tool for major projects over this period. The thesis first provides a review of EIA from its overseas origins to its development at the Commonwealth level in Australia. This provides the context within which to examine the system of EIA for major developments or projects in South Australia, which are dealt with largely through the EIS process. The thesis examines the type of projects which, according to the discretionary criteria in the Planning Act, have attracted EIS requirements between 1982 - 1993 and uses this to determine generic groupings of projects. It is noted that marinas represent the largest group of projects with EIS requirements, although EISs have been called for power generation related projects, electricity transmission line projects, tourist related projects, industrial projects, mining projects, water management projects, transport projects and a number of other projects. The thesis examines the number of EISs that have been completed, whether or not the projects have been approved or rejected and to what extent any patterns have emerged. The thesis then focuses on all the completed EISs in terms of their content, timing of preparation, public involvement and response, associated legislative requirements, type and role of developer, type and role of EIS consultant, the assessment of the EIS, and the decision making process. The thesis notes the high approval rate for projects with completed EISs suggesting most of the environmental problems have been resolved or are capable of being resolved. It is also noted that a number of projects are abandoned before the EIS is ever completed and that the few rejected EIS proposals are associated with high numbers of public submissions. Although each of the rejected proposals has a complex history of project development, environmental assessment and negotiations, it is noted that the decision to reject the proposals was ultimately a political decision. The thesis comments on the limited role of the South Australian Planning Commission ( SAPC ) in EIS project decision making in South Australia and the increasing use of the Governor as a decision maker. Although the SAPC is the statutory planning authority it is constrained by having to have regard to the principles in the Development Plan which is geared toward development control rather than for the extraordinary major projects which become subject to EIS requirements. The thesis then examines proposed changes to EIA in the context of early attempts to initiate EIA reform in South Australia through to the current Development Bill. These proposals are placed in context with changes to EIA procedures that have taken place at the Commonwealth level, the proposed development of a national agreement on EIA, and also the implications for EIA which are likely to flow from recent Commonwealth initiatives on ecologically sustainable development strategies. In addition the implications of recently developed environment protection agencies and associated legislation are examined at both the State and Commonwealth levels. Collectively these reviews and analyses provide the context of current thinking on EIA as it is likely to affect South Australian EIA processes in the future. Finally the thesis discusses the evolving role of the South Australian EIS in the context of its evolutionary process and the proposed legislative changes in South Australia, together with other related initiatives. This discussion touches on a number of issues such as public administration, the actual practice of the EIA process as opposed to the theory of EIA and what is written into the EIA legislation. In conclusion an overview is given of the current role of the EIS with some predictions for the future of EIA in South Australia. / Thesis (M.Plan.)--Department of Architecture, 1993.

<p><p><strong>ABSTRAKT </strong><strong></strong></p></p><p> <strong>Syfte: </strong>Detta arbete har haft två syften:</p><p>1) Att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur en organisationsövergripande konsekvensanalys kan inverka på förändringsprocessers utfall.</p><p>samt</p><p>2) Att inleda utvecklingen av ett pedagogiskt verktyg för att genomföra konsekvensanalys i förändringsprocesser samt genomföra ett inledande test av detta verktyg.</p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Detta arbete är en kvalitativ fallstudie. Efter en inledande litteraturstudie har metoden för datainsamling varit kvalitativa intervjuer av såväl ostrukturerad som semi-strukturerad karaktär. Vid analysen av insamlad data har tillämpats ett hermeneutiskt synsätt.</p><p><strong>Resultat & slutsats: </strong>Den i undersökningen genomförda konsekvensanalysen visar tydligt hur en konsekvensanalys kan förändra underlaget för beslut, planering och implementering av förändring i organisationer. Grund för konsekvensanalysens betydelse har således funnits i såväl teori som empiri. <strong></strong></p><p>Testet av verktyget visade att de fokusområden som tagits fram upplevdes som relevanta i undersökningsföretagets kontext. Verktyget kräver dock troligtvis vidareutveckling i form av en tydligare handledning och utbildning för att en förståelse av fokusområdenas innehåll och dess inverkan på varandra ska kunna skapas utan konsulthjälp i de flesta organisationer. Detta var ett inledande antagande som stärkts av undersökningens resultat.</p><p><strong>Förslag till fortsatt forskning:</strong> En svaghet i undersökningen är att konsekvensanalysen på grund av tillgången på undersökningsföretag fick utföras i ett annat skede av förändringsprocessen än vad som är tänkt vara dess huvudsakliga placering. Det vore önskvärt att i framtiden utföra det på sin tänkta placering, innan beslut om och planering av förändring. Med tanke på den aktuella organisationens begränsade verksamhet då den i princip enbart innefattar försäljning vore det också både intressant och nödvändigt att testa fokusområdenas relevans och konsekvensanalysens inverkan på en större organisation med en högre grad av diversifiering av verksamheten. Dessa är båda lämpliga uppslag för framtida undersökningar.</p><p><strong>Uppsatsens bidrag: </strong>Min förhoppning är att denna uppsats skapat en ökad förståelse för en konsekvensanalys betydelse för ett förändringsarbetes resultat. Arbetet med ett verktyg för att utföra en konsekvensanalys har inletts. I färdigutvecklad form är min förhoppning att detta verktyg ska vara till hjälp för organisationer som ska genomföra förändringsarbete.</p><p><strong>Nyckelord: </strong>organisationsförändring, konsekvensanalys, förändringsprocess, förändringsledning</p> / <p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Aim:</strong> This thesis has two purposes:</p><p>1) To create a better understanding of how an impact analysis may affect the outcome of organizational change processes</p><p> </p><p>and</p><p> </p><p>2) To initiate the development of a tool for carrying out an impact analysis in an organizational change process and carry out an initial test of this tool.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> This thesis is a qualitative case study. After an initial literature review, the method of data collection has been qualitative interviews of unstructured and semi-structured nature. In the analysis of collected data a hermeneutic approach has been applied.</p><p><strong>Result & Conclusion: </strong>The impact analysis carried out in this case study clearly shows how an impact analysis can affect the basis of decision making, planning and implementation of change in organizations. Thus theoretical as well as empirical ground has been found for its value in organizational change processes. <strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>The test of the tool showed that the focus areas developed were perceived as relevant in the company context. The tool, however, most likely needs further development in the form of a user's guide to achieve an understanding of the focus areas, their content, and their impact on each other, good enough to be applied without using external consulting services. This was an initial assumption that was strengthened by the results of the study.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Suggestions for future research: </strong>One limitation of this study may be that the test of the tool had to be carried out at a different stage in the change process from what was initially planned. It would be suitable to test the tool at its originally suggested stage of a change process and also in an organization of a more diversified character. The above mentioned are both suggestions for future studies.</p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis: </strong>My hope is that this thesis has created a better understanding of how an impact analysis may affect the outcome of organizational change projects. The development of a tool for carrying out an impact analysis has been initiated and in its future complete version this tool may well be of much help for organizations involved in organizational change projects.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>organizational change, impact analysis<strong>, </strong>change process, leading change</p>