No description available.

This numerical study presents investigation of impinging jets cooling effect on a hot flat plate. Different configuration of single jet, 5-cross and 9-square setups have been studied computationally in order to understand about their behaviour and differences behind their physics. Moreover, a specific confined wall was designed to increase two crucial parameters of the cooling effect of impinging jets; average heat transfer coefficient of impingement wall and average air temperature difference of outlet the domain and jet inlet. The 2-D simulation has been performed to design the confined wall to optimise the domain geometry  to achieve project goals contains highest average heat transfer coefficient of hot plate in parallel to highest average air temperature difference of outlet. Different effective parameters were chosen after 2-D simulation study and literature review; Jet to wall distance H/D = 5, Radial distance from centre of plate R/D = 20, jet diameter D = 10 mm. The 3-D computational study was performed on single jet, 5-cross and 9-square configurations to investigate the differences of results and find best setup for the specific boundary condition in this project. Single jet geometry reveals high temperature level in the outlet, but very low average heat transfer coefficient due to performance of a single jet in a domain (Re= 17,232). In the other side, 5-cross setup has been studied for Reynolds number of 9,828, 11,466, 17,232 and 20,000 and it was found that range of 11,466 to 17,232 performs very well to achieve the purposes in this study. Moreover, turbulence models of ,  and  have been used to verify the models (Re=17,232) with available experimental data for fully developed profile of the jets inlets and wall jet velocity and Reynolds stress components near the wall boundary condition. All three turbulence models predict well   the velocity components for jets fully developed profile and for wall boundary condition of the target plate. But since  model has been validated with the Reynolds stress components by experimental data, therefore is more reliable to continue the study with verified simulation. Finally 9-square configuration was investigated (Re=17,232) and the result compared with other setups. It was concluded that 5-cross multiple jets is best design for this project while 9-square multiple impinging jets also fulfils the project purpose, but for extended application in industry each setup is suitable for specific conditions. 5-cross multiple jets is good choice for large cooling area which can be used in number of packages to cover the area, while 9-square jets setup performs well where very high local heat transfer is needed in a limited area.

