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A crucial step in the drug discovery and development process is the assessment of membrane permeability properties of new chemical entities and researchers are constantly searching for cost-effective, high through-put models with as high as possible predictive value. In addition, a thorough understanding of the membrane permeability pathways and metabolism mechanisms are required when evaluating drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Various in vitro methods/techniques are available to measure the rate of permeation of compounds across epithelial cell membranes to estimate oral drug absorption in humans. The aim of this study is to compare three in vitro models (i.e. excised rat intestinal tissue, excised pig intestinal tissue and Caco-2 human cell cultures) in terms of drug permeability characteristics by means of different techniques including the Ussing type Sweetana-Grass diffusion chamber apparatus, everted sac glass apparatus and the Transwell® plate apparatus. The transport of abacavir sulphate was determined in two directions (i.e. apical-to-basolateral or AP - BL and basolateral-to-apical or BL - AP) across excised rat intestinal tissue, excised pig intestinal tissue and Caco-2 cell monolayers. The test solution was applied to the donor side and samples (200 μl) were drawn from the acceptor side at 20 min intervals for a period of 2 h. The concentration of abacavir in the samples was then measured by means of a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured before and after each transport experiment to give an indication of the integrity of the cell membranes. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) and efflux ratio (ER) values were calculated and used to compare the different methods and techniques in terms of drug permeation characteristics. All three of the in vitro methods, in all of the techniques employed, showed higher transport of abacavir in the BL - AP direction than in the AP - BL direction. This indicates that all three in vitro methods had intact active efflux transporters over the entire study period. The excised rat intestinal method showed similar drug permeability characteristics in both techniques compared to that of the Caco-2 cell monolayers. In contrast, the excised pig intestinal method only showed similar drug permeability characteristics in the Sweetana-Grass diffusion apparatus when compared to the Caco-2 cell monolayers. This phenomenon can possibly be explained by the relatively large surface area of the pig tissue used in the everted sac technique where the role of physiological and other factors take effect. These factors may include the thickness of the membrane and mucus layer as well as variables such as diet, age, gender and size of the pigs obtained from the abattoir that cannot be controlled. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

A crucial step in the drug discovery and development process is the assessment of membrane permeability properties of new chemical entities and researchers are constantly searching for cost-effective, high through-put models with as high as possible predictive value. In addition, a thorough understanding of the membrane permeability pathways and metabolism mechanisms are required when evaluating drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Various in vitro methods/techniques are available to measure the rate of permeation of compounds across epithelial cell membranes to estimate oral drug absorption in humans. The aim of this study is to compare three in vitro models (i.e. excised rat intestinal tissue, excised pig intestinal tissue and Caco-2 human cell cultures) in terms of drug permeability characteristics by means of different techniques including the Ussing type Sweetana-Grass diffusion chamber apparatus, everted sac glass apparatus and the Transwell® plate apparatus. The transport of abacavir sulphate was determined in two directions (i.e. apical-to-basolateral or AP - BL and basolateral-to-apical or BL - AP) across excised rat intestinal tissue, excised pig intestinal tissue and Caco-2 cell monolayers. The test solution was applied to the donor side and samples (200 μl) were drawn from the acceptor side at 20 min intervals for a period of 2 h. The concentration of abacavir in the samples was then measured by means of a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured before and after each transport experiment to give an indication of the integrity of the cell membranes. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) and efflux ratio (ER) values were calculated and used to compare the different methods and techniques in terms of drug permeation characteristics. All three of the in vitro methods, in all of the techniques employed, showed higher transport of abacavir in the BL - AP direction than in the AP - BL direction. This indicates that all three in vitro methods had intact active efflux transporters over the entire study period. The excised rat intestinal method showed similar drug permeability characteristics in both techniques compared to that of the Caco-2 cell monolayers. In contrast, the excised pig intestinal method only showed similar drug permeability characteristics in the Sweetana-Grass diffusion apparatus when compared to the Caco-2 cell monolayers. This phenomenon can possibly be explained by the relatively large surface area of the pig tissue used in the everted sac technique where the role of physiological and other factors take effect. These factors may include the thickness of the membrane and mucus layer as well as variables such as diet, age, gender and size of the pigs obtained from the abattoir that cannot be controlled. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Nasal high flow (NHF) therapy is a recent form of non-invasive respiratory support for patients suffering from respiratory distress that supplies high flows of heated and humidified air, oxygen or a mix via a nasal cannula. A number of in vivo studies have proven its effectiveness at improving blood oxygenation; however, its mechanisms of action remain widely unproven. Two proposed mechanisms of action, the CO2 washout of anatomic dead space and the production of positive airway pressure, are investigated in this thesis for the use of the Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd (FPH) Optiflow™ adult nasal cannula through a range of experiments. Five anatomically correct upper airway models produced from computed tomography (CT) scan data via 3D printing were employed during in vitro experiments and two live subjects participated in in vivo measurements. The human respiratory system was faithfully replicated for CO2 washout experiments with physiological CO2 diffusion into the lung replicated by a constant flow of CO2 into the lung pump. In vivo measurement of a natural breathing flow pattern was scaled to an average population tidal volume and respiratory rate for in vitro use. In vitro measurements of static pressure during natural breathing found similar flow resistances across the nasal passage for inspiratory and expiratory flow directions; however, across the entire upper airway greater resistance was seen for inspiration. Introduction of NHF therapy produced significant increases in all mean and peak airway pressures within the upper airway with a flow rate of 30 LPM fulfilling the inspiratory work requirements presented by the upper airway resistance. In vivo and in vitro hot wire anemometry measurements at the exterior nares indicated low velocity and turbulence intensity flows at peak inspiration and a high velocity jet with high turbulence during peak expiration. At natural breathing an in vitro anterior-posterior velopharynx traverse captured low turbulence intensities during peak inspiration and high turbulence intensities during peak expiration. Introduction of NHF therapy had little influence on the turbulence intensity profile of peak expiration yet did cause significant increases in the turbulence intensities during peak inspiration. Measurements of the CO2 concentration near the lung volume over many breath cycles were used to find time-averaged CO2 concentrations. For the standard airway model an average CO2 concentration of 4.88 ± 0.07 %V/V was determined during natural breathing. Implementation of increasing levels of NHF therapy generated significant washout of CO2 reducing this average concentration to a minimum of 3.81 ± 0.11 %V/V at a flow rate of 80 LPM. It was determined that airway geometry significantly affected the efficacy of the NHF therapy though CO2 washout was observed in all five airway models.

O Transtorno Depressivo Maior (TDM) é uma condição psiquiátrica que afeta 4,4% da população mundial, exibindo um substancial sofrimento pessoal, incapacidade e custos sociais, e estima-se que ele será a principal causa de incapacidade no mundo em 2030. O surgimento de novas ferramentas e modelos de pesquisa envolvendo o TDM irá auxiliar no entendimento desta doença. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar uma coleção de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas humanas (hiPSCs) de um grupo de indivíduos com TDM. Foram coletadas amostras de células mononucleares (MNCs) de 66 indivíduos afetados, e geradas 6 linhagens de hiPSCs. Através de diversos testes de caracterização, a pluripotência destas células foi confirmada. Além disto, também foi padronizada a diferenciação destas hiPSCs em neurônios serotonérgicos. Neurônios derivados dessas hiPSCs poderão constituir material de estudo para outros grupos de pesquisa interessados no estudo da TDM, e ser utilizados em testes futuros para prever resposta a medicamentos. / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition that affects 4.4% of the world\'s population, exhibiting substantial personal suffering, disability and social costs, and is estimated to be the leading cause of disability in the world by 2030. Emergence of new tools and research models involving TDM will aid in the understanding of this disease. Thus, the objective of this work was to generate a collection of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from a group of individuals with MDD. Samples of mononuclear cells (MNCs) of 66 affected individuals were collected, and 6 lines of hiPSCs were generated. Through several characterization tests, the pluripotency of these cells was confirmed. In addition, the differentiation of these hiPSCs into serotonergic neurons was also standardized. Neurons derived from these hiPSCs could constitute study material for other research groups interested in the study of MDD, and be used in future tests to predict drug response.

Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estabelecimento de um modelo PK/PD capaz de descrever o efeito fungistático de fluconazol (FCZ) contra diferentes espécies de Candida. Método: a fim de atingir esse objetivo, as seguintes etapas foram realizadas: i) métodos bioanalíticos foram desenvolvidos e validados em CL-EM/EM e CLAE/UV para a determinação do FCZ em plasma e microdialisado renal de rato, respectivamente; ii) a verificação das condições da microdiálise do FCZ e sua recuperação in vitro pelos métodos da diálise (RRD) e retrodiálise (RRE) e in vivo por RRE; iii) avaliação das concentrações livres de FCZ no rim de ratos Wistar saudáveis e infectados por Candida albicans através do uso da microdiálise após a administração de 10 mg/kg de FCZ pela via intravenosa e de 50 mg/kg de FCZ pela via oral, a fim de estabelecer a relação entre os níveis livres renais e plasmáticos totais do FCZ em ambas as condições, iv) a modelagem PK/PD do efeito fungistático do FCZ contra Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis e Candida tropicalis empregando o modelo de Emax-modificado e a determinação de seus parâmetros PK/PD utilizando um modelo de infecção in vitro, em que as concentrações renais livres de FCZ esperadas em seres humanos após diferentes posologias foram simuladas: a) concentrações flutuantes do fármaco - 200, 400 e 800 mg q8h, q12h e q24h - e concentrações constantes, múltiplas da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) – 0,5, 1, 2, 4 e 8 vezes a CIM. Os dados de farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica foram modelados com o auxílio do software Scientist®. Resultados e Conclusões: i) os métodos analíticos para quantificação do FCZ foram desenvolvidos e validados, sendo específicos, exatos e precisos, com limites de quantificação de 100 ng/mL e 10 ng/mL para detecção em plasma e microdialisado, respectivamente, ii) as recuperações determinadas in vitro por RRD e RRE foram independentes do fluxo e da concentração. Os valores de recuperação das sondas de microdiálise determinada in vitro por RRD (53,4 ± 2,3%) e RRE (54,2 ± 1,8%) e in vivo por RRE (49,7 ± 2,2%) foram estatisticamente semelhantes nas condições experimentais investigadas (α = 0,05), indicando que o FCZ é um fármaco adequado para ser avaliado por esta abordagem; iii) não houve diferença estatística na área sob a curva de concentração versus tempo (AUC 0-∞) renal livre e plasmática total em ratos Wistar, saudáveis ou infectados por Candida albicans, pela mesma via de administração investigada. A penetração renal do FCZ foi semelhante para ambas as doses nas condições investigadas (variando entre 0,77 e 0,84) e a sua fração plasmática livre, determinada por microdiálise, foi independente da concentração (86,0 ± 2,0%). Utilizando as equações farmacocinéticas apropriadas, os parâmetros plasmáticos farmacocinéticos determinados foram capazes de prever os valores de concentrações livres renais em ratos sadios e infectados, assumindo que a ligação a proteínas plasmáticas é conhecida. Além disso, a candidíase sistêmica não interfere na penetração renal do FCZ, indicando que as suas concentrações plasmáticas livres são boas preditoras do valor de concentração tecidual livre (farmacologicamente ativa) em animais sadios e infectados, podendo ser utilizada para estabelecer e otimizar os regimes posológicos do FCZ para o tratamento de candidíase disseminada; iv) a concentração que causa 50% do efeito fungistático máximo (CE50) do FCZ foi estatisticamente menor para C. albicans (4.4 ± 1.4 μg/mL) do que para C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis, 8.1 ± 1.6 μg/mL e 8.3 ± 1.8 μg/mL respectivamente, ao simular-se diferentes regimes de dose, bem como concentrações constantes do fármaco (CE50, C. albicans = 3.5 ± 1.3 μg/mL; CE50, C. parapisolosis = 6.1 ± 1.2 μg/mL; CE50, C. tropicalis = 6.5 ± 1.2 μg/mL) (α = 0.05). A taxa de morte fúngica (kmax) foi estatisticamente semelhante para todas as espécies de Candida estudadas. (aproximadamente 0,4 h-1) e sempre estatisticamente menor do que a taxa de crescimento fúngico, k0 (aproximadamente de 2 h-1) (α = 0,05). O modelo PK/PD foi capaz de descrever o efeito fungistático do FCZ contra as três espécies de Candida investigadas in vitro. O FCZ se mostrou igualmente eficaz contra essas leveduras, porém sua potência foi maior frente a C.albicans do que frente a C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. O modelo PK/PD utilizado pode ser empregado para simular esquemas posológicos alternativos, para