The Company Man argues that corporate ways of organising communities permeated British imperial culture. My point of departure is the obsession shared between Anglo-Indian writers and imperial policymakers with the threat of unmanageable agency, the employee who will not follow orders. By taking up Giambattista Vico's claim that human subjects and human institutions condition each other reciprocally, I argue that Anglo-Indian literature is properly understood as one of a series of disciplinary apparatuses which were developed in response to that persistent logistical problem: how best to convince plenipotentiary agents to work in the interest of a mercantile employer, the East India Company. The Company Man reconsiders the way we think and write about Victorian imperial culture by taking this institutional approach. For one thing, the dominant position of the Company highlights the limitation of our continuing dependence on the nation as a critical hermeneutic. Additionally, I show how the prevalence of ideas like duty, service, and sacrifice in colonial literature is more than simply the natural output of a nation looking to sacralise everyday practice in the wake of their famous "Victorian loss of faith." Rather, I place these ideas among a structure of feeling, which I call aristocratic virtue, that was developed by imperial policymakers looking to militate against the threat of rogue agents. The subject material under consideration includes novels, short stories, poems, essays, memoirs, personal correspondence, and parliamentary speeches. These texts span a century but are clustered around four nodal points, which illustrate moments of innovation in the technologies of regulation and control. My opening chapter examines how the idea of an overseas empire first acquired virtue in the minds of the British public. The second explores how the Company grafted this virtue onto its corporate structure in its training colleges and competition exams. The third shows how Anglo-Indian literature continued to disseminate the rhetoric of self-sacrifice and noble suffering long after the Company ceded control to the Crown. The final chapter shows how this corporate culture reflects in that most canonical of imperial novels, Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901).

The Company Man argues that corporate ways of organising communities permeated British imperial culture. My point of departure is the obsession shared between Anglo-Indian writers and imperial policymakers with the threat of unmanageable agency, the employee who will not follow orders. By taking up Giambattista Vico's claim that human subjects and human institutions condition each other reciprocally, I argue that Anglo-Indian literature is properly understood as one of a series of disciplinary apparatuses which were developed in response to that persistent logistical problem: how best to convince plenipotentiary agents to work in the interest of a mercantile employer, the East India Company. The Company Man reconsiders the way we think and write about Victorian imperial culture by taking this institutional approach. For one thing, the dominant position of the Company highlights the limitation of our continuing dependence on the nation as a critical hermeneutic. Additionally, I show how the prevalence of ideas like duty, service, and sacrifice in colonial literature is more than simply the natural output of a nation looking to sacralise everyday practice in the wake of their famous "Victorian loss of faith." Rather, I place these ideas among a structure of feeling, which I call aristocratic virtue, that was developed by imperial policymakers looking to militate against the threat of rogue agents. The subject material under consideration includes novels, short stories, poems, essays, memoirs, personal correspondence, and parliamentary speeches. These texts span a century but are clustered around four nodal points, which illustrate moments of innovation in the technologies of regulation and control. My opening chapter examines how the idea of an overseas empire first acquired virtue in the minds of the British public. The second explores how the Company grafted this virtue onto its corporate structure in its training colleges and competition exams. The third shows how Anglo-Indian literature continued to disseminate the rhetoric of self-sacrifice and noble suffering long after the Company ceded control to the Crown. The final chapter shows how this corporate culture reflects in that most canonical of imperial novels, Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901).

The Company Man argues that corporate ways of organising communities permeated British imperial culture. My point of departure is the obsession shared between Anglo-Indian writers and imperial policymakers with the threat of unmanageable agency, the employee who will not follow orders. By taking up Giambattista Vico's claim that human subjects and human institutions condition each other reciprocally, I argue that Anglo-Indian literature is properly understood as one of a series of disciplinary apparatuses which were developed in response to that persistent logistical problem: how best to convince plenipotentiary agents to work in the interest of a mercantile employer, the East India Company. The Company Man reconsiders the way we think and write about Victorian imperial culture by taking this institutional approach. For one thing, the dominant position of the Company highlights the limitation of our continuing dependence on the nation as a critical hermeneutic. Additionally, I show how the prevalence of ideas like duty, service, and sacrifice in colonial literature is more than simply the natural output of a nation looking to sacralise everyday practice in the wake of their famous "Victorian loss of faith." Rather, I place these ideas among a structure of feeling, which I call aristocratic virtue, that was developed by imperial policymakers looking to militate against the threat of rogue agents. The subject material under consideration includes novels, short stories, poems, essays, memoirs, personal