Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1916. / Published also without thesis note.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1916. / Published also without thesis note.

In order to gain better understanding of climate change effects on ecosystems, it is necessary to study the response of different species to predicted climate change. Dragonflies are, due to their ecology, a suitable organism group for conducting such studies. In this pilot study we examined the response in growth- and mortality rate to increased ambient temperatures in an experimental set-up of three temperature levels (20°C, 22°C och 24°C) in larvae of three species from the Aeshnidae family (Aeshna grandis, Aeshna cyanea and Anax imperator). A. imperator were, due to insufficient number of collected specimens, excluded in the 22°C temperature regime. The studied species are reproducing in Sweden, but A. grandis and A. cyanea are native, whereas A. imperator is considered newly established since it was first discovered in Sweden in the early 2000’s. Our results show that A. grandis and A. cyanea reacted positively to an increased ambient temperature, in terms of growth rates. However, the response to increased temperatures differed between the two species as A. grandis showed both higher growth- and mortality rate, compared to A. cyanea. Thus, we assume that both species are likely to benefit from the ongoing climate change, but that interactions between them may change. Further studies are required to elucidate how the two species will be affected in presence of newly established species, such as A. imperator. Although, based on our results, the competitiveness of both native species might increase with rising temperatures - which should be considered in future conservation planning.

The city of Philippi was founded as a Roman military colony in 42 BC, directly following one of the largest battles of antiquity, the civil war battle of Philippi. This study shows that one hundred years later, at the time of writing of Paul’s letter to the Philippians, the identity of the city was still deeply connected to its military history. The apostle Paul found in the historical and sociological ties of the Philippians with the military reasons for drafting his letter in a rhetorical arrangement similar to the historical reports of commander’s speeches to his assembled troops before battle. Not only does the vocabulary of Paul’s ethical commands parallel the general’s harangues, as has been previously pointed out by Biblical scholarship, but in Paul’s letter one also finds correspondences to the three largest motifs of the general’s speeches: the objective of the war, the confidence for victory and the rewards for courage and obedience. The major unified theme of Philippians is the mutual military-partnership for the advance of the gospel in a hostile context (Phil. 1:7-12; 1:20; 2:19-24; 2:25-30; 3:12-15; 4:3; 4:10-19). Paul in his letter to the Philippians uses consistently military imagery – and not once athletic imagery, as typically assumed by exegetical scholars – to demonstrate that the courageous sharing of the faith will always result in victory for the one who proclaims Christ. This victory is guaranteed through the unsurpassable abilities of the supreme general, Jesus Christ, whose death on the cross and whose resurrection is portrayed as a military victory and whose exaltation by God the Father acknowledges Christ as the victorious general in an universal extent (Phil. 2:8-11). The victory of the gospel campaign is further guaranteed by the LORD’s initiation of the war for the spread of the faith and by His presence with those who fight in His behalf for the spread of the good news (Phil. 1:5-7; 2:12-13; 2:14-15; 3:1; 4:4). Victory in the Philippian context means either the reception of the gospel by unbelievers or the death of the messenger on account of rejection of and opposition to the gospel; the suffering of the emissary of the gospel serves to glorify Christ and it is compensated by the superior enjoyment of Christ at the resurrection (Phil. 1:19-25). The reward, which God promises to the messenger of the gospel is several times stated in Philippians to be the exalted experience of fellowship with Christ at the resurrection (Phil. 1:21; 3:8-11; 3:20-21; 4:3). The reading of Philippians in light of the appropriation of military terminology confirms that Paul’s main purpose in writing Philippians is to encourage his partners to continue to take risks, to be unafraid of suffering and to make sacrifices in order to boldly testify about Christ and to continue to financially contribute to the mission of spreading the faith. The book of Philippians challenges the contemporary self-centred prosperity culture of the church to take risks and make sacrifices for the proclamation of Christ to unbelievers, sacrifices, which are supremely compensated by a life for the glory of Christ and the surpassing promise of the enjoyment of the glory of God in His Son Christ Jesus. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-05-14T12:11:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropondoProblemaForrageio.pdf: 644586 bytes, checksum: d2ebb247aee32117aea92d0cdebf87f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-04T12:21:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropondoProblemaForrageio.pdf: 644586 bytes, checksum: d2ebb247aee32117aea92d0cdebf87f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-04T12:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropondoProblemaForrageio.pdf: 644586 bytes, checksum: d2ebb247aee32117aea92d0cdebf87f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / O presente estudo analisou a influência de um simples aparelho que simulou o forrageamento ativo por insetos, funcionando como um alimentador enigmático denominado puzzle, sobre o comportamento de duas espécies de calitriquíneos (Callitrichinae, Primates) mantidos em cativeiro no Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP). Buscou-se comparar a reação das duas espécies frente ao aparelho proposto, e verificar a viabilidade deste artifício no enriquecimento ambiental das condições de cativeiro para estes primatas. Foram utilizados três casais de Saguinus imperator, conhecido por sagui imperador e três casais de Callithrix penicillata, conhecido por mico estrela, as comparações foram feitas entre as espécies e entre os sexos. Foram gravadas através de vídeo cassete seções de observação com duração de três horas, divididas em dois períodos, um controle (ausência do puzzle) e outro experimental (presença do puzzle), com um total de 36 horas de observação para cada casal. As sessões de controle foram usadas para calcular a linha base do orçamento de atividade para comparações com padrões de comportamento durante as sessões experimentais. As fitas foram transcritas, e todos os eventos de comportamento foram cronometrados, e registrados as medidas da freqüência e duração de eventos. Nas duas espécies a manipulação do puzzle não alcançou uma proporção de tempo muito elevada, porém demonstrou uma diferença clara entre as duas espécies, ocupando 3,96% do tempo total dos micos e 1,99% do tempo dos saguis. Os micos gastaram com repouso, durante as seções experimentais, 17% menos tempo em comparação com a situação controle. Considerando que a ociosidade reduziu em menos de 7% nos saguis, com a atividade geral aumentada em 10%. Entre os sexos, notou-se uma inversão, onde as fêmeas de sagui tiveram um aumento de 18% na ociosidade e queda de 14% na atividade, enquanto as fêmeas de mico tiveram uma diminuição nas duas categorias de pouco menos de 10%. Os machos responderam mais ao puzzle, os saguis aumentaram em 58% a atividade e diminuíram em 23% a ociosidade, os micos aumentaram a atividade em 4% e diminuíram a ociosidade em menos de 10%. Todos os animais aprenderam a manipular o equipamento e capturar os insetos, sendo que os micos tiveram um maior êxito no número de larvas capturadas, superando aos saguis em cerca de 54% de seu índice. As fêmeas tiveram mais êxitos em ambas as espécies, porém superficialmente nos micos. Em contraste, nos saguis as fêmeas foram 16% mais prósperas que os machos. O puzzle foi eficiente em enriquecer o ambiente cativo dos animais e estimular o comportamento manipulativo, sendo um instrumento importante na busca do bem estar para as duas espécies. / This study analysed the influence of a simple insect foraging puzzle on the behaviour of two callitrichine species (Callitrichinae, Primates) maintained in captivity at the National Primate Centre (CENP), in Ananindeua, in the Brazilian state of Para. In addition to comparing the two species, the study aimed to evaluate the viability of the puzzle as a strategy of environmental enrichment for these primates in captivity. Three adult pairs of each species – the pencil-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) and the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) – were included in the study, which also focussed differences between genders. Observations were conducted through the video-taping of three-hour sessions, divided into control (puzzle absent) and experimental (puzzle present) periods, with a total of 36 hours of observation for each pair. Control sessions were used to calculate baseline activity budgets for comparisons with behaviour patterns during experimental sessions. Tapes were transcripted, and all behaviour events were timed, providing measures of both the frequency and duration of events. The puzzle did not have a major effect on general activity budgets, but its effect was clearly different in each species, with manipulation of the puzzle accounting for 3.96% of the time of the marmosets, but only 1.99% of that of the tamarins. During experimental sessions, the marmosets spent 17% less time at rest in comparison with their baseline budget, whereas rest was reduced by less than 7% in the tamarins, with general activity increasing 10%. These changes varied considerably when comparing genders, however – male tamarins presented a 58% increase in general activity and a 23% reduction in rest, whereas these values were 4% and 10%, respectively, in male marmosets. Female tamarins presented an opposite pattern, with rest increasing 18% and general activity falling 14%, while female marmosets had a reduction in both categories by a little less than ten percent. All the animals learned to manipulate the puzzle and capture insects, although the marmosets were far more persistent, capturing 54% more insects, on average, than the tamarins. Females were more successful in both species, but only marginally so in the marmosets. In the tamarins, by contrast, females were 16% more successful than males. Overall, the puzzle proved to be efficient as a means of enriching the captive environment of both species, by stimulating manipulative behaviour and reducing inactivity.

