With the electronic packaging towards the rapid development of lead free process, the related research on the portable electronic devices subject to impact load is emphasized urgently. At present, the failure modes of fracturing in IMC layer and fracturing on IMC/solder boundary are mostly encountered due to drop test and cyclic bending test respectively. The purpose of this work is to use 3D numerical analysis software ANSYS/LS_DYNA, that were found to be a suitable numerical model for further analyzing the impact fracture of lead-free solder. The relationship between simulation and ball impact test system was compared and the effects of variable parameters on solder balls subjected to impact loading was investigated. Also, the transient deformation and fracturing of solder joints subjected to the impact load were studied numerically and experimentally. Then, the transient response and the failure modes of the solder joint due to impact load were predicted by varied strain rate tests. From the numerical results, the strain rate mechanical properties of solder joint due to high can be effectively obtained. The difference of IMC strength caused three kinds of failure modes of the solder ball, however the failure mode of fracturing in IMC and a party of solder requires a model to simulate with more refined meshes. Different velocities affected the numerical results significantly. The higher the velocity of impact test applied, the lower the impact loading received. That is mainly attributed to the material parameters adopted of a solder ball is strongly dependent on the strain rate considered. Also, it is found that the impact test in reality does not result in a shear-dominant failure mode. While using dynamic simulation instead of the experiment, the damage process of solder joint can be observed. That provides a good reference and contrast for the experimental work in the future.

ABSTRACT AS4/PEEK (APC-2) is a thermoplastic composite materials consisting of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) reinforced with AS4 carbon fibers. APC-2 has been widely used in many weight critical applications because of high specific strength and stiffness, good corrosion resistance, good formability and high temperature durability. However, the susceptibility of composite materials to damage result from low-velocity impacts (for example, from dropped tools, runway stones or hailstones) is a major problem. Low-velocity impact induces internal damage in the composite laminate without any visible sign on the surface, but it is result in a loss of laminate strength. This paper is aimed to investigate the mechanism and mechanical performance of [0/90] and [0/+45/90/-45] laminates subjected to Drop-Weight Impact by a cylindro-conical, a cylindro-hemisphere and a cylindrical impactor tip at temperature of 25¢J, 75¢Jand 125¢J. The study of impact response and post impact strength of composite laminates subjected to low velocity impact shows that the failure mechanism is predominantly delamination and fiber breakage. Generalizing the results of experiment, we can conclude that an impactor with a small nose (cylindro-conical) induces a larger impact-induced damage than one with a large nose (cylindrical), as well as a greater degree of fiber breakage. But for the reduction of post-impact strength, the cylindro-hemisphere impcator induces the most reduction of strength than the cylindro-conical and the cylindrical impactors. The post-impact residual strength of [0/90] specimens is higher than [0/+45/90/-45] specimens. But, [0/+45/90/-45] specimens are better to resist the impact effect. As for the effect of elevated temperature, we found that when the temperature increases, the damage extent reduces slowly. Keywords: composite, low-velocity impact, temperature effect, young's modulus, ultimate strength

This research paper explores the impact of Government Procurement Law on the activities of Research and Development in Taiwan. The Empirical Study focus on the Technological Research Projects. After collecting relevant literature regarding R&D in foreign countries, this study conducted an in-depth interview to derive a questionnaire. Later, based on a questionnaire mailed to 46 officials in Taiwan area, of which 37 replies were received (a 80.44 percent response rate). The study proposed a comprehensive and innovative program on establishing the R&D management in Taiwan.

