Phonological awareness, and working memory, as a component of phonological awareness, have been found to be highly correlated, not only with the acquisition of reading skills, but also with each other. Existing data does not address this aspect of emergent literacy in South African children, for whom bilingualism may impact on their levels of phonological awareness, and possibly working memory. This research study was designed and conducted in an attempt to identify the relationship between these two skills in a sample of seventy-nine South African Grade 1 children (mean age 86 months). The sample consisted of two language groups, namely first-language English (EL1), an opaque orthography (n=42) and second-language English with first-language one of the nine official African languages of South Africa (EL2), a transparent orthography (n=37). The primary aim was to examine the relationship between phonological awareness (comprising a sound categorisation task, a phoneme deletion task, and a syllable splitting task) and working memory (comprising a verbal short-term memory task, a visuo-spatial short-term memory task, a verbal working memory task and a visuo-spatial working memory task). A measure of non-verbal intelligence was included as a control. Separate analyses were run for the two language groups in order to draw a comparison between their performance on the tasks. Results generally supported existing literature that showed that the relationship between working memory and phonological awareness appears to be dependent on the depth of analysis of phonological awareness, which determines the level of demand made on working memory, yet the relationship differed between the language groups, indicating that the EL2 children draw more on general or apparently unrelated skills to conduct working memory and phonological awareness tasks. A secondary aim of this study was to explore the predictive power of firstly, the four memory skills on phonological awareness; secondly, the sound categorisation skills on phoneme deletion and finally, non-verbal intelligence on working memory. Results again differed between the language groups, suggesting that a broader range of working memory skills predict performance on phonological awareness tasks in the EL2 group than in the EL1 group. The implications of these results are discussed in detail.

Thesis advisor: James M. O'Toole / This dissertation examines the ways in which Catholics, Mormons, Pentecostals, Lutherans, and Congregationalists repositioned themselves in American life and culture during the Progressive Era. Between 1890 and 1920, the place of these religious communities in American society became less secure as faith and religious practice became increasingly individualized. In response, churches reasserted their place in American society through deliberate reconstructions of the past to recreate their religious and historical identity. Through pageants, parades, poetry, and orations, they publicly displayed and celebrated their place in America and their contributions to the making of the nation. Specifically, they argued that religion and national progress went hand in hand. Progress needed religion. As such, the clerical and lay members of these communities constructed collective religious memories that strayed from historical reality in order to reinforce present needs and concerns. Perpetuating these often times misleading memories helped them to navigate the murky waters of modernity including theological change, societal prejudice, industrialization, and war by supplying them with the space to sustain the cultural legitimacy of their community. By examining religious experience via the lens of memory this dissertation illustrates how religious communities pursued an active role in America at a time when society increasingly disregarded the relevance of religion. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Working memory, which enables the temporary storage of information in an active “online” state, is an exceptionally capacity limited system. Given this capacity limit, irrelevant information in our environment must be filtered out, while relevant representation is maintained. Research has shown that neural oscillations in the alpha frequency range (8-12Hz) are greatly influenced by the number of items in memory. Most work has argued that alpha oscillations primarily support working memory processing by suppressing information that could interfere with items already in memory, as indexed by an increase in alpha power. However, other work has shown that decreases in alpha power, with little evidence of concurrent increases, support the maintenance of working memory representations. In this thesis we show that, in the context of visual working memory, the primary role of alpha oscillations is to maintain distinct working memory representations, rather than to suppress irrelevant information. This is shown in a series of three experiments all indicating that as the number of relevant items increases, the power of alpha oscillations systematically decreases. In the first experiment, we use a whole report and change detection task to examine how the number of items in memory influences alpha oscillations. In the second experiment, we use a cuing (Experiment 2A) and filtering (Experiment 2B) paradigm to demonstrate that alpha power tracks the number of remembered items instead of the number of total items on the screen. Lastly, by presenting items sequentially (Experiment 3A) or in overlapping locations (Experiment 3B), we see evidence that decreases in alpha power are related to the maintenance of relevant spatial locations, instead of the number of items in memory. The results of the experiments suggest that alpha power reflects the maintenance of relevant working memory representations, rather than the suppression of irrelevant external distractors or the inhibition of task-irrelevant neural areas. Furthermore, our last experiment indicates that the alpha frequency band is especially sensitive to the maintenance of spatial information.