comparar o efeito farmacológico do FCZ com o efeito de outros antifúngicos e, finalmente, para otimizar a terapia deste fármaco para o tratamento de candidíase sistêmica. / Objective: The aim of this work was the development of a pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic (PK/PD) model able to describe the fungistatic effect of fluconazole (FCZ) against Candida spp. Method: in order to reach this objective, the following steps were realized: i) bioanalytical methods were developed and validated in LC-MS/MS and HPLC/UV for determination FCZ in rat plasma and kidney microdialisate, respectively; ii) analysis of microdialysis of FCZ conditions and its recovery in vitro by dialysis (RRD) and retrodialysis (RRE) methods and in vivo by RRE; iii) evaluation of free levels of FCZ in the kidney of healthy and Candida albicans infected Wistar rats using microdialysis, after a 10 mg/kg i.v. dosing and 50 mg/kg oral dosing in order to establish the relationship between free renal and total plasma levels in both conditions; iv) the fungistatic pharmacological effect of FCZ against Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis ATCC strains by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of the time–kill curves employing an Emax model was determined using an in vitro infection model, where the free kidney concentrations of FCZ in humans after different posologies were simulated: a) fluctuating drug concentrations - 200, 400 and 800 mg q8h, q12h e q24h – and constant concentrations, multiples of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) – 0,5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 times the MIC. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data were modeled with the software Sientist®. Results and Conclusions: i) the analytical methods developed were specific, precise, and accurate with limits of quantification of 100 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL for microdialisate and plasma, respectively; ii) the recoveries determined by RRD and RRE in vitro were concentration independent and flow rate dependent on the ranges investigated. The recoveries determined in vitro by RRD (53.4 ± 2.3%) and RRE (54.2 ± 1.8%) and in vivo by RRE (52.3 ± 2.3%) were statistically similar under the experimental conditions investigated (α = 0.05), indicating that FCZ is a suitable drug to be evaluated by microdialysis; iii) There were no statistical differences between the area under the free concentration-time curve (AUC 0–∞) in plasma and in tissue for either healthy or infected groups for the same dose regimen investigated. The antifungal tissue penetration was similar for both doses and all conditions investigated (ranging from 0.77 to 0.84). Unbound FCZ plasma fraction, determined by microdialysis, was concentration-independent (86.0 ± 2.0%). Using appropriate equations, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters determined by fitting plasma concentration-time profiles were able to predict free renal levels.The results showed FCZ easily penetrates the kidney and PK parameters determined in plasma can be used to predict free tissue levels of the drug assuming the drug protein binding is known. Furthermore, systemic candidiasis does not interfere with the drug kidney penetration, indicating that free plasma concentrations are a good surrogate for active levels in both healthy and infected kidney and can be used to establish and optimize FCZ dosing regimens to treat disseminated candidiasis; iv) FCZ concentration necessary to produce 50% of the maximal fungistati effect (EC50) was statiscally smaller against C. albicans (4.4 ± 1.4 μg/mL) than against C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis, 8.1 ± 1.6 μg/mL and 8.3 ± 1.8 μg/mL respectively, when simulating multiple dosing regimens as well as constant concentrations (EC50, C. albicans = 3.5 ± 1.3 μg/mL; EC50, C. parapisolosis = 6.1 ± 1.2 μg/mL; EC50, C. tropicalis = 6.5 ± 1.2 μg/mL) (α = 0.05). The maximum killing rate constant (kmax) was statistically similar for the Candida spp. (approximately 0.4 h-1) and always statistically smaller than the natural grown rate k0 (approximately 2 h-1) (α = 0.05). The PK/PD model was able to describe the fungistatic effect of fluconazole in vitro against the three Candida spp investigated. Fluconazole showed equivalent efficacy against these yeasts and higher potency against C. albicans than against C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. The model can be used to simulate alternative regimens, to compare its pharmacological effect with other antifungals and to optimize FCZ therapy to treat systemic candidiasis.

La barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) est la structure essentielle au système nerveux central (SNC), localisée au sein des capillaires cérébraux. Elle est responsable du maintien de l’homéostasie cérébrale ainsi que de sa protection. En effet, les pathologies affectant le SNC sont souvent associées à une altération au niveau de la BHE. L’un des nombreux facteurs, pouvant altérer l’homéostasie du SNC, est l’hypoxie puisque le cerveau est le premier consommateur d’oxygène. De nombreuses études ont démontré qu’une hypoxie aigüe (modélisation de l’ischémie cérébrale transitoire ou l’AVC), altère la perméabilité de cette barrière. Cependant, certaines pathologies sont liées à une hypoxie intermittente, notamment les troubles respiratoires associés au sommeil, comme le syndrome d’apnées du sommeil. Cette hypoxie intermittente ne semble pas être sans conséquence sur la structure et la fonction du cerveau, car des études menées chez l’Homme ont démontré que ces patients souffraient de troubles cognitifs. L’enjeu dans l’étude de ces pathologies est d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes amenant à l’altération de la BHE, afin de développer des stratégies thérapeutiques adéquates. Toutefois, peu d’études à ce jour se sont intéressées à l’impact de l’hypoxie intermittente sur la BHE en raison de la complexité du cerveau. De ce fait, les modèles in vitro de BHE semblent être des outils adéquats à l’étude de la BHE en conditions pathologiques. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de mettre en place un modèle in vitro de BHE permettant l’étude de l’impact de stress hypoxiques répétés sur l’intégrité de cette barrière.Le modèle mis en place est un modèle de co-culture « contact » mettant en jeu des cellules endothéliales cérébrales immortalisées de souris et des astrocytes immortalisés de rat. En effet, de nombreuses études ont montré l’importance des interactions entre les astrocytes et les cellules endothéliales, dans la mise en place du phénotype de barrière de la BHE. Nous avons fait le choix de développer un modèle murin afin d’être en adéquation avec les études menées, chez le petit animal, au laboratoire. Ce modèle a été caractérisé en termes de résistance électrique transendothelial (TEER), de perméabilité membranaire, de jonctions serrées et de transporteurs d’efflux. Ce modèle répond aux critères attendus pour un modèle in vitro de BHE et est rapide à mettre en place.L’impact cellulaire de l’hypoxie intermittente est difficile à étudier in vitro en raison de la rapidité du phénomène. De ce fait, nous avons mis en place une méthode alternative d’induction de stress hypoxique par un agent chimique, l’hydralazine, qui soit reproductible, contrôlable et réversible, afin d’étudier les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires induits au niveau de cette BHE. / The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the essential structure of the central nervous system (CNS), located at the level of brain capillaries. The BBB is responsible for the maintenance of cerebral homeostasis and its protection. Indeed, diseases affecting the CNS are often related to a disorder at the BBB’s site. One of the several factors which can alter the homeostasis of the CNS, is hypoxia because the brain is one of the the first consumer of oxygen of the body. Several studies showed that acute hypoxia (mimic transient brain ischemia or stroke), could alter BBB permeability. However, some disorders are related to intermittent hypoxia, particularly sleep related breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea syndrome. This intermittent hypoxia does not seem to be innocent on the brain structure and function, since studies in humans have demonstrated that these patients suffer from cognitive disorders. The challenge in the study of such pathologies is represented by a better understanding of mechanisms leading to this alteration, in order to develop adequate therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, few studies have focused, to date, on the impact of intermittent hypoxia on the BBB, due to the complexity of the brain structure in vivo. In this regard, in vitro BBB model appear to be suitable tools for the study of BBB in pathologies conditions. The aim of this thesis was to set up an in vitro BBB model suitable for the study of BBB’s integrity after repeated hypoxic stress exposure.