This dissertation is a diplomatic transcription edition and an analysis of BL Cotton Caligula Aii with emphasis on the Middle English romances in the manuscript and how the entire manuscript was compiled to teach lessons in obedience. The first section of the manuscript contains Sir Eglamour and teaches lessons in social obedience. The second section features three romances by Thomas Chestre: Octavian Imperator, Sir Launfal, and Lybeaus Desconus and teaches courtly and chivalric obedience. Section three features Emaré and teaches lessons in obedience and free will. The final section contains Sege of Jerusalem. Chevalier Assigne, and Sir Isumbras and focuses on obedience and the direct hand of God. The romances in CCAii, which have often been dismissed as overly simplistic or convention, become complex and meaningful text when they are analyzed as part of the compilation for which they were chosen and arranged.

This dissertation is a diplomatic transcription edition and an analysis of BL Cotton Caligula Aii with emphasis on the Middle English romances in the manuscript and how the entire manuscript was compiled to teach lessons in obedience. The first section of the manuscript contains Sir Eglamour and teaches lessons in social obedience. The second section features three romances by Thomas Chestre: Octavian Imperator, Sir Launfal, and Lybeaus Desconus and teaches courtly and chivalric obedience. Section three features Emaré and teaches lessons in obedience and free will. The final section contains Sege of Jerusalem. Chevalier Assigne, and Sir Isumbras and focuses on obedience and the direct hand of God. The romances in CCAii, which have often been dismissed as overly simplistic or convention, become complex and meaningful text when they are analyzed as part of the compilation for which they were chosen and arranged.