Skincare products were deemed as socially undesirable for men in the past days. Images of men were expected to be tough, independent, hard-boiled, whereas skincare products were too feminine for men. However, due to the metro-sexual fashion trend which advocating men to dress up themselves, men nowadays are starting to care about their outfits, appearances and facial skin condition to which women are paying attention. The market of skincare products for men in Taiwan now is rapidly growing and do not confine to only a small amount of men users. It is a widely received conscious that men need skincare products. Hence, from only a few early adopters to wide spread adopters in men population as whole, the purpose of this study is to investigate the correlations between demographic, media usages, personal characteristics, impulsive consumption behaviors and adopting stages. By using survey method, this study wants to explore whether there are any significance in demographic, media usages, personal characteristics affecting men to adopt skincare products. However, Diffusion of Innovation theory is under the premise of social learning theory, which presupposes that it is a rational decision making process for consumer when adopting innovation. The presupposition as such disregards the possibility of impulsive consumption. In addition to demographic, media usages, personal characteristics, this study takes impulsive consumption into consider as a independent variable affecting adoption. The study results is that when compared with no taking impulsive consumption into consideration, there are significances in demographic, media usages, personal characteristics affecting men to adopt skincare products after controlling impulsive consumption as a independent variable. The study results show that impulsive consumption is an indispensable variable when researching diffusion of innovations.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-30T18:11:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese PROPAD (final)2 copy (1).pdf: 2288415 bytes, checksum: 4bbeda950018fbf66d1d55508f0e608a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T18:11:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese PROPAD (final)2 copy (1).pdf: 2288415 bytes, checksum: 4bbeda950018fbf66d1d55508f0e608a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / A presente pesquisa teve o objetivo de analisar o papel moderador do foco regulatório na relação entre o esgotamento das energias de autocontrole (ego depletion) dos indivíduos e as decisões de consumo por impulso. Para isso, foram realizados quatro estudos experimentais. Os experimentos que foram desenvolvidos nesta tese foram fatoriais completos com designs de grupos independentes (between subject) (TABACHNICK; FIDELL, 2006). Os resultados mostraram que as características diferentes dos dois focos regulatórios (PHAM; CHANG, 2010), com a manipulação do foco em promoção (busca aproveitar oportunidades) e prevenção (evita situações que tragam problemas), ajudam a entender o comportamento das decisões de consumo por impulso, quando as energias para manter o autocontrole estão esgotadas. Uma das principais contribuições desta tese é um resultado contra-intuitivo, em que os sujeitos com perfil de serem vigilantes sobre suas decisões, e que exercem maior esforço para manterem o autocontrole em uma atividade, acabam cedendo em uma decisão de consumo por impulso. Foram encontradas evidências de que as pessoas que buscam aproveitar oportunidades são mais capazes de atenuar os efeitos do esgotamento dos recursos de autocontrole, consumindo menos por impulso. Estes resultados têm uma implicação, por exemplo, para os sujeitos que estão de dieta para perda de peso, se os mesmos focarem demasiadamente em suas restrições e preocupações com os alimentos que são tentadores ao consumo, e que geralmente são prejudiciais à saúde, muito provavelmente irão consumir por impulso, porque a atividade mental de evitar o alimento acaba esgotando as energias de autocontrole para outras tentações de consumo. / This study aimed to analyze the moderating role of regulatory focus on the relationship between ego depletion and impulsive consumption. For this, four experimental studies were performed. The experiments that have been developed in this research were 2 x 2 between subject factorial designs (TABACHNICK; FIDELL 2006). The results showed that the different characteristics of the two regulatory foci (PHAM; CHANG, 2010), by manipulating the focus on promotion (that search to seize opportunities) and prevention (that avoid situations that bring problems), help to understand the behavior of consumption decisions on impulse, when the energies to maintain self-control are exhausted. A major contribution of this research is a counterintuitive result, in which the subject profile to be vigilant about their decisions, and exerting greater effort to maintain self-control in an activity, do not resist the consumer temptations on impulse. Evidence was found that people who seek to take advantage of opportunities are better able to mitigate the effects of the depletion of selfcontrol resources, consuming less on impulse. These results have an implication, for example, for individuals who are dieting to lose weight, if they focus too much on their constraints and concerns about the foods that are tempting to the consumer, and are generally harmful to health, most likely will consume on impulse, because mental activity to avoid the food ends up depleting the self-control's energies to other consumer temptations.