Base teórica: O processo de implantação do embrião no ser humano é extremamente complexo e, ao mesmo tempo, essencial para que a mulher possa engravidar. Neste processo, em que o endométrio precisa sofrer uma série de mudanças para tornar-se receptivo, a adequada expressão de MFG-E8 (milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8), seu receptor a integrina αvβ3 e LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) parecem ter um papel importante. Além do mais, mulheres com infertilidade e endometriose podem apresentar a falha de implantação como uma grande barreira para obter seu sucesso terapêutico. Objetivos: Avaliar o papel de MFG-E8 e do seu receptor integrina αvβ3 em um modelo de implantação in vitro com uma linhagem celular trofoblástica e outra de epitélio endometrial. Comparar a expressão de MFG-E8, de integrina αvβ3 e de LIF no endométrio de pacientes férteis e inférteis com endometriose durante a janela de implantação. Métodos: No primeiro ensaio, utilizando-se uma linhagem celular bem diferenciada de adenocarcinoma de endométrio (células Ishikawa) e uma linhagem de coriocarcinoma de trofoblasto, o modelo in vitro de implantação humana foi estabelecido. Para investigação do impacto do bloqueio de MFG-E8 e integrina αvβ3, ambas linhagens celulares foram pré-tratadas com anticorpos contra estas proteínas em diferente concentrações antes do ensaio de adesão. No ensaio subsequente, para comparar a expressão de MFG-E8, de integrina αvβ3 e de LIF no endométrio humano, foram realizadas biópsias no período da janela de implantação (LH+7 a LH+10) com cateter de Pipelle. As amostras foram submetidas a imunohistoquímica, e analisadas através do HSCORE. Resultados: Na avaliação in vitro observamos que as células Ishikawa pré-tratadas com anticorpo anti-MFG-E8 causaram diminuição da adesão das esferas Jar dose-dependente. Por outro lado, o pré-tratamento das esferas Jar não resultou em diminuição significativa da adesão. Pré-tratamento com anticorpos anti-integrina αvβ3, tanto de células Ishikawa como de esferas Jar, causaram inibição significativa, dose-dependente, da adesão das esferas. A análise imunohistoquímica das biópsias realizadas durante a janela de implantação mostrou uma expressão aumentada de MFG-E8 em pacientes com endometriose e infertilidade. Além do mais, houve expressão diminuída de LIF no grupo em estudo. Contudo, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na expressão de integrina αvβ3 entre os grupos em estudo. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que, quando se bloqueia MFG-E8 ou seu receptor integrina αvβ3 em células Ishikawa em um modelo in vitro, ocorre uma diminuição de adesão das células Jar. Além do mais, bloqueando-se a integrina αvβ3 nas esferas Jar, também ocorre uma diminuição da adesão destas nas células Ishikawa. No entanto, quando estudamos o endométrio in vivo de pacientes com endometriose e infertilidade, encontramos a expressão aumentada de MFG-E8 e diminuída de LIF durante a janela de implantação no endométrio. / Background: The human implantation process is very complex and, at the same time, it is essential for women to achieve pregnancy. In this process, where the human endometrium must go through a lot of changes in order to become receptive, an adequate expression of MFG-E8 (milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8), integrin αvβ3 and LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) appear to play an important role. Furthermore, women with endometriosis and infertility may have in their implantation process the key to achieve pregnancy. Objectives: To investigate the role of MFG-E8 and its receptor integrin αvβ3 in the attachment of trophoblast cells to the endometrial epithelium, in an in vitro model. To compare endometrial expression of MFG-E8, integrin αvβ3 and LIF between fertile