Estudo sobre a possibilidade de revisão do contrato aleatório por superveniente onerosidade excessiva de uma das partes contratantes em virtude de acontecimentos extraordinários e imprevisíveis. Mesmo diante de um posicionamento vacilante de vários teóricos a respeito desse tema, a tendência é a plena possibilidade da revisão e até mesmo a extinção do contrato aleatório por conta da superveniente e imprevista onerosidade excessiva ocorrida no curso do cumprimento da avença, à luz das modernas diretrizes do Direito Civil, sobretudo se considerada a necessidade de adequação do direito positivo às soluções que melhor se amoldem à estabilização das relações contratuais, de modo a evitar o desequilíbrio além da âlea contratada. De um ponto de vista criterioso, é plenamente possível prever situações que, no contrato aleatório, permitam e justifiquem evitar a perpetuação do ônus excessivo e nocivo imposto a uma das partes contratantes em razão de indesejáveis e imprevisíveis eventos supervenientes. / Study on the possibility of aleatory contract review for impracticability or supervening excessive burden of a contracting party by virtue of extraordinary and unpredictable events. Even with an unsteady position of many theorists on this subject, the tendency is the full possibility of review and even the resolution of aleatory contract due to the supervening excessive burden or impracticability occurred in the course of fulfillment of the covenant, according to the guidelines of the modern civil law, especially when considering the need to adapt the positive law to the right solutions that are best conformed to the stabilization of contractual relations, in order to avoid the imbalance beyond the contracted alley. In an insightful perspective, it is fully possible to foresee situations that permit and justify, in an aleatory contract, to avoid the perpetuation of excessive and harmful burden imposed on a contracting party by reason ofthe occuffence of unwanted and unpredictable events.

Estudo sobre a possibilidade de revisão do contrato aleatório por superveniente onerosidade excessiva de uma das partes contratantes em virtude de acontecimentos extraordinários e imprevisíveis. Mesmo diante de um posicionamento vacilante de vários teóricos a respeito desse tema, a tendência é a plena possibilidade da revisão e até mesmo a extinção do contrato aleatório por conta da superveniente e imprevista onerosidade excessiva ocorrida no curso do cumprimento da avença, à luz das modernas diretrizes do Direito Civil, sobretudo se considerada a necessidade de adequação do direito positivo às soluções que melhor se amoldem à estabilização das relações contratuais, de modo a evitar o desequilíbrio além da âlea contratada. De um ponto de vista criterioso, é plenamente possível prever situações que, no contrato aleatório, permitam e justifiquem evitar a perpetuação do ônus excessivo e nocivo imposto a uma das partes contratantes em razão de indesejáveis e imprevisíveis eventos supervenientes. / Study on the possibility of aleatory contract review for impracticability or supervening excessive burden of a contracting party by virtue of extraordinary and unpredictable events. Even with an unsteady position of many theorists on this subject, the tendency is the full possibility of review and even the resolution of aleatory contract due to the supervening excessive burden or impracticability occurred in the course of fulfillment of the covenant, according to the guidelines of the modern civil law, especially when considering the need to adapt the positive law to the right solutions that are best conformed to the stabilization of contractual relations, in order to avoid the imbalance beyond the contracted alley. In an insightful perspective, it is fully possible to foresee situations that permit and justify, in an aleatory contract, to avoid the perpetuation of excessive and harmful burden imposed on a contracting party by reason ofthe occuffence of unwanted and unpredictable events.