<p>  </p> <p>Harshly affected by recent economic recessions, young Millennials had been having a hard time finding a job that meets their expectations or an affordable house. Although it seems like Millennials are suffering financial hardship, media often depict them as impulsive shoppers. Taking inspiration from this contradictory aspect of Millennials, this research explores the relationship between Millennials’ subjective evaluation of their financial status and their spending behaviors. In order to achieve this goal, this study first applies a new psychometric scale, called perceived financial insecurity, to measure Millennials’ feelings and thoughts toward their financial status. Second, it examines the psychological antecedents to perceived financial insecurity. Last, the relationship between financial insecurity and spending behaviors in several consumption areas is examined using the framework of compensatory behavior from social psychology.</p> <p>For the first stage of this research, a perceived financial insecurity scale was developed by conducting literature reviews, in-depth interviews with Millennial consumers, and two online surveys. Consequently, five statements were selected from the initial pool of questionnaire items and used in later stages of this research. Next, another online survey was conducted to empirically test for the impact of six antecedents, namely, perfectionism, self-efficacy, perceived economic mobility, resource scarcity, materialism, and social comparison orientation on perceived financial insecurity. Findings revealed that among the six variables, four (i.e., perfectionism, self-efficacy, perceived economic mobility, and resource scarcity) were found to be the antecedents to financial insecurity. In the final stage, the proposed financial insecurity–compensatory spending model was tested using PLS-SEM. Data used in this stage were self-reported online survey data collected via Prolific. The results showed that financial insecurity directly lessens the amount of dining-out expenditures. However, in four areas of consumption (i.e., fine dining visit frequency, performance visit frequency, short-travel frequency, and long-travel frequency), the indirect path through the increase in dichotomous thinking and impulsivity partially accounted for the relationship between financial insecurity and spending behaviors. Moreover, the relationship between financial insecurity and expenditure amount in the fine dining, short-trip and long-trip areas were fully mediated by dichotomous thinking and impulsivity.</p> <p>In summary, current research shows that a rational thought process prevails in Millennial decision-making for hospitality and tourism consumption, but an irrational thought process through dichotomous thinking and impulsivity accounts for their decision-making for some consumption behaviors. The findings of this research enhance the understanding on Millennials’ subjective evaluation of their financial status by developing a perceived financial insecurity scale and investigating the antecedents to this variable. Moreover, this dissertation offers practical insights to industry professionals by showing the decision-making mechanism behind Millennials’ spending behaviors in several consumption areas. Industry professionals could formulate more detailed marketing strategies using the findings of this dissertation. </p>

With the increasing trust and power of influencers on social media, more research and information are needed on how influencers affect the emotions of their followers. The climate that exists on social media today contributes to calls for unsustainable consumption, which is something that influencers in particular contribute to. This phenomenon is something that requires knowledge, especially in the perspective where people's emotions are analyzed. This study will therefore study how FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out) is experienced on Instagram, from a consumption perspective among young women. The study also aims to investigate how impulsive consumption is triggered by FOMO created by influencers on Instagram. This is relevant as the concept of impulsive consumption creates an unsustainable consumer society. Since, according to previous research, influencers have a great impact on young social media users, this study also seeks to understand which specific characteristics have the greatest impact on purchase decisions. The empirical material has been collected through eight qualitative interviews that have been analyzed using the analysis strategy of thematization. The analysis has answered the three research questions set for the study: • How do young female social media users relate to the potential relationship between FOMO and impulsive buying decisions? • What emotions are created in young female social media users during impulsive consumption on Instagram? • What specific characteristics of influencers do young female social media users perceive as triggers for impulsive buying? The results of this paper shown that FOMO is a problem linked to consumption on social media. However, there is no established sense of fear but rather a sense of shame. Thus, the concept of SOMO (Shame Of Missing Out) is proposed in the study's discussion as the concept could be relevant for further studies. The study has also concluded that influencers affect the behavior of friendship circles, which means that people who do not follow influencers are also affected by their behavior in consumption. There are differing opinions about which character traits of influencers are seen as triggers for impulsive consumption. It appears from the collected empirical data that down-to-earth character traits are effective, but also character traits that show a luxurious lifestyle. This study has shown that there is an established problem regarding FOMO, consumption and influencers that needs attention. However, more research is needed to be able to draw more reliable conclusions on the subject / I takt med influencers ökade förtroende och makt på sociala medier krävs det mer forskning och information hur influencers påverkar deras följares känslor. Klimatet som finns på sociala medier idag bidrar till uppmaningar om ohållbar konsumtion, detta är något som främst influencers bidrar till. Detta fenomen är något som kräver kunskap framför allt i perspektivet där människors känslor analyseras. Denna studie kommer därmed att studera hur FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out) upplevs på Instagram, ur ett konsumtionsperspektiv hos unga kvinnor. Studien ämnar även att undersöka hur impulsiv konsumtion triggas av FOMO som skapas av influencers på Instagram. Detta är relevant då impulsiv konsumtion skapar ett ohållbart konsumtionssamhälle. Eftersom influencers enligt tidigare forskning har stor påverkan på unga sociala medieanvändare söker denna studie även att förstå vilka specifika karaktärsdrag som har störst påverkan på köpbeslut. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom åtta kvalitativa intervjuer som har analyserats utifrån analysstrategin tematisering. Analysen har besvarat de tre ställda forskningsfrågorna för studien: • Hur förhåller sig unga kvinnliga sociala medieanvändare till den potentiella relationen mellan FOMO och impulsiva köpbeslut? • Vilka känslor skapas hos unga kvinnliga sociala medieanvändare vid impulsiv konsumtion på Instagram? • Vilka specifika karaktärsdrag hos influencers upplever unga kvinnliga sociala medieanvändare är triggande för att handla impulsivt? Resultatet i denna uppsats visar att FOMO är ett problem kopplat till konsumtion på sociala medier. Däremot framkommer det inte en konstaterad känsla av rädsla utan snarare en känsla av skam. Därmed föreslås begreppet SOMO (Shame Of Missing Out) i studiens diskussion då begreppet skulle kunna vara relevant för fortsatta studier. Studien har även kommit fram till att influencers påverkar vänskapskretsars beteenden, vilket gör att personer som inte följer influencers likväl påverkas av deras beteenden inom konsumtion. Det finns spridda åsikter kring vilka karaktärsdrag hos influencers som ses som triggande för impulsiv konsumtion. Det framkommer från den insamlade empirin att jordnära karaktärsdrag är effektiva, men även karaktärsdrag som visar på en lyxig livsstil. Denna studie har visat att det finns ett konstaterat problem angående FOMO, konsumtion och influencers som behöver uppmärksammas. Det krävs däremot mer forskning för att kunna dra säkrare slutsatser kring ämnet.