patients and patients with endometriosis and infertility during the window of implantation. Methods: In our first assay, by using a well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Ishikawa cells) and choriocarcinoma human trophoblast cells (Jar cells), an in vitro model mimicking human implantation was established. To investigate the impact of blocking MFG-E8 and integrin αvβ3, the cell lines were pretreated with antibodies against those proteins at different concentrations before the attachment assay. Moreover, to compare endometrial expression of MFG-E8, integrin αvβ3 and LIF, endometrial biopsies were performed during the window of implantation (LH+7 to LH+10) with the Pipelle catheter. The samples were submitted immunochemistry, and analyzed with HSCORE. Results: Pretreatment of Ishikawa cells with anti-MFG-E8 antibody caused a dosedependent and significant inhibition of attachment is our in vitro assay. On the other hand, pretreatment of Jar spheroids did not result in a significant effect on the attachment rate. Pretreatment of Ishikawa cells as well as Jar spheroids with anti-integrin avb3 antibodies resulted in a dose-dependent, significant inhibition of attachment. The immunochemistry analysis of the endometrial biopsies performed during the window of implantation showed increased MFG-E8 expression in patients with endometriosis and infertility. Moreover, there was lower LIF expression in the study group. Conclusion: This study showed that blocking MFG-E8 and its receptor integrin αvβ3 in Ishikawa cells diminishes Jar spheroid attachment in an in vitro model. Moreover, blocking integrin αvβ3 in the trophoblastic cells also diminished their attachment to the Ishikawa monolayer. Nevertheless, when we studied the endometrium of patients with endometriosis and infertility, we saw an increased expression of MFG-E8 and decreased expression of LIF during the window of implantation.

Base teórica: O processo de implantação do embrião no ser humano é extremamente complexo e, ao mesmo tempo, essencial para que a mulher possa engravidar. Neste processo, em que o endométrio precisa sofrer uma série de mudanças para tornar-se receptivo, a adequada expressão de MFG-E8 (milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8), seu receptor a integrina αvβ3 e LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) parecem ter um papel importante. Além do mais, mulheres com infertilidade e endometriose podem apresentar a falha de implantação como uma grande barreira para obter seu sucesso terapêutico. Objetivos: Avaliar o papel de MFG-E8 e do seu receptor integrina αvβ3 em um modelo de implantação in vitro com uma linhagem celular trofoblástica e outra de epitélio endometrial. Comparar a expressão de MFG-E8, de integrina αvβ3 e de LIF no endométrio de pacientes férteis e inférteis com endometriose durante a janela de implantação. Métodos: No primeiro ensaio, utilizando-se uma linhagem celular bem diferenciada de adenocarcinoma de endométrio (células Ishikawa) e uma linhagem de coriocarcinoma de trofoblasto, o modelo in vitro de implantação humana foi estabelecido. Para investigação do impacto do bloqueio de MFG-E8 e integrina αvβ3, ambas linhagens celulares foram pré-tratadas com anticorpos contra estas proteínas em diferente concentrações antes do ensaio de adesão. No ensaio subsequente, para comparar a expressão de MFG-E8, de integrina αvβ3 e de LIF no endométrio humano, foram realizadas biópsias no período da janela de implantação (LH+7 a LH+10) com cateter de Pipelle. As amostras foram submetidas a imunohistoquímica, e analisadas através do HSCORE. Resultados: Na avaliação in vitro observamos que as células Ishikawa pré-tratadas com anticorpo anti-MFG-E8 causaram diminuição da adesão das esferas Jar dose-dependente. Por outro lado, o pré-tratamento das esferas Jar não resultou em diminuição significativa da adesão. Pré-tratamento com anticorpos anti-integrina αvβ3, tanto de células Ishikawa como de esferas Jar, causaram inibição significativa, dose-dependente, da adesão das esferas. A análise imunohistoquímica das biópsias realizadas durante a janela de implantação mostrou uma expressão aumentada de MFG-E8 em pacientes com endometriose e infertilidade. Além do mais, houve expressão diminuída de LIF no grupo em estudo. Contudo, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na expressão de integrina αvβ3 entre os grupos em estudo. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que, quando se bloqueia MFG-E8 ou seu receptor integrina αvβ3 em células Ishikawa em um modelo in vitro, ocorre uma diminuição de adesão das células Jar. Além do mais, bloqueando-se a integrina αvβ3 nas esferas Jar, também ocorre uma diminuição da adesão destas nas células Ishikawa. No entanto, quando estudamos o endométrio in vivo de pacientes com endometriose e infertilidade, encontramos a expressão aumentada de MFG-E8 e diminuída de LIF durante a janela de implantação no endométrio. / Background: The human implantation process is very complex and, at the same time, it is essential for women to achieve pregnancy. In this process, where the human endometrium must go through a lot of changes in order to become receptive, an adequate expression of MFG-E8 (milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8), integrin αvβ3 and LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) appear to play an important role. Furthermore, women with endometriosis and infertility may have in their implantation process the key to achieve pregnancy. Objectives: To investigate the role of MFG-E8 and its receptor integrin αvβ3 in the attachment of trophoblast cells to the endometrial epithelium, in an in vitro model. To compare endometrial expression of MFG-E8, integrin αvβ3 and LIF between fertile patients and patients with endometriosis and infertility during the window of implantation. Methods: In our first assay, by using a well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Ishikawa cells) and choriocarcinoma human trophoblast cells (Jar cells), an in vitro model mimicking human implantation was established. To investigate the impact of blocking MFG-E8 and integrin αvβ3, the cell lines were pretreated with antibodies against those proteins at different concentrations before the attachment assay. Moreover, to compare endometrial expression of MFG-E8, integrin αvβ3 and LIF, endometrial biopsies were performed during the window of implantation (LH+7 to LH+10) with the Pipelle catheter. The samples were submitted immunochemistry, and analyzed with HSCORE. Results: Pretreatment of Ishikawa cells with anti-MFG-E8 antibody caused a dosedependent and significant inhibition of attachment is our in vitro assay. On the other hand, pretreatment of Jar spheroids did not result in a significant effect on the attachment rate. Pretreatment of Ishikawa cells as well as Jar spheroids with anti-integrin avb3 antibodies resulted in a dose-dependent, significant inhibition of attachment. The immunochemistry analysis of the endometrial biopsies performed during the window of implantation showed increased MFG-E8 expression in patients with endometriosis and infertility. Moreover, there was lower LIF expression in the study group. Conclusion: This study showed that blocking MFG-E8 and its receptor integrin αvβ3 in Ishikawa cells diminishes Jar spheroid attachment in an in vitro model. Moreover, blocking integrin αvβ3 in the trophoblastic cells also diminished their attachment to the Ishikawa monolayer. Nevertheless, when we studied the endometrium of patients with endometriosis and infertility, we saw an increased expression of MFG-E8 and decreased expression of LIF during the window of implantation.