This study is about high expectation of Primary School children's abilities, with particular reference to their perception of historical time. Earlier research in this field, mostly negative, has been taken as the basis of a new approach involving larger samples and. a longitudinal study over a period of six years. More than 1250 children in thirty schools were continuously engaged from the ages of seven to eleven. It was intended to discover whether a specific curriculum, devised to develop children's skills in reoognieing and. interpreting evidence from the past, would produce any significant improvement in performance with specially devised tests. We could also discover whether an untutored control group demonstrated latent skills in the same area of learning. The major criteria of the study are the concepts of evidence, authenticity and. time-placing, more particularly in terms of sequence and seriation rather than of duration. There has been no attempt to identify 'concepts of time', although reference is made to Piagetian-inspired investigations. The main concern has been with those skills which Primary School children might be expected to demonstrate, most importantly their development of expressive language. A battery of twenty-five tests was developed from the curriculum offered to the classes year by year. These were, successively, picture eeriation tests, picture-interpretation and documentary analysis. Each set of tests is the basis of a central Chapter of this thesis. Certain conclusions are possible. Firstly, earlier findings have been substantially extended by means of larger samples over an adequate period of time. Secondly, the results of individual children and different schools are seen to differ widely. The influence of Zeitgeist is consequently examined by means of a computerized lysis, both of the whole pilot population and, more searchingly, of a random sample from that group.Finally, average children in both pilot and control groups are found to command more ability between the ages of seven and eleven than was previously supposed. These skills are seen to be capable of continuous gradual development which responds to the systematic enrichment of a special curriculum. More should be done about this area of children's development in English Primary Schools. - vii

Memory integrity protection has been a longstanding issue in trusted system design. Most viruses and malware attack the system by modifying data that they are not authorized to access. With the development of the Internet, viruses and malware spread much faster than ever before. In this setting, protecting the memory becomes increasingly important. However, it is a hard problem to protect the dynamic memory. The data in the memory changes from time to time so that the schemes have to be fast enough to provide real-time protection while in the same time the schemes have to use slow crytographical functions to keep the security level. In this thesis, we propose a new fast authentication scheme for memory. As in previous proposals the scheme uses a Merkle tree to guarantee dynamic protection of memory. We use the universal hash function family NH for speed and couple it with an AES encryption in order to achieve a high level of security. The proposed scheme is much faster compared to similar schemes achieved by cryptographic hash functions such as SHA-1 due to the finer grain incremental hashing ability provided by NH. With a modified version of the proposed scheme, the system can access the data in memory without checking the integrity all the time and still keeps the same security level. This feature is mainly due to the incremental nature of NH. Moreover, we show that combining with caches and parallelism, we can achieve fast and simple software implementation.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University / The purpose of this study is to determine, as far as possible, the relationship of imagery to recall in so far as it is concerned with children's reading. Research in imagery is in its beginning stage, and this study is, accordingly, a probing for characteristics of imagery, the main concern being the problem stated above. Other characteristics of imagery discernible in the collected data will be stated, as they also may be helpful in later studies.