Pacta sunt servanda.Il fut un temps, où la règle qui dominait le champ contractuel était, «Conventio omnis intelligitur rebus sic stantibus». Selon cette maxime, les dispositions d'un contrat ne restaient applicables que si les circonstances essentielles ayant justifié sa conclusion demeuraient en l'état. Désormais, selon l’article 1103 du Code civil, les contrats légalement formés tiennent lieu de loi à ceux qui les ont faits («pacta sunt servanda»). Ce principe est à double tranchant puisqu’il s’applique à la fois aux parties et aux juges, notamment lorsqu’un changement de circonstances s’opère comme dans le cas de l’imprévision. Celle-ci est un changement imprévu dans l’équilibre contractuel rendant l’exécution du contrat beaucoup plus onéreuse que ce qui était initialement prévu. Son corollaire américain pourrait être trouvé dans la notion d’impracticability. Celle-ci permet à un contrat d’être déchargé de ses obligations si, suite à sa conclusion, un événement imprévisible survient et rend son exécution impossible, ou beaucoup plus onéreuse que ce qui avait été prévu. Quel est l’effet, aujourd’hui, d’un changement de circonstances sur la force obligatoire du contrat en droit français et en droits internationaux? Le discours de la méthode.Le droit comparé aide à l’évolution juridique. Il est important, de comprendre la vision d’autres systèmes, afin de conforter ou, au contraire, d’infirmer une opinion sur son droit national. Pour Édouard Lambert, comparatiste français, cela permet d’obtenir des solutions plus justes. Mais surtout, cela permet d’avoir une approche critique de son propre droit et de s’ouvrir à d’autres réponses juridiques. Cela est particulièrement vrai concernant l’imprévision qui, pendant longtemps, a été rejetée par le système juridique français.Le système de la common law, quant à lui, l’avait déjà intégré. Le sujet de l’imprévision est particulièrement intéressant du fait de son histoire.Celui-ci n’a jamais cessé de faire controverse, et ce, même après l’adoption de l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016. La difficulté ici sera de départir de son ethnocentrisme juridique, et de ne pas tomber dans le piège de la traduction. Il faudra prendre garde à ne pas chercher l’équivalent absolu de l’imprévision dans la notion d’impracticability.Dans cette étude, nous avons passé en revue les circonstances changeantes dans les contrats commerciaux internationaux. Nous avons examiné les lois internationales, en particulier dans certains pays du Printemps arabe. Nous avons essayé d'analyser le problème juridique et de trouver des solutions. / Pacta sunt servanda, is a basic principle of civil law, canon law, and international law, in its most common sense, the principle refers to private contracts, stressing that contained clauses are law between the parties, and implies that no fulfillment of respective obligations is a breach of the pact.This principle is double-edged since it applies to both parties and judges, particularly when a change of circumstances occurs as in the case of unforeseen circumstances.This is an unforeseen change in the contractual balance making the execution of the contract much more expensive than originally planned. His American corollary could be found in the notion of impracticability.This allows a contract to be discharged from its obligations if following its conclusion an unforeseeable event occurs and makes its execution impossible or much more expensive than expected.What is the effect today of a change in circumstances on the binding force of the contract in French law and in international law?In this study we will analyze the circumstances that effect in the contracts of international business, including the hardship and the force majeure also we will talk about the French law and international laws including the laws in the Arabic spring countries, we will analyze that and find out the solutions for it.

English abstract Material change of circumstances and the impossibility of performance within the Czech and English legal system Civil law in the Czech Republic is based on a so-called principle pacta sunt servanda which means that parties are bound by the contract and should perform in accordance with it. It may happen, however, that unexpected supervening event substantially change the circumstances after the formation of a contract to the extent that it become impossible to perform the contract or it makes performance for affected party so burdensome that it will lead the party to the economical destruction. Such a change may lead to situations that to hold the affected party to fulfil its promise would be unjust and contrary to morality. Therefore, Czech Civil Code contains few provisions based on which court may terminate the contract or adjust the contract to restore equilibrium of the performance. Thesis focuses on two of those provisions, namely impossibility of performance and impracticability of performance. Thesis describes relevant legal institutes and doctrines, development of case law, analyze past and current Czech Civil Code and compare it with English case law and international and European soft law. After introductory chapter, chapter two describes relevant principles of civil law and...

