This thesis analyzes the requirements imposed on applications for teaching foreign languages and proposes a structure and functions of a program fulfilling these requirements in a specific case of Lithuanian language. The proposal is afterwards implemented and evaluated in the respect of meeting the objectives.

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<p>This book examines and analyses the Union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden signed in 1655 at Kėdainiai and the political crisis that followed. The union was a result of strong separatist dreams among the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Protestant elite led by the Radziwiłł family, and if implemented it would radically change the balance of power in the Baltic Sea region. The main legal point of the Union was the breach of Lithuanian federation with Poland and the establishment of a federation with Sweden. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania aspired to return to international relations as a self-governing subject. The Union meant a new Scandinavian alternative to Polish and Russian domination. The author places the events in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the general crisis that occurred in Europe in the middle of the 17th century characterized by a great number of wars, rebellions and civil wars from Portugal to Ukraine, and which builds the background to the crisis for Lithuania and Sweden. The research proved the importance of lesser powers in changing the geopolitical balance between the Great Powers. The conflict over Lithuania and Belarus was the main reason for the Swedish-Russian, Polish-Russian and Ukrainian-Russian wars. The failure of the Union with Sweden was caused by both internal and external factors. Internally, various ethnic, confessional and political groups within the nobility of Lithuania were split in favour of different foreign powers – from Muscovy to Transylvania. The external cause for the failure of the Union project was the failure of Swedish strategy. Sweden concentrated its activity to Poland, not to Lithuania. After the Union, Swedish authorities treated the Grand Duchy as an invaded country, not an equal. The Swedish administration introduced heavy taxation and was unable to control the brutality of the army. As a result Sweden was defeated in both Lithuania and Poland. Among the different economic, political and religious explanations of the general crisis, the case of Lithuania shows the importance of the political conflicts. For the separatists of Lithuania the main motive to turn against Poland and to promote alliance with Sweden, Russia or the Cossacks was the inability of Poland to shield the Grand Duchy from a Russian invasion.The Lithuanian case was a provincial rebellion led by the native nobility against their monarch, based on tradition of the previous independence and statehood period. It was not nationalism in its modern meaning, but instead a crisis of identity in the form of a conflict between Patria and Central Power. However, the cost of being a part of Sweden or Muscovy was greater than the benefit of political protection. Therefore, the pro-Polish orientation prevailed when Poland after 1658 recovered its military ability the local nobility regrouped around Warsaw. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to remain on the political map of Europe, but at the price of general religious Catholization and cultural Polonization. After the crisis, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gradually changed into a deep province of the Polish state.</p>

Magistriniame darbe keliama hipotezė: Lietuvos komunikacijos politika (strategija) yra sudaryta ir veikia tikslingai, atsižvelgiant į nagrinėjamos temos teorines prielaidas, tačiau ji veikia ne efektyviai, kas galėjo būti nulemta to, jog kuriant ir vykdant ilgalaikę strategiją neatsižvelgta į užsienio lietuvių pastabas ir pasiūlymus, kas galėtų padaryti šį bendradariavimą efektyvesniu. Atsižvelgiant į iškeltą hipotezę nustatomas šio darbo objektas – Lietuvos valstybės komunikacijos politikos su užsienio lietuviais problematika. Darbo tikslas yra atskleisti kokios problemos kuria barjerus siekiant efektyvių rezultatų. Ir kaip tas problemas siūlo spręsti užsienio lietuvių oficialieji atstovai – pasaulio lietuvių bendruomenių atstovai. Siekiant šių tikslų šiame darbe keliami tokie uždaviniai: * išsiaiškinti pagrindines Lietuvos migracijos priežastis, kurias paaiškina tarptautinės migracijos teorijos; * išnagrinėti Lietuvos komunikacijos politiką, kaip tarptautinės komunikacijos politikos pagrindu paremtą veiksmų koordinavimą; * apklausus pasaulio lietuvių bendruomenių narius, kaip užsienio lietuvių oficialiuosius atstovus, išsiaiškinti kokios jų nuomone problemos kuria barjerus siekiant efektyvesnės Lietuvos komunikacijos politikos su užsienio lietuviais ir kokius problemų sprendimo būdus jie siūlo. Darbo teorinėse dalyse nagrinėjama ir vertinama teorinė medžiaga susijusi su Lietuvos migracija ir tarptautinio bendradarbiavimo sritimis. Tai yra išanalizuotas migracijos reiškinys... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / At the beginning of the research work the hypothesize was: the communication policy (strategy) of Lithuania is made and running targeted according to all the theoretical assumptions of this topic, but it is not enough effective what could be determined by the fact that foreign Lithuanian’s comments and opinions were not listened on the development and execution of long-term strategy, which could make this communication more effective. According to the hypothesis the object of the work was set as – the problems of Lithuanian communication policy with foreign Lithuanians. The aim is to reveal the problems which are the barriers for effective results. And to see how official representatives of foreign Lithuanians are suggesting to solve the problems. To achieve the goals in this work the following tasks were made: * to clarify the Lithuanian main causes of migration, which explains the theory of international migration; * to examine Lithuanian communication policy set as international communications policy-based coordination; * to find out what kind of problems make the effectiveness of the policy lower, while asking the opinion of Lithuanian community members, as the foreign Lithuanians official representatives, and also to ask them what kind of solutions they offer to make the communication more effective. This work is dealing with theoretical material related to migration and Lithuanian international communication with foreign Lithuanians. The migration phenomenon is analyzed... [to full text]