Ecologist Tom Dale and Vernon Gill Carter Published a book ¡mTopsoil and Civilization¡n in 1955, There is a paragraph in the prolog¡G ¡uCivilized human always can temporarily control the environment mostly. Their main problem caused of the misconceiving that the temporary control can be forever. They misconceive that they are the ¡§dominator of the world¡¨, but don¡¦t realize the rule of the nature at all. Human no matter civilized or not, nevertheless, is the son not the master of nature. If they want to sustain and maintain the ecological environment, their behavior must follow the rule of nature. If they try to evade these rules, the consequence usually ruins the surrounding environment what nurture them. When the environment gets worst rapidly, their civilization declines too.¡v It seems to be a fate, like Morrie said in ¡mTuesday with Morrie¡n¡G¡uEvery one knows he will die, but nobody takes it as real.¡vHuman does not only treat his own life like this way, but also the environment what they survive and live in! From 1992, ¡¦Rome Club¡¦ published the book ¡mThe limit of growth¡n, the consciousness of environmental protection started to head up. Some issues like Ecology of commerce, Sustainable development, Land ethics, Deep ecology and Environmental economic came out one after one. Purely economic and efficient considering of design and production can¡¦t satisfy these kinds of demand. For this sake, International Standard Organization issued out the ISO-14000 series and accepted worldwide gradually. ISO-14040¡GLife Cycle Assessment¡Aevaluating the impact to the environment from material input, manufacturing, transportation, using, recycle, disposal, by other words--- ¡¥from the cradle to grave¡¦. LCA try to use quantitative concept to interpret the environmental impact or damage from human made product. It may provide environmental protection user a systematic thinking to distinguish which product is environmental amity product, which is not; also could be a stand for environment strategy. Applied on the production, it can be a good tool for ¡¥Green Design¡¦ thinking, to reduce the impact to the environment from every stage in production. This thesis is going to study the 6V4Ah Lead acid battery that used widely in the market. Quoting LCA¡¦s indications and SimaPro 4.0 software developed by Pre Consultants B.V. as the database and tools to evaluate the impact and damage to our environment. About the basic data bank, we adopt the local databank built by ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute) for years and the data included in SimaPro software. Those are Pre4, PreNL, BUWAL250 and IDEMAT96. Following the analysis procedures as Classification, Normalization, Evaluation by both impact orientation method --- Eco-indicator 95 method and damage orientation method --- Eco-indicator 99 method to evaluate this product¡¦s LCA study. Further more, look forward to provide a potential evaluation way to evaluate and compare to other various batteries.

In an event of environmental impact assessment (EIA), encouraging public participation is particular important during the process of open deliberation attributed to the following reasons. First, people may contribute vital environment information to support decision making for the authority in charge. Secondly, through the process of participation, not only satisfying the right of "be aware" for people but establishing the consensus toward a feasible alternative in advance. In the past several years, Decision Support Systems (DSS), through the integration of human intelligence and software engineering, has been widely used to solve semi-structure or ill-structure problems. Nevertheless, DDS is designed for single user. In most situations involving many stockholders, a decision may not be made simply by a single person but by a group of people after reaching some agreement. It is therefore important to develop Group Decision Support System (GDSS) to deal with such problems. The current research employs the concept of GDSS and develops the prototype of a GDSS for promoting "public participation" in EIA. Such system fully integrates various techniques to cover "Delphi", "Certainty Factor", and "3D Geographic Information System (GIS)". "Delphi" is used as the mechanism to facilitate the reduction of dissentient view, while "Certainty Factor" offers an easy yet effective approach to evaluate public opinion under a multi-criteria decision making environment. Finally people can visualize the future landscape of all alternatives with the virtual scene generated by 3D GIS. To make the general public aware the EIA related information, the GDSS also takes full advantage of the Internet to deliver message in multimedia form. The case study to demonstrate the usage of such GDSS is the transportation project of building a sightseeing cross-harbor cable car between Mt. qi-hou and Mt. shou. Through using the GDSS by the stockholders, more people are willing to take part in EIA and thus put "public participation" in practice. In consequence, the authority in charge of EIA may make more appropriate decision in light of the results from public participation.