correspondence, and parliamentary speeches. These texts span a century but are clustered around four nodal points, which illustrate moments of innovation in the technologies of regulation and control. My opening chapter examines how the idea of an overseas empire first acquired virtue in the minds of the British public. The second explores how the Company grafted this virtue onto its corporate structure in its training colleges and competition exams. The third shows how Anglo-Indian literature continued to disseminate the rhetoric of self-sacrifice and noble suffering long after the Company ceded control to the Crown. The final chapter shows how this corporate culture reflects in that most canonical of imperial novels, Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901). / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo discutir as interpretações construídas pelo engenheiro e economista francês Michel Chevalier (1806-1869) sobre as Américas entre as décadas de 1830 e 1860. Seguidor das ideias saint-simonianas durante sua juventude, viajou aos Estados Unidos, ao México e a Cuba entre 1833 e 1835. De volta à França, tornou-se professor do Collège de France (1840) e, anos depois, um dos principais quadros intelectuais e políticos de sustentação ao Segundo Império (1851-1870) de Napoleão III. Partindo dessas premissas, este trabalho se desenvolve por meio de dois grandes eixos: por um lado, a análise acerca da elaboração, na obra do autor, de uma utopia industrial de matriz saint-simoniana, desenvolvida, em grande medida, em sua abordagem a respeito dos Estados Unidos; por outro, a discussão sobre a construção de uma dicotomia no Novo Mundo entre as regiões de colonização inglesa e espanhola, mobilizada, entre outras coisas, como forma de defender empreendimentos como a construção de um canal interoceânico na América Central e a intervenção francesa sobre o México no decênio de 1860. Em seus textos, ao afirmar divergências culturais e políticas entre os países protestantes anglo-saxões e católicos latinos na Europa e nas Américas, Michel Chevalier forneceu elementos para a formulação de perspectivas de longa duração nos discursos intelectuais e políticos dos dois lados do Atlântico e para a posterior enunciação, na década de 1850, do conceito de América Latina. / This research aims to discuss the interpretations formulated by the French engineer and economist Michel Chevalier (1806-1869) about the Americas between the 1830s and 1860s. Follower of Saint Simon\'s ideas during his youth, he traveled to the United States, Mexico and Cuba between 1833 and 1835. Back to France, he became professor at the Collège de France (1840) and one of the main intellectual and political figures supporting Napoleon III\'s Second Empire (1851-1870). This work is developed based on two main axes: first of all, the analysis of the elaboration of an \"industrial utopia\" during his travel to the United States; secondly, the discussion about the elaboration of a dichotomy between the regions of English and Spanish colonization in the New World. Michel Chevalier used this comparison to defend the construction of an interoceanic canal in Central America and the armed intervention of France in Mexico in the 1860s. In his writings, Michel Chevalier affirmed cultural and political differences between the Anglo-Saxon Protestants and the Latin American Catholics in Europe and the Americas. He provided elements for the formulation, in the 1850s, of the concept of Latin America.

Two images of British India persist in the modern imagination: first, an eighteenth-century world of incipient multiculturalism, of sexual adventure amidst the hazy smoke of hookah pipes; and second, the grandiose imperialism of the Victorian Raj, its vast public buildings and stiff upper lip. No art historian has focused on the intervening decades, however, or considered how the earlier period transitioned into the later. In contrast, Art in India's 'Age of Reform' sets out to develop a distinct historical identity for the decades between the Charter Act of 1813 and the 1858 Government of India Act, arguing that the art produced during this period was implicated in the political process by which the conquests of a trading venture were legislated and 'reformed' to become the colonial possessions of the British Nation. Over two parts, each comprised of two chapters, two overlooked media are connected to 'reforms' that have traditionally been understood as atrophying artistic production in the subcontinent. Part I relates amateur practice to the reform of the Company's civil establishment, using an extensive archive associated with the celebrated amateur Sir Charles D'Oyly (1781-1845) and an art society that he established called the Behar School of Athens (est.1824). It argues that rather than citing the Company's increasing bureaucratisation as the cause of a decline in fine art patronage, it is crucial instead to recognise how amateur practice shaped this bureaucracy's collective identity and ethos. Part II connects the production and consumption of illustrated print culture to the demographic shifts that occurred as a result of the repeal of the Company's monopolistic privileges in 1813 and 1833, focusing specifically on several costume albums published by artists such as John Gantz (1772-1853) and Colesworthy Grant (1813-1880). In doing so, it reveals how print culture provided cultural capital to a transnational middle class developing across the early-Victorian Empire of free trade. Throughout each chapter, the gradual undermining of the East India Company's sovereignty by a centralising British State is framed as a prerequisite to the emergence of the nation-state as the fundamental category of modern social and political organisation. Art in India's 'Age of Reform' therefore seeks not only to uncover the work and biographies of several unstudied artists in nineteenth-century India, but reveals the significance of this overlooked art history to both the development of the modern British State, and the consequent demise of alternative forms of political corporation.