The thesis offers a thorough comparison of two significant 17th century linguistic works: the book on Czech grammar by Vavřinec Benedikt from Nudožery, Grammaticae Bohemicae Ad Leges Naturalis Methodi Conformatae, & Notis numerisq illustratae ac distinctae, Libri duo, and the first printed Lithuanian grammar book by Daniel Klein, Grammatica Litvanica. The thesis places the tradition of Bohemian and Lithuania Minor grammar studies into the presented historical framework, it introduces Klein's and Benedikt's predecessors, and offers a detailed biography of both compared authors. It focuses on the preface of both works and the main linguistic section of each. The appendix contains Czech translations of the introductions of both grammatical works.

The major purpose of this study is to analyze principles of the multiconfessional society in the early modern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. I focus mainly on conflicts between elites of the different religion which I analyze through the concept of collective identities. The main target group of the analysis is the highest political elite of the Commonwealth. Through examples of the leading magnates from Lithuania and Ukraine I show the relation between different collective identities, loyalties and political pragmatism in the time of political crisis after the year 1648. My question is, how far different religion influenced formation of the political camps and behaviour of magnates in this age. I conclude that religion was an important factor in forming of the opposition groups and conflicts but one can not see the magnate society strictly devided between confessional groups. The different religion played an important role if it merged with other collective identities such as class, regional or national identity. This was the case of the conflict in Ukraine.

The Social Life of the Karaim Community of Lutsk in the Interwar Period (1919-1939) Of the four Karaite communities lying within the borders of newly independent Poland the Lutsk community was the smallest. However, it was here that efforts to preserve the Karaim language and identity were most intense. The writer and editor A. Mardkowicz and the poet S. Rudkowski strove to preserve the Karaim language and strengthen ethnic self-identity. In this thesis the author endeavored to explain the background to this cultural eudaimonia in Lutsk: the demographic and legal status of the community, its spiritual and cultural life, relations with the non-Karaite environment, and its assets. Keywords: Karaites, Polish-Lithuanian Karaites, Karaites in Volhynia, Karaites in Luck

<p>This book examines and analyses the Union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden signed in 1655 at Kėdainiai and the political crisis that followed. The union was a result of strong separatist dreams among the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Protestant elite led by the Radziwiłł family, and if implemented it would radically change the balance of power in the Baltic Sea region. The main legal point of the Union was the breach of Lithuanian federation with Poland and the establishment of a federation with Sweden. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania aspired to return to international relations as a self-governing subject. The Union meant a new Scandinavian alternative to Polish and Russian domination. The author places the events in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the general crisis that occurred in Europe in the middle of the 17th century characterized by a great number of wars, rebellions and civil wars from Portugal to Ukraine, and which builds the background to the crisis for Lithuania and Sweden. The research proved the importance of lesser powers in changing the geopolitical balance between the Great Powers. The conflict over Lithuania and Belarus was the main reason for the Swedish-Russian, Polish-Russian and Ukrainian-Russian wars. The failure of the Union with Sweden was caused by both internal and external factors. Internally, various ethnic, confessional and political groups within the nobility of Lithuania were split in favour of different foreign powers – from Muscovy to Transylvania. The external cause for the failure of the Union project was the failure of Swedish strategy. Sweden concentrated its activity to Poland, not to Lithuania. After the Union, Swedish authorities treated the Grand Duchy as an invaded country, not an equal. The Swedish administration introduced heavy taxation and was unable to control the brutality of the army. As a result Sweden was defeated in both Lithuania and Poland. Among the different economic, political and religious explanations of the general crisis, the case of Lithuania shows the importance of the political conflicts. For the separatists of Lithuania the main motive to turn against Poland and to promote alliance with Sweden, Russia or the Cossacks was the inability of Poland to shield the Grand Duchy from a Russian invasion.The Lithuanian case was a provincial rebellion led by the native nobility against their monarch, based on tradition of the previous independence and statehood period. It was not nationalism in its modern meaning, but instead a crisis of identity in the form of a conflict between Patria and Central Power. However, the cost of being a part of Sweden or Muscovy was greater than the benefit of political protection. Therefore, the pro-Polish orientation prevailed when Poland after 1658 recovered its military ability the local nobility regrouped around Warsaw. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to remain on the political map of Europe, but at the price of general religious Catholization and cultural Polonization. After the crisis, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gradually changed into a deep province of the Polish state.</p>