「天有不測風雲，人有旦夕禍福」，生活中往往有不可預測的變故發生，而使社經環境波動、人之資力與其他履約相關能力受到影響。另一方面，貿易全球化、工商業分工專業化，以及電子商務的崛起等，均使交易型態日趨複雜；在契約當事人的有限理性下，欲以契約窮盡規範工商業上所有可能事態，實屬不易。履約環境若如契約締結時當事人之預想，且兩造亦依契約規定確實履行，自是最佳；惟契約之締結與履約行為若非同時發生，在時間上存在間隔而使履約環境暴露於變動風險中，而當事人締約時未加以規範，或有規範但程度超乎預期之變故發生，將可能導致一方當事人難依原契約履行，或依原契約履行已無意義。 　　在傳統私法自治、契約嚴守的概念下，即便遭遇前揭無法預測或預測不完全之變故，仍應依契約履行，而無法律介入之餘地。但毫無彈性的強制履行契約，不論就公平角度，抑或經濟效率而言，對當事人與社會或非妥適；因此，多數國家均將處理情事變更之制度納入法律體系中，以期獲致一較理想之結果。 　　本文首就我國情事變更原則之演進暨學說見解作一整理，並以現行情事變更原則(民法第二百二十七條之二)與我國民法中近似之概念(如不可抗力、動機錯誤)，以及同樣處理「法律行為成立後之情事變更」相關民法法條（如不動產租金因價值升降之增減請求權）互為比較。第三章比較法部分，則以德國「法律行為基礎理論」、美國「履行不能、履行艱難、目的受挫」等規定為標的，敘述其演進及要件，並就其要件及效果與我國情事變更原則比較。第四章以我國近五年最高法院判決為本，依民法二百二十七條之二諸要件，分點探討最高法院與我國學說間見解之異同，並特就「非當時所得預料」及「顯失公平」兩點，觀察最高法院就此之評價方式。第五章則以對我國學說與實務之建議，作為本文之結論。 / Accidents happen from time to time and may seriously change the social and economic environment and affect people’s condition, including their ability to fulfill the contractual duties. At the same time, globalization, professionalization of services and eCommerce all make trades much more complicated than ever. As a result, under bounded rationality as well as finite contract clauses, using contracts to govern almost unlimited possibilities seems like asking for the impossible. The best case for the contractual parties is no unpredictable event happens after the constitution of the contracts; however, if a time gap exists between the entering into and the performing in full of a contract, there can be accidents which lead to the impossibility / impracticability for a party to fulfill the contractual duty, or the performance of a contract becomes meaningless (frustration of purpose). Under the principles of autonomy of private law and strict performance of a contract, there shall be no relief for a party which encounters the foregoing situations of impossibility, impracticability and the frustration of purpose. However, from a fair point of view, asking one party to bear all the disadvantage resulting from an unforeseen event and perform all its duties disregarding the cost may not be the best answer; therefore, in order to introduce more flexibility for the jurisdiction and the contractual parties, countries all over the world gradually adopt the principle of change of circumstances (and similar regulations) which may help to achieve an acceptable result. In this thesis, the principle of change of circumstances in our civil law will firstly be discussed, including its development as well as the elements and effects set forth in Article 227-2; then, two comparisons “(1) between Article 227-2 and similar concepts (force majeure, mistake...)” and “(2) between Article 227-2 and other Articles in our civil law dealing with the events occurring after the establishment of legal relations” will be conducted. In chapter three, the analysis of the regulation in Germany and the United States regarding change of circumstances is carried out. A historical German law review precedes the discussion of current BGB §313 “Störung der Geschäftsgrundlage”, and a comparison between Taiwanese and German regulation is given. After that, the United States’ regulations regarding the doctrine of impossibility, impracticability, and frustration of purpose are discussed in the same manner. At last, a summary comparison among the three countries is served as the conclusion of this chapter. In Chapter four, our Supreme Court’s 162 verdicts from year 2009 to 2013 are analyzed by the elements of Article 227-2, which are: (1)after the constitution of the contract; (2)changing of circumstances happens; (3) such change of circumstances is not predictable; (4)the performance of the original obligation will become obviously unfair; (5) by the party’s application, the court may increase or reduce his payment, or alter the original obligation.At the end, few suggestions for future legislation and Supreme Court’s application of Article 227-2 are given as the conclusion of this thesis.