Depuis une quinzaine d’années en France, nous assistons, à un retour en force de « l’histoire coloniale », stimulée par des questions mémorielles brûlantes, comme celles de la guerre d’Algérie, de la traite Atlantique, de l’esclavage aux Antilles, autant de thèmes devenus classique d’une tendance à la repentance coloniale. Manifestement désireux de penser l’intégration de la mémoire de la colonisation à l’identité nationale, le grand public se laisse donc touché par la redécouverte du passé colonial de la France, notamment par le biais de productions cinématographiques comme L’Empire du milieu du Sud du cinéaste Éric Deroo, qui retrace l’histoire du Vietnam et de l’Indochine française. Ces initiatives incarnent des formes de persistance de l’histoire des relations entre la France et son ex-empire, mais aussi une volonté de transmettre la mémoire sans la borner aux seuls conflits coloniaux. Elles contribuent à maintenir une sorte de lien affectif des Français envers leurs anciennes colonies. En réactivant leur mémoire, les sociétés occidentales, et la société française en particulier, posent donc la question des effets retours de l’époque coloniale sur la définition actuelle des identités nationales. Si le colonialisme est souvent considéré comme une forme de circulation à sens unique, des métropoles vers leurs colonies, l’évolution des points de vue et de la recherche historique permettent l’examen de l’influence de la colonisation en Europe, de nos jours, mais aussi durant la période coloniale. Cette circulation empire-métropole est désignée par les expressions « effets retours » ou « effets de réverbération », qui concernent en particulier des circulations de représentations. Dans la lignée de travaux universitaires récents, qui proposent diverses approches régionales des phénomènes de réception et d’appropriation du fait colonial, ce travail propose l’étude de la manière dont s’opèrent des phénomènes d’ouverture culturelle liés à l’expansion coloniale à une échelle régionale, alors que, pendant longtemps, suite aux travaux de l’historien Raoul Girardet, l’échelle nationale a été privilégiée1. Le présent travail tend à vérifier l’hypothèse de la construction de l’identité des gens du Nord, à l’intérieur de la nation, en intégrant l’influence de l’expansion coloniale. L’historien américain Herman Lebovics nous aide à affiner cette hypothèse lorsqu’il affirme dans La vraie France, qu’il existe des parallèles entre les moyens employés par les pouvoirs français pour gagner la loyauté d’une population étrangère assujettie, et l’appareil culturel mis en place pour provoquer la loyauté des métropolitains 2. Il évoque notamment l’ethnologie conservatrice, qui attire l’attention des autorités sur le besoin de préserver les cultures coloniales et de raviver les cultures régionales, à la condition de ne pas engendrer de revendications politiques allant à l’encontre de l’existence d’un État centralisé, issu de la tradition révolutionnaire jacobine. Cette recherche envisage d’apprécier les effets retours de la construction d’un l’empire colonial vers une région de la métropole et ses habitants, en étudiant les changements de direction du « regard » et l’élargissement des échelles, du local au national puis du local à l’empire. Le changement de focale permet donc une étude, qui examine des réalités et des problématiques locales et définit une réception et une appropriation spécifiques du fait impérial, l’exaltation de l’empire devenant à la fois un élément de l’identité locale et un élément d’intégration de la région à une identité nationale. / For about fifteen years in France, we have assisted, with a return in strength of “the colonial history”, stimulated by burning hot memory questions, like those of the war of Algeria, the Atlantic draft, slavery in the Antilles, as many topics become classical of a trend with the colonial repentance.Obviously eager to think the integration of the memory of colonization of the national identity, the general public is thus left touched by the rediscovery of the colonial past of France, in particular by the means of film productions like Empire of the medium of the South of the scenario writer Éric Deroo, who recalls the history of the Viêt - Nam and French Indo-China.These initiatives incarnate forms of persistence of the history of the relations between France and its ex-empire, but also a will to transmit the memory without limiting it to the only colonial conflicts. They contribute to maintain a kind of emotional tie of the French towards their old colonies.By reactivating their memory, Western companies, and the French company in particular, thus ask the question of the returns effects of the colonial time on the current definition of the national identities. If colonialism is often regarded as a form of circulation to one way, metropolises towards their colonies, the evolution from the points of view and the historical research allow the examination of the influence of colonization in Europe, nowadays, but also during the colonial period. This circulation empire-metropolis is indicated by the expressions “returns effects” or “effects of reverberation”, which relate to in particular circulations of representations.In the line of recent university work, which proposes various regional approaches of the phenomena of reception and appropriation of the colonial fact, this work proposes the study in the way in which phenomena of cultural opening related to the colonial expansion take place with a regional scale, whereas, for a long time, following work of the historian Raoul Girardet, the national scale was privileged.This work tends to check the assumption of the construction of the identity of people of North, inside the nation, by integrating the influence of the colonial expansion. The American historian Herman Lebovics helps us to refine this assumption when it affirms in true France, that there exist parallels between the average employees by the French powers to gain the honesty of a subjugated foreign population, and the cultural device set up to cause the honesty of the French people.He evokes in particular the preserving ethnology, which draws the attention of the authorities to the need to preserve the colonial cultures and to revive the regional cultures, in the condition of not generating political claims going against the existence of a centralized State, resulting from the revolutionary tradition jacobine.This research plans to appreciate the returns effects of the construction of colonial empire towards a region of the metropolis and its inhabitants, by studying the changes of management of the “glance” and the widening of the scales, of the room to the national then room with the empire. The change of focal distance thus allows a study, which examines local realities and problems and defines a specific reception and an appropriation of the imperial fact, the exaltation of the empire becoming at the same time an element of the local identity and an element of integration of the area to one national identity.