In the present work, the Parametric Finite-Volume Theory is expanded by using the inclusion of homogenization processes on mechanical and thermal properties of periodically elastic and viscoelastic composites, with interphase effects. This work introduces models for evaluation of thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, elastic and viscoelastic constitutive tensors with unit cell concept applied and periodical boundary conditions in state of generalized plane strain. The current interphase model between inclusion and matrix are considered thin and replaced by equivalent imperfect interfaces. The materials of the interphase are admitted to have lower thermal and mechanical properties. The formulation of the thermal and mechanic homogenization models is based on the traditional strategy of temperature and displacement field expansion in macroscopic and fluctuating components. The effective coefficients of thermal expansion are analytically evaluated using the effective elastic properties and coefficient of thermal expansion of the constitutive phases. Procedures on viscoelastic homogenization are based on Generalized Maxwell model, which allows the assessment of the effective relaxation tensors, providing the effective creep tensors using the Correspondence Principle. The viscoelastic model applied is incremental in time and uses the internal variables formulation. The created models are applied on the solution of many case studies, involving different kinds of composite materials (including size-dependent effects), volume fraction, unit cell geometry and interphase properties influence on the behavior of effective mechanical and thermal properties. The results are compared to analytical and FEM solutions to calculate the method’s efficiency. / No presente trabalho, a versão paramétrica da teoria dos volumes finitos (TVF) é expandida pela incorporação de processos de homogeneização de propriedades térmicas e mecânicas de compósitos periódicos elásticos e viscoelásticos, incluindo efeitos de interfase. O trabalho apresenta modelos para avaliação de condutividade térmica, coeficiente de dilatação térmica, tensores constitutivos elástico e viscoelástico efetivos, considerando o conceito de célula unitária, com condição de contorno periódica em estado plano de deformações generalizado. As interfases existentes entre as inclusões e a matriz são consideradas finas e substituídas por interfaces imperfeitas equivalentes. Os materiais que constituem tais interfases são admitidos com propriedades térmicas e mecânicas inferiores àquelas dos outros constituintes. Os modelos de homogeneização térmica e mecânica são formulados com base na tradicional estratégia de expansão dos campos de temperatura e deslocamentos, respectivamente, em parcelas macroscópica e flutuante. Os coeficientes de dilatação térmica efetivos são avaliados analiticamente em função das propriedades efetivas elásticas e dos coeficientes de dilatação térmica das fases constituintes. Os procedimentos de homogeneização viscoelástico tem como base o modelo de Maxwell generalizado e permitem a determinação dos tensores de relaxação efetivos, a partir dos quais são obtidos os tensores de fluência efetivos através do Princípio da Correspondência. O modelo viscoelástico utilizado é do tipo incremental e utiliza o conceito de variáveis internas. Por fim, os modelos são aplicados na solução de exemplos envolvendo diferentes tipos de materiais compósitos, os quais incluem investigação de efeitos de tamanho, fração volumétrica, geometria da célula unitária, influência das propriedades da interfase sobre as propriedades efetivas térmicas e mecânicas. Os resultados de tais exemplos são comparados com soluções analíticas e com o método dos elementos finitos, demonstrando desempenho dos modelos apresentados.

Motivé par l'étude de tissus biologiques, ce travail contribue aux développements d'outils numériques permettant de prédire la réponse mécanique de matériaux hétérogènes non linéaires dans lesquels les énergies d'interfaces deviennent prépondérantes. Ainsi, une méthode d'homogénéisation multi échelle combinée à une technique de réduction de modèle basée sur la décomposition orthogonale aux valeurs propres est proposée dans un cadre thermique et hyperélastique. Les énergies d'interfaces entre les différentes phases des composites sont décrites par un modèle d'interface cohérent et prises en compte numériquement par une approche liant la méthode des éléments finis étendus et la méthode level-set. Une étude de l'étalement d'une cellule vivante entre deux lamelles fixes est ensuite réalisée. Les deux modèles utilisés pour les simulations montrent que l'assemblage cortex d'actine-membrane plasmique ne joue qu'un rôle minime dans la réponse mécanique cellulaire / Motivated by the study of biological tissues, this work contributes to developing numerical tools to predict the mechanical response of nonlinear heterogeneous materials in which the energies of interfaces can no longer be ignored. First, a computational homogenization strategy combined with a model reduction technique based on the proper orthogonal decomposition is implemented in the cases of large elastic deformations and highly nonlinear conduction. The interfaces between the different phases of a composite are described by means of a coherent interface model and taken into account numerically by an extended finite element method in tandem with a level-set technique. Finally, experimental results of single cell spreading between two fixed parallel microplates are exploited through finite element modelling. Our two models show that the bilayer membrane and the actin cortex do not play a significant role in the cell mechanical response

Le rôle crucial des interfaces solides dans les problèmes de structures dans de nombreux domaines de l'Ingénierie est désormais bien connue et c'est certainement un sujet de grand intérêt scientifique. Aujourd'hui, la modélisation analytique et numérique des interfaces structurelles représentent un défi du fait desphénomènes physiques très complexes qu'il faut prendre en compte (tels que adhésion, contact non-conforme,microfissuration, frottement, contact unilatéral) autant que le besoin d'avoir des méthodes numériques qui soient capables de traiter à la fois la faible épaisseur des zones d'interface et les sauts dans les champs physiques concernés. Cette thèse vise à développer un outil analytique cohérent et général qui soit capable de dépasser les limitations des stratégies existantes et concernant la modélisation des interfaces emph{soft} et emph{hard} caractérisées par une microfissuration évolutive. Une nouvelle approche, appelée emph{Imperfect Interface Approach} (IIA), est proposée. Elle couple de manière cohérente arguments de théorie asymptotique et techniques d'homogénéisation pour les milieux microfissurés dans le cadre de la emph{Non-Interacting Approximation} (NIA). Dans le cadre de l'élasticité linéaire, l'IIA est employée avec succès pour obtenir un ensemble de modèles d'interfaces imparfaites.En généralisant la méthode de développement asymptotique à la théorie élastique des déformations finies, un modèle d'interface soft non-linéaire a été dérivé. Comme une nouvelle application, l'IIA est appliquée afin de formuler un modèle de contact non-conforme à raideurs equivalents. Simulations numériques appliquées à la maçonnerie ont été effectuées. / The crucial role of solid interfaces in structural problems in several engineering fields is well-established and they represent certainly a scientific topic of great interest. Nowadays, analytical and numerical modeling of structural interfaces are challenging tasks, due to the complex physical phenomena to take into account (such as adhesion, non-conforming contact, microcracking, friction, unilateral contact), as well as to the need of numerical methods suitable for treating small thickness of the interface zones and jumps in the physically relevant fields.Present PhD thesis aims to develop a consistent and general analytical tool able to overcome some modeling shortcomings of available modeling strategies accounting for soft and hard interfaces, and characterized by evolving microcracking. A novel approach, referred to as emph{Imperfect Interface Approach} (IIA), is proposed. It consistently couples asymptotic arguments and homogenization techniques for microcracked media in the framework of the Non-Interacting Approximation (NIA). In the context of linear elasticity, the IIA is successfully employed to derive a set of imperfect interface. By generalizing the matched asymptotic expansion method to finite strains, a nonlinear soft interface model has been derived. As a new general application, the IIA is applied to formulate a spring-type model for non-conforming contact. Finally, numerical simulations applying the soft interface models obtained in both linear and nonlinear cases to masonry structures, are carried out, showing effectiveness and soundness of the proposed formulation.