No description available.

by Leung Wing Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-75). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- What is Mobile Computing? --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Applications of Mobile Computing --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- New Challenges of Mobile Computing --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Related Work --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Lazy Replicated File Service --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Dividing the Database into Clusters --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Applying Causal Consistency --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Summary --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4 --- Serializability and Concurrency Control --- p.17 / Chapter 3 --- System Model and Suggested Protocol --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- System Model --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2 --- Cache Management --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Version Control Mechanism --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Cache Consistency --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Request Data from Servers --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Invalidation Report --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Data Broadcasting --- p.30 / Chapter 4 --- Simulation Study --- p.32 / Chapter 4.1 --- Physical Queuing Model --- p.32 / Chapter 4.2 --- Logical System Model --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3 --- Parameter Setting --- p.34 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Significance of the Length of Invalidation Range --- p.37 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Performance with Different Invalidation Range --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Increasing the Update Frequency --- p.40 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Impact of Piggybacking Popular Data --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Increasing the Disconnection Period --- p.42 / Chapter 4.5 --- Comparison of the Proposed Protocol with the Amnesic Terminal Protocol --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Setting a Short Timeout Period --- p.45 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Extending the Timeout Period --- p.46 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Increasing the Frequency of Temporary Disconnection --- p.48 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Increasing the Frequency of Crossing Boundaries --- p.49 / Chapter 4.6 --- Evaluate the Performance Gain with Piggybacking Message --- p.50 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Adding Piggybacking Messages --- p.51 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Reducing the Number of Popular Data --- p.52 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Increasing the Frequency of Updates --- p.53 / Chapter 4.7 --- Behaviour of the Proposed Protocol --- p.54 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Finding Maximum Number of Mobile Computers --- p.54 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Interchanging the Frequency of Read-Only and Update Transactions --- p.55 / Chapter 5 --- Partially Replicated Database System --- p.57 / Chapter 5.1 --- Proposed Amendments --- p.57 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Not Cache Partially Replicated Data ( Method 1 ) --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Drop Partially Replicated Data ( Method 2 ) --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Attaching Server-List ( Method 3 ) --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experiments and Interpretation --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Partially Replicated Data with High Accessing Probability --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Reducing the Cache Size --- p.64 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Partially Replicated Data with Low Accessing Probability --- p.65 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.70 / Chapter 6.1 --- Future Work --- p.72 / Bibliography --- p.73 / Chapter A --- Version Control Mechanism for Servers --- p.76

nÃo hà / A HistÃria da Enfermagem, em seus distintos contextos, traz a elucidaÃÃo e interpretaÃÃo de fatos e acontecimentos oportunizando o entendimento de lacunas existentes na sua evoluÃÃo, evidenciadas ao longo do tempo, dando condiÃÃes para reflexÃo e anÃlise perpassando nas mudanÃas ocorridas. Este estudo, de cunho histÃrico-social, teve como propositura reconstituir a HistÃria da Enfermagem do Hospital Walter CantÃdio da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, agregando fragmentos de sua trajetÃria na instituiÃÃo, desde sua inserÃÃo ocorrida em 1952 atà 2012. A HistÃria Oral foi utilizada como mÃtodo de pesquisa, e a entrevista, instrumento para coleta de dados. Como fontes primÃrias foram utilizadas a documentaÃÃo oral, obtida mediante as entrevistas, e documentos escritos, como legislaÃÃes, projetos, atas e regimentos. Como fontes secundÃrias, livros, artigos cientÃficos, dissertaÃÃes, teses e pesquisas, entre outros materiais que deram subsÃdios para contemplar o objetivo proposto. O trabalho se debruÃa nas memÃrias de enfermeiras que participaram desse processo, no decorrer do referido perÃodo, amparado por documentos escritos, iconogrÃficos, que registraram os fatos histÃricos, e evoca, nÃo somente elementos historicamente construÃdos pelo grupo em questÃo, mas destaca a Enfermagem, pelas dimensÃes do saber-conhecer o passado da profissÃo. Os resultados mostram que as profissionais de enfermagem pioneiras do Hospital Walter CantÃdio delinearam, com galhardia, o desafio das diretrizes do ensino, da pesquisa e assistÃncia, nesta instituiÃÃo, visando o compromisