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There are more and more multinational companies adopting localization strategy in china, including all kinds of functions. Comparing with the reality, the related reaserchs about localization issues are very fewer. In order to understand more about the content of ¡§localizatin¡¨ (or call ¡§local responsiceness¡¨), the study divided localization into three kinds of sub-parts, including physical business activities, soft management machanism and human resources. Futhermore, the study propses and examines various determinants of localization. The findings of this reaserch are following: (1) Factors including culture distance, product demand heterogenity and Taiwan experience will influence the localization of physical business activities. (2) Factors of affecting localization of soft management machanism contain product demand heterogenity, industry cluster, headquarter commitment and Taiwan experience. (3) Factors of affecting localization of human resource contains product demand heterogenity, headquarter commitment and the dependence of subsidiary on headquarter. Above all, we also found the influencial factors for three different kinds of localization are different.

The purpose of this article is to gain insight in the South African tobacco industry, its influence on the community and the role of anti-tobacco campaigns. This is done by conducting an empirical investigation of the attitudes and behaviour of smokers and non-smokers regarding the national government campaigns against tobacco products. Consequently, it will contribute in determining the efficiency of the anti-tobacco campaigns as well as the effect of the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act, 1999 (Act 12 of 1999) on smokers and non-smokers. It is postulated that by applying the principles of marketing (demarketing and remarketing) it could contribute significantly in influencing smoking behaviour amongst South Africans.

Yes / The paper addresses the problem of pursuing ethical business practices purely under the aegis of ‘integrity’, as frequently used to characterise morally desirable traits. Drawing on the work of philosopher Thomas Kasulis, the paper pairs ‘integrity’ with ‘intimacy’ as a critical concept, placing greater attention upon relational properties, helping to understand ethics as existing between individuals, things and the environment. The argument is that by paying careful attention to spatial and temporal dynamics and proximities of exchange, businesses can better maintain and extend practices of integrity. It reminds us that ethics are developmental (not transcendental); that the cultivation of ethics provides greater depth and ownership and pertains to matters of the body and habits. The paper contributes a way of reading exchanges in the marketplace beyond prescriptive accounts of integrity. Through the lens of both integrity and intimacy, it identifies how we actually ‘live’ or practice greater responsiveness to exchanges.

Background: Research suggests that prenatal depression is associated with disrupted maternal responses to infant stimuli, with depressed women not showing the bias towards distressed infants observed in non depressed women (Pearson, 2010). The current study examined depression related differences in women’s self reported responses to infant stimuli, early in pregnancy, investigating if maternal responses in pregnancy are more associated with a reduced comforting response, or a heightened avoidant response. Method: Women in this study were referred by community midwives as part of a cohort study. Pregnant women with clinical depression (n=38), and comparison non-depressed women (n=67), were exposed to images of distressed, neutral and happy infant faces. The women were asked to rate how they responded to the images, along three scales: wanting to comfort, wanting to turn away, and feelings of anxiety. Results: Women with depression showed significantly different response patterns to women without depression. Women with depression were substantially more likely to be in the highest quartile for ratings of wanting to turn away from distressed infant faces (odds ratio 4.15, p<.01, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.63-10.5). They were also substantially less likely to be in the highest quartile for wanting to comfort a distressed infant face (odds ratio .22, p<.01, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = .09-.54). Conclusions: The findings from this study are consistent with both a heightened avoidant and a reduced comforting response towards distressed infants in depressed pregnant women. This study provides further evidence that depression disrupts maternal preparations at a conscious level. Keyword: Depression; Maternal Responsiveness; Self Report; Pregnancy; Prenatal; Perinatal.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the differential effects of breastfeeding practice and having an intention to breastfeed (during pregnancy) on a mother’s maternal responsiveness to her infant after birth. Methods: Using longitudinal data from a subsample of 962 mother-infant dyads from a UK cohort study (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children), we investigated the influence of intention to breastfeed at 3 months pregnancy and breastfeeding practice and on mother-infant interactions at 12 months after birth. Breastfeeding intent and practice were assessed by questionnaires administered to the mothers. Intention to breastfeed in the first 3 months postpartum was measured at 32 weeks into the pregnancy, while breastfeeding practice (over first 12 months postpartum) was measured retrospectively at 15 months post partum. Results: Using logistic regression analyses, we found that intending to breastfeed at 32 weeks gestation significantly predicted maternal responsiveness, namely that an intention to breastfeed increased the odds of positive maternal responsiveness, independently of breastfeeding practice. However, we found the practice of breastfeeding was not an independent predictor of positive maternal responsiveness once intention to breastfeed was accounted for. Using a life course epidemiology approach we further demonstrated that maternal responsiveness is most positive when both the intention to breastfeed and breastfeeding practice are present. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study to report that having the intention to breastfeed an infant is more strongly associated with positive maternal responsiveness than the act of breastfeeding itself. This may suggest that more responsive mothers choose to breastfeed rather than breastfeeding practice directly causing enhanced responsiveness. Further research will be needed to understand the nature of this intention and its relationships with maternal responsiveness. However, the results may also highlight the potential importance of parenting intentions/ preparations during pregnancy for a mothers developing abilities to be responsive to her infant after birth.

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The present studies were designed to investigate responsiveness of women to laboratory pain. The purpose of this investigation was manifold in that the effects of several different variables on pain perception were examined. First, the studies sought to determine whether the experience of menstrual pain, otherwise known as dysmenorrhea, had any relationship to the perception of laboratory induced pain, namely, cold pressor pain. Second, it was asked whether menstrual phase had any relationship either on its own, or in interacting with dysmenorrhea, to pain perception. Third, based on observations from the two previous studies, it was asked whether age and/or previous experience of childbirth pain had any influence on pain perception. The first study employed a within-subjects design of young university women in order to investigate the relationship of dysmenorrhea and menstrual cycle phase to pain threshold, tolerance, and subjective pain intensity ratings. The second study employed a between-subjects design of young university women as well, in order to replicate the menstrual phase effect obtained in the first study. The third study employed a between-subjects design of older women as it dealt with the relationships of age and/or the experience of childbirth pain to the same measures of pain perception. It also dealt with defining further characteristics of dysmenorrhea as occurring in an older group of women (over 30 yrs of age). Results from the first two studies indicated a significant increase in pain sensitivity, measured as pain threshold, from the follicular to the luteal phase of the cycle but no overall significant effects of dysmenorrhea on laboratory-induced pain. In the second study, there was a significant interaction between menstrual phase and dysmenorrhea with respect to subjective pain ratings. These results partially replicated previous findings in the literature while employing a clinically relevant method of pain induction. Results from the third study indicated that previous experience of childbirth pain, independent of age, is a significant factor in the perception of laboratory-induced pain. These latter results have never before been reported in the pain literature and thus deserve further investigation. Possible implications for an adaptation-levels model are discussed. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The importance of aggressive behavior in preschool ages can be seen from the serious impact it has later in children's lives if a suitable change will not take place. the number of children with behavioral rpoblems in preschool are increasing with a great amount of teachers admitting that they are insufficiently prepared to manage it. The aim of this systematic literature review is to examine the evidence of teacher responsiveness affecting child engagement, with specific focus on children from two to six years old of age who display aggressive behavior in a preschool environenment. Ten articles were included and the results were that children with aggressive behavior are unable to exhibit appropriate behaviors and have poor peer interactions which lead to low engagement. The closeness to the teacher can help them increase their engagement in combination with providing social-emotional support, positive classroom management and focus on the interests of the child.