This book examines and analyses the Union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden signed in 1655 at Kėdainiai and the political crisis that followed. The union was a result of strong separatist dreams among the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Protestant elite led by the Radziwiłł family, and if implemented it would radically change the balance of power in the Baltic Sea region. The main legal point of the Union was the breach of Lithuanian federation with Poland and the establishment of a federation with Sweden. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania aspired to return to international relations as a self-governing subject. The Union meant a new Scandinavian alternative to Polish and Russian domination. The author places the events in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the general crisis that occurred in Europe in the middle of the 17th century characterized by a great number of wars, rebellions and civil wars from Portugal to Ukraine, and which builds the background to the crisis for Lithuania and Sweden. The research proved the importance of lesser powers in changing the geopolitical balance between the Great Powers. The conflict over Lithuania and Belarus was the main reason for the Swedish-Russian, Polish-Russian and Ukrainian-Russian wars. The failure of the Union with Sweden was caused by both internal and external factors. Internally, various ethnic, confessional and political groups within the nobility of Lithuania were split in favour of different foreign powers – from Muscovy to Transylvania. The external cause for the failure of the Union project was the failure of Swedish strategy. Sweden concentrated its activity to Poland, not to Lithuania. After the Union, Swedish authorities treated the Grand Duchy as an invaded country, not an equal. The Swedish administration introduced heavy taxation and was unable to control the brutality of the army. As a result Sweden was defeated in both Lithuania and Poland. Among the different economic, political and religious explanations of the general crisis, the case of Lithuania shows the importance of the political conflicts. For the separatists of Lithuania the main motive to turn against Poland and to promote alliance with Sweden, Russia or the Cossacks was the inability of Poland to shield the Grand Duchy from a Russian invasion.The Lithuanian case was a provincial rebellion led by the native nobility against their monarch, based on tradition of the previous independence and statehood period. It was not nationalism in its modern meaning, but instead a crisis of identity in the form of a conflict between Patria and Central Power. However, the cost of being a part of Sweden or Muscovy was greater than the benefit of political protection. Therefore, the pro-Polish orientation prevailed when Poland after 1658 recovered its military ability the local nobility regrouped around Warsaw. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to remain on the political map of Europe, but at the price of general religious Catholization and cultural Polonization. After the crisis, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gradually changed into a deep province of the Polish state.

The aim of the present study was to describe the genetic polymorphism of the -LG milk protein locus in the Lithuanian Blackface sheep breed obtained using isoelectric focusing (IEF) method and in the Lithuanian Native Coarse wool sheep – using PCR-RFLP method. The results of study as follows: in Lithuanian Blackface sheep two genetic variants A and B with allele frequency of A=0.52 and B=0.48 were identified. The most frequent genotype in Lithuanian Blackface breed, detected in 66.7 % of studied individuals, was heterozygous genotype AB. Homozygous genotypes AA and BB were observed at frequencies of 19.0 % and 14.3 %, respectively. In Lithuanian Native Coarse wool sheep two genetic variants A and B with allele frequency of A=0.69 and B=0.31 were identified. The BB genotype was not frequent (7.8 %) in Lithuanian Native Coarse wool breed. The genotypes AA and AB were observed at frequency of 46.1 %. Mean observed heterozygosity value (Hobs=0.511) in Lithuanian Blackface sheep was slightly lower than mean expected heterozygosity (Hexp=0.667). In Lithuanian Native Coarse wool sheep mean expected heterozygosity value (Hobs=0.461) was similar to the mean observed heterozygosity (Hexp=0.434). The deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was not detected in any of those breeds. Conclusions: the detected high frequency of genotype AB in meat-wool type Lithuanian Blackface and Lithuanian Native Coarse wool sheep might be in agreement with the observations made by Bocharev. Since the... [to full text]