Les instabilités aéroélastiques de bandes d’acier constituent aujourd’hui l’un des problèmes majeurs dans les sections de refroidissement par jets impactants des lignes de recuit continues.En effet, le traitement thermique des nouveaux aciers nécessite de très fortes pentes de température impliquant constamment des augmentations de vitesse de soufflage susceptibles de mettre en jeu des instabilités aéroélastiques. Des flottements ainsi que des divergences de bande ont déjà été constatées et identifiées. Ces deux instabilités impliquent dans la plupart des cas des chocs entre la bande et les buses de soufflage ce qui engendre des défauts de surface sur la bande.Un banc d’essai a été conçu et fabriqué dans le but d’analyser ces instabilités et d’anticiper leur apparition. A partir d’observations, la dynamique structurelle de la bande a été simplifiée à un mode de rotation rigide. Le banc comporte une plaque oscillante en mouvement forcé.Celle-ci est impactée par un dispositif de plusieurs jets axisymétriques turbulents ayant une disposition identique à celle des tours industrielles. Les efforts aérodynamiques stationnaires et instationnaires agissant sur la plaque sont mesurés au moyen de capteurs de pression.L’impact de plusieurs jets en interaction crée de très importants gradients de pression sur la plaque il est donc nécessaire que la grille de prises de pression soit très fine pour que l’estimation des efforts aérodynamiques soit correcte. La plaque est donc instrumentée de 91capteurs de pression sur une surface de 18 cm². Elle peut également être translatée dans les ois directions de l’espace, ce qui permet d’obtenir la distribution des efforts instationnaires ainsi que des coefficients aéroélastiques sur une grande surface de plaque et à différentes distances d’impact.Les mesures de pression stationnaires ont permis d’établir les courbes d’évolution des efforts d’impact des jets sur la plaque en fonction de la distance jet-plaque ainsi que de la géométrie des buses. Les résultats ont permis de déterminer la stabilité statique de la plaque en mouvement de pompage. Les mesures de vitesses des jets libres ont été effectuées paranémométrie à fil chaud et ont permis de déterminer leurs propriétés statistiques.Les mesures de coefficients aéroélastiques sur la plaque en rotation ont été effectuées surune seule géométrie de soufflage, pour différentes vitesses réduites. Les résultats mettent en évidence l’importance des effets de bords sur la stabilité de plaque. Des méthodes de post traitements ont proposées afin d’extrapoler les résultats à différentes largeurs de bande. Ils sont confrontés aux travaux de Regardin et al. (réf. [1]) et mettent en évidence des désaccords avec le cas réel. Des suggestions sont apportées afin d’améliorer la représentativité du banc vis-à-vis des bandes industrielles. / Aeroelastic instabilities of steel strips impinged by arrays of cooling gas jets have becomeone of the main issues in cooling sections of continuous annealing lines. Indeed, the new steeltreatments require very high temperature variation rates which involve increases in jetvelocities that are likely to onset some aeroelastic instabilities. Strip flutter and divergencehave already been observed and identified. These two aeroelastic instabilities imply a strongrisk of contact with the blowing boxes, which can seriously blemish the strip.An experimental test rig was designed and built in order to analyze and predict of theseinstabilities. From observations, the strip’s structural dynamics was simulated by a rigidrotation mode. The rig included a forced oscillating plate which is impinged by an array ofaxisymmetric jets having the exact industrial geometry. The plate was instrumented withpressure sensors to measure the steady and unsteady surface pressures. The impingement ofinteracting jets creates very large pressure gradients on the plate and therefore a tight mesh ofpressure taps (91 over an 18cm² jet impingement surface) was necessary to allow a goodestimation of the aerodynamic loads The plate could also be moved in the three coordinatedirections as to obtain surface mappings of the unsteady jet forces and aeroelastic coefficientscan be obtained over a wide area and different jet-to-plate distances.The variation of the impinging aerodynamic forces was established as a function of the jetto-plate distance for different nozzle geometries. These results were used to determine the jetstatic stability in plunging motion. Velocity and turbulence measurements in free jets werecarried out using hot wire anemometry in order to determine their statistical properties.Aeroelastic coefficient measurements were carried out on the oscillating plate with onlyone nozzle geometry and different reduced velocities. Results show that the plate’s stability ismainly dependent on the boundary effects. Post processing methods are suggested in order toapply the results to larger plates. Results are compared to the data of Regardin et al. (réf. [1])and emphasize some discrepancies with respect to the real case. Finally some improvementsto the test-rig are suggested for it to be more representative of the industrial situation.

Advances in electronics fabrication, coupled with the demand for increased computing power, have driven the demand for innovative cooling solutions to dissipate waste heat generated by these devices. To meet future demands, research and development has focused on robust and stable two-phase heat transfer devices. A confined impinging jet is explored as means of utilizing two-phase heat transfer while minimizing flow instabilities observed in microchannel devices. The test configuration consists of a 4 mm diameter jet of water that impinges on a 38 mm diameter heated aluminum surface. Experimental parameters include inlet mass flow rates from 150 to 600 g/min, nozzle-to-surface spacing from 1 to 8 mm, and input heat fluxes from 0 to 90 W/cm2. Results were used to assess the influence of the testing parameters on the heat transfer performance and stability characteristics of a two-phase confined impinging jet. Stability characteristics were explored using power spectral densities (PSDs) of the inlet pressure time series data. Confined impinging jets, over the range of conditions tested, were found to be stable and an efficient means of removing large amounts of waste heat. The radial geometry of the confined jet allows the fluid to expand as it flows radially away from the nozzle, which suppresses instabilities found in microchannel array geometries. Conditions of the heater surface were found to strongly influence two-phase performance. Analysis of PSDs, for stable operation, showed dominate frequencies in the range of 1-4 Hz, which were attributed to generated vapor expanding in the outlet plenum and the subsequent collapse as it condensed. A stability indicator was developed by inducing artificial instabilities into the system by varying the amount of cross sectional area available for outlet vapor removal and compared to the results for stable operation. / Graduation date: 2012

No description available.