Abstract This study aims at continuously exploring government procurement policy itself via the views of both constructors and the government officials, based on the Likert-scale questionnaire designed by the author. With cluster sampling, the subjects are 99 officials from the government officials of Kaohsiung city and 44 constructors in the south of Taiwan . The key point is to evaluate the policy impact, in other word is to assess the achievement of policy effectiveness & policy goal. Is there any significantly difference for and against practicing the government procurement law between constructors and the government? This study construct policy impact evaluation with in the way of management, politics & law; based on policy effectiveness, system maintenance, responsiveness, To evaluate whether or not can the illegal thing be reduced because of practicing government procurement law which based on policy effectiveness, system maintenance, responsiveness & appropriateness. Results from questionnaire are statistically processed with SPSS. There are several conclusions. Both constructors & the government officials have the same views toward practicing the government procurement law. Both of them agree that the procurement environment itself has been significantly changed. Though the efficiency & quality of government procurement have been improved since the government procurement law had been practiced. But the efficiency & quality of government procurement still has not improved equally, even the government procurement procedure were fair & information openly. The persons who proceeded procurement have no confidence toward their own departments is rather alarming. Anyway, NT$500 thousand have been thought to be the appropriate standard of internet procurement. The findings can serve as reference of improvement of government procurement policy. Key words¡GPublic Policy, Policy Impact, Policy Effectiveness, System Maintenance, Responsiveness, Appropriateness

Embarrassmet is a very common emotion but usually hard to express, which plays a very important role in social encounter. There are many reasons why people feel embarrassed, like being criticized, making a fool of oneself, performaning inferior to self or other people¡¦s expectation, and so on. The social encounter attribute in service marketing not only is the basic condition for embarrassment but also fits the Social Impact Theory. However, most studies on embarrassment dedicated their attention to personal psychology and social encounter; few of them are about product buying behavior. Therefore this study would verify the impact of embarrassment in service encounter, test how the severity of embarrassing event and numbers of others on site influent consumers¡¦ emotional and behavioral reaction. Besides, researcher puts social comparison theory and consumer pre-consumption mood into the study to verify the impact of consumers¡¦ original mood and others¡¦ relevance to consumers¡¦ percepted embarrassment and behavioral reaction. The research material in Experiment 1 is a story about shopping in a clothe counter in department store. Reseracher finds out that the severity of embarrassing event (the criticism from counter sales representative) and numbers of others on site have different impact on perceived embarrassment. The negative emotion arised from embarrassment mediates their behavioral reaction; the stronger the negative emotion, the stronger ther leaving intention and negative word of mouth are. In Experiment 2, researcher verifies that consumers¡¦ pre-consumption mood and others¡¦ relevance moderate the impact of embarrassment to consumers¡¦emotional and behavioral reaction. The major contribution of this study is that we put ¡§embarrassment¡¨ as the leading role of this study and prove that one¡¦s mood and other customers on site have impact on service encounter. In the end of this article, researcher provides managerial implication, research restriction, and the future research directions.

<p>The exploitation of sandwich structures as a means toachieve high specific strength and stiffness is relatively new.Therefore, the knowledge of its damage tolerance is limitedcompared to other structural concepts such as truss bars andmonocoque plate solutions.</p><p>Several aspects of the damage tolerance of sandwichstructures are investigated. The influence of impact velocityonresidual strength is investigated. Sandwich panels withfaces of glass fiber reinforced vinylester are impacted bothwith very high velocity and quasi static. The residual strengthafter impact is found to be similar for both cases of impactvelocity.</p><p>Curved sandwich beams subjected to opening bending momentare studied. Faceñcore debonds of varying size areintroduced between the compressively loaded face sheet and thecore. Finite element analysis in combination with a pointstress criterion is utilized to predict the residual strengthof the beams. It is shown that it is possible to predict thefailure load of the beams with face-core debond.</p><p>Using fractography the governing mode of failure ofcompressively NCF-carbon is characterized. Sandwich panelssubjected to compression after impact are shown to fail byplastic micro buckling.</p><p>The residual compressive strength after impact of sandwichpanels is investigated. Sandwich panels with face sheets ofnon-crimp fabric (NCF) carbon are subjected to different typesof impact damages. Predictions of residual strength are madeusing the Budiansky, Soutis, Fleck (BSF) model. The residualstrength is tested, and the results are compared topredictions. Predictions and tests correlate well, and indicatethat the residual strength is dependent on damage size and notthe size of the damaged panel.</p><p>A study of the properties of a selection of fiberreinforcements commonly used in sandwich panels is conducted.The reinforcements are combined with two types of core materialand three types of matrix. Also the influence of laminatethickness is tested. Each combination materials is tested inuni-axial compression, compressive strength after impact andenergy absorption during quasi static indentation. Thespecimens which are tested for residual strength are eithersubjected to quasi-static or dynamic impact of comparableenergy level. Prediction of the residual strength is made andcorrelates reasonably whith the test results. The tests showthat if weight is taken into account the preferred choice offiber reinforcement is carbon.</p>

Small warm-water streams in the southeastern United States experience significant differences in temperature, as well as changes in physical parameters due to seasonal fluctuations. It has been generally thought that fish assemblage patterns change as a direct result of these seasonal variations. This study was designed to determine the effects of variable flow regimes on fish species composition, diversity, and abundance. Eight small warm-water streams in four national parks (Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, Fort Donelson National Battlefield, Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site, and Russell Cave National Monument) were sampled May-June 2005 for the summer trials, October-November 2005 for the fall trials, and April 2006 for the spring trials. All trials were conducted when water levels and flows were at normal seasonal stages. Fish populations were determined by electrofishing a 100-m reach at each site. Physical parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, and flow rate were also measured at each site. From summer to fall, the majority of the streams decreased in flow until temporary pools were formed. The lack of flow caused increased temperatures, decreased dissolved oxygen, and increased conductivity levels. As a direct result, overall fish abundance and diversity values decreased. From fall to spring, all the streams increased in flow, which brought back the riffle to pool habitat sequences. Dissolved oxygen levels increased, conductivity levels decreased, and temperatures became more stable. As a result, overall fish abundance and diversity values increased. Results indicated that fish assemblage patterns in the four parks did change as a direct result of the seasonal variations in habitat and water quality.

A biomechanical study of intervertebral foraminal narrowing during simulated automotive head-forward and head-turned rear impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify foraminal width, height and area narrowing during head-forward and head-turned rear impacts, and evaluate the potential for nerve root and ganglion impingement. Muscle weakness and paresthesias, documented in whiplash patients, have been associated with neural compression within the cervical intervertebral foramen. Rotated head posture at the time of rear impact has been correlated with increased frequency and severity of chronic radicular symptoms, as compared to facing forward. No studies have quantified dynamic changes in foramen dimensions during head-forward or head-turned rear impacts. Six whole cervical spine specimens with muscle force replication and surrogate head underwent simulated whiplash at 3.5, 5, 6.5 and 8 g, following non-injurious baseline 2 g acceleration. Continuous dynamic foraminal width, height and area narrowing were recorded, and the peaks were determined during each impact and statistically compared to baseline narrowing. During head-forward rear impacts, significant increases (P<0.05) in average peak foraminal width narrowing above baseline were observed at C5-C6 beginning with 3.5 g impact. No significant increases in average peak foraminal height narrowing were observed, while average peak foraminal areas were significantly narrower than baseline at C4-C5 at 3.5, 5 and 6.5 g. During head-turned rear impacts, significant increases (P<0.05) in average peak foraminal width narrowing above baseline of up to 1.8 mm in the left C5-C6 foramen at 8 g were observed. Average peak dynamic foraminal height was significantly narrower than baseline at right C2-C3 foramen at 5 g and 6.5 g, while no significant increases in foraminal area were observed. Extrapolation of the present head-forward rear impact results indicated that the greatest potential for ganglia compression injury was at the lower cervical spine, C5-C6 and C6-C7. The present head-turned rear impact results indicated that the greatest potential ganglia compression injury exists at C5-C6 and C6-C7. Greater potential for ganglia compression injury exists at C3-C4 and C4-C5 due to head-turned rear impact, as compared to head-forward rear impact. Acute ganglia compression may produce a sensitized neural response to repeat compression leading to chronic radiculopathy following head-forward and head-turned rear impacts. Dynamic ganglion or nerve root compression may also lead to chronic radiculopathy.