Characteristics of impinging-jet atomizers in the context of application in liquid propulsion systems are studied in this thesis. A review of past studies on impinging jets revealed the necessity of a correlation in terms of injector parameters for predicting Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of a spray. So, an experimental study of atomization in doublet and triplet impinging jet injectors is conducted using water as the stimulant? The major injector parameters considered are orifice diameter, impingement angle and jet velocity. Relative influences of these parameters are explained in terms of a single parameter, specific normal momentum. SMD of the spray reduces as specific normal momentum is increased. A universal expression between non-dimensional SMD and specific normal momentum is obtained, which satisfactorily predicts SMD in doublets as well as triplets. Noting that practical impinging injectors are likely to have skewness (partial impingement), the study is extended to understand the behavior of such jets. In perfectly impinging doublet, a high aspect ratio ellipse-like mass distribution pattern is obtained with major axis normal to the plane of two jets whereas in skewed jets the major axis turns from its normal position. A simple correlation is obtained, which shows that this angle of turn is a function of skewness fraction and impingement angle only and is independent of injection velocity. Experimental data from both mass distribution and photographic technique validate this prediction. SMD is found to decrease as skewness is increased. This may be the combined effect of shearing of liquid sheet at the point of impingement and more sheet elongation. Hence, skewness turns out to be an important parameter in controlling drop size.

Turbulent flows and coherent structures emerging within turbulent flow fields have been extensively studied for the past few decades and a wide variety of experimental and numerical techniques have been developed for measurement and analysis of turbulent flows. The complex nature of turbulence requires methods that can accurately estimate its highly chaotic spatial and temporal behavior. Some of the classical cases of turbulent flows with simpler geometries have been well characterized by means of the existing experimental techniques and numerical models. Nevertheless, since most turbulent fields are of complex geometries; there is an increasing interest in the study of turbulent flows through models with more complicated geometries. In this dissertation, characteristics of turbulent flows through two different facilities with complex geometries are studied applying two different experimental methods. The first study involves the investigation of turbulent impinging jets through a staggered array of rods with or without crossflow. Such flows are crucial in various engineering disciplines. This experiment aimed at modeling the coolant flow behavior and mixing phenomena within the lower plenum of a Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). Dynamic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Matched Index of Refraction (MIR) techniques were applied to acquire the turbulent velocity fields within the model. Some key flow features that may significantly enhance the flow mixing within the test section or actively affect some of the structural components were identified in the velocity fields. The evolution of coherent structures within the flow field is further investigated using a Snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique. Furthermore, a comparative POD method is proposed and successfully implemented for identification of the smaller but highly influential coherent structures which may not be captured in the full-field POD analysis. The second experimental study portrays the coolant flow through the core of an annular pebble bed VHTR. The complex geometry of the core and the highly turbulent nature of the coolant flow passing through the gaps of fuel pebbles make this case quite challenging. In this experiment, a high frequency Hot Wire Anemometry (HWA) system is applied for velocity measurements and investigation of the bypass flow phenomena within the near wall gaps of the core. The velocity profiles within the gaps verify the presence of an area of increased velocity close to the outer reflector wall; however, the characteristics of the coolant flow profile is highly dependent on the gap geometry and to a less extent on the Reynolds number of the flow. The time histories of the velocity are further analyzed using a Power Spectra Density (PSD) technique to acquire information about the energy content and energy transfer between eddies of different sizes at each point within the gaps.

L’un des nombreux défis pour l’industrie pharmaceutique est de développer des procédés compétitifs pour produire des principes actifs de hautes qualités à bas coût. Pour ce faire, plusieurs sociétés se tournent vers la chimie en flux continu et les avantages qu’elle présente comparé au batch traditionnel. C’est pourquoi ces travaux de thèse se centrent sur le développement d’un procédé continu allant des matières premières au principe actif. La première étape pour parvenir à ce but fut de collecter des données sur le procédé batch industriel actuel. Il se compose de trois étapes de réactions chimiques, une de séparation chromatographique et une étape de cristallisation. A partir de là, la chimie de chaque réaction a été adaptée pour profiter au mieux des avantages du flux continu. La dissipation de chaleur étant plus efficace qu’en batch il fut possible de développer une réaction exothermique sans solvant à haute température. Une étude cinétique a été réalisée afin de modéliser cette réaction. Ensuite, cet outil fut utilisé pour déterminer les conditions opératoires optimales théoriques de la réaction et en guider l’optimisation ainsi que la conception du futur réacteur. La deuxième partie de ce travail se focalise sur la cristallisation en continu du principe actif avec la technique des jets impactant. Il est nécessaire d’avoir un contrôle précis sur la distribution de taille de particules (DTP) et la morphologie des cristaux. En effet, le principe actif peut cristalliser sous deux formes compétitives : cristaux cubiques ou en forme d’aiguilles. Les cubes sont la forme désirée. La technique des jets impactant a été sélectionnée car c’est un procédé continu qui permet la génération de fines particules avec une DTP resserrée. La sursaturation est généralement crée en impactant un jet de solution de principe actif avec un jet d’anti-solvant. Ici, le solvant et l’anti-solvant sont les mêmes. Seule une large différence de température entre les deux jets génère la sursaturation. En testant différentes conditions opératoires, une « zone cubique » a été définie, où seuls des cristaux de forme désirée sont générés. Une fois la nucléation maîtrisée, le murissement et la séparation solide-liquide furent étudiés pour développer un procédé complet de cristallisation. En combinant les recherches sur le développement des réactions chimiques et l’étape de cristallisation, un procédé continu complet fut proposé et comparé au procédé batch actuel afin d’évaluer les bénéfices apportés par la transposition en flux continu à la production du principe actif. / One of the many challenges in the pharmaceutical industry is to develop competitive processes to generate high quality active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at low cost. To achieve this goal, many companies are looking towards flow chemistry and the advantages it affords, compared to traditional batch production. It is why this PhD work is focused on developing a continuous process from the raw materials to the API. The first step to achieve this goal was to collect data on the actual industrial batch process. It is composed of five steps, three steps of chemical reactions, one chromatographic separation and a crystallization step. From this starting point, the chemistry of each reaction was adapted to better use the advantages of flow chemistry. Thus, as the heat recovery in a continuous reactor is more efficient than in batch, it was possible to develop an exothermal reaction in neat conditions and at high temperature. A kinetic study was undertaken to gather knowledge on the reaction and develop a reaction model. This tool was used to find theoretical optimal operating conditions (temperature, residence time…) to guide the optimisation of the reaction and to design the future industrial reactor. The second part of this work is focused on the continuous crystallization of the API using the two impinging jets technology. It is required to have a tight control upon the morphology of the crystals and the particle size distribution (CSD). Indeed, the targeted API may crystallize under two competitive forms: cubic and needle crystals. The cubic form is the desired one. The two impinging jets technique was selected, since it is a continuous process able to generate small particles with a narrow CSD. The supersaturation is traditionally generated by impacting a jet of API solution with an anti-solvent one. Here, the solvent and the antisolvent are identical and only a large temperature difference between both streams is used to create the supersaturation. By screening different operating conditions, a “cubic zone” could be defined. Within this zone, only the desired crystal form is generated. Once the nucleation was under control, crystal growth and solid-liquid separation were studied to develop a complete crystallization process. By combining the research on the development of the chemical reactions and the crystallization step a full continuous process was proposed and was compared to the current batch one in order to evaluate the benefits brought by the flow chemistry to the API production.

Cette étude s'intéresse aux risques associés à la formation d'une ATmosphère EXplosive (ATEX) née d'une fuite d'hydrogène et de sa dispersion dans l'air ambiant. La fuite a été modélisée par un jet turbulent à densité variable libre, impactant sur une sphère de diamètre 20mm ou sur une plaque plane. Dans un premier temps, les champs de vitesses et de concentration ont été obtenus expérimentalement en proche sortie grâce à des mesures de Vélocimétrie par Images de Particules (PIV) et de Fluorescence Induite par Plan Laser sur l'acétone (PLIF). La turbulence et le mélange ont été caractérisés pour le cas d'un jet libre ou en présence d'un obstacle. A partir de ces mesures, la structure générale de l'écoulement a été étudiée à partir des champs moyens et fluctuants par comparaison avec les données de la bibliographie. Puis, les données issues des fluctuations ont été analysées statistiquement par l'étude des fonctions de densité de probabilité du scalaire. Ces travaux se sont poursuivis avec la mise en relation des résultats expérimentaux avec ceux obtenues par des simulations numériques DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation) utilisant la méthode Boltzmann sur Réseau (LBM) d'un scalaire passif dans un jet d'air. Cette étude a permis de recueillir et d'analyser des données supplémentaires sur le mélange d'un jet à masse volumique variable libre ou impactant. Ces données sont directement applicables à la maitrise des risques liés aux fuites d'hydrogène. / This study examines the risks associated with the formation of an explosive atmosphere from a hydrogen leak and its dispersion into the air. We considered the leak as a turbulent jet with density variable, free and impinging a $20,mm$ diameter sphere or a flat plate. Firstly, velocity and scalar fields have been measured experimentally in the near field through Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and acetone Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). Turbulence and mixing have been defined in the case of free jet and impinging jet. From this measurements, the flow structure has been presented from the mean and fluctuating flow measurements by comparison with literature data. Next, the fluctuation scalar fields are studied with the probability density function method. Finally, a comparison has been conducted between the experiments and direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulence based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for passive scalar in air jet. This study is gathering and analyzing data on the mixing of jet with density variable, free and impinging jet. Such data is directly useful to identify and control risks incurred due to hydrogen leak.

La trempe à l’air est largement utilisée dans les procédés de production de verre de sécurité. L’obtention d’une distribution de contraintes adéquate requiert un refroidissement intense et homogène à la fois, et ces deux propriétés sont difficiles à obtenir sur la courte durée de la trempe. Les batteries de jets utilisées dans la plupart des systèmes de trempe produisent un refroidissement adéquat mais souffrent d’inhomogénéité, à l’origine de défauts de trempe et de casse durant le processus.L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer des nouvelles configurations qui améliorent l’homogénéité du refroidissement en préservant son intensité. L’approche choisie consiste à implanter des jets rotatifs dans les réseaux de manière à accentuer le mélange des jets avant impact. Les études ont été menées principalement par simulation numérique, corroborées par des visualisations par enduit gras sur un banc d’essai dédié, conçu et réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse.La première phase a été consacrée à la conception des générateurs de jets rotatifs et à l’étude de leur dynamique en mode isolé. Le développement d’une structure tourbillonnaire se formant à l’entrée de chaque lobe du dispositif de mise en rotation a été mis en évidence. L’interaction des jets rotatifs dans le réseau de refroidissement constitue la deuxième phase. Il apparait que la structure cellulaire du schéma d’impact n’est que marginalement perturbée par les jets rotatifs et que la présence de ces derniers n’influe que peu sur la dynamique de l’écoulement. Enfin, la modélisation détaillée des transferts de chaleur sur la plaque d’impact montre que les jets rotatifs ne contribuent que faiblement au refroidissement, mais que l’interférence avec le réseau de jets simples augmente légèrement le transfert de chaleur local au niveau de leur impact. Sans avoir obtenu les résultats escomptés, cette thèse a toutefois montré la complexité du système et le couplage fort entre les phases d’alimentation et d’évacuation de l’air de refroidissement. / Air quenching is widely applied in security glass manufacturing processes. Proper residual stresses distribution requires strong and homogeneous cooling and both are difficult to achieve over the very short time of the tempering process. Jet arrays used in most processes provide with sufficient cooling but suffer from inherent inhomogeneity, leading to quality loss of the glass product and, in extreme cases, to unacceptable breaking numbers during production.The objective of the present study is to investigate ways to improve cooling homogeneity while maintaining efficiency. For this purpose, swirling jets are located inside the jet arrays to enhance jet mixing prior to impingement. Numerical simulation is performed, corroborated by oil flow visualization and a dedicated test bench has been designed and set up within the frame of this thesis.The first part was concerned with the design of swirlers and their dynamic behaviour in standalone mode. It has been shown that a vortex is forming at the inlet of each swirl compartment. Inserting the swirlers within jet arrays constitutes the seconf phase. It turns out that the cellular structure of the impingement pattern is only marginally affected by the swirlers, which have a weak influence on the flow dynamics. Last, the detailed heat transfer modeling on the impingement surface shows that the swirlers themselves do barely contribute to the overall cooling, while the coupling with the simple jet array slightly improves the local heat transfer close to the impingement area. Although the expected outcome was not achieved, this thesis showed the flow complexity as well as the strong coupling between the feeding and the exhaust phases experienced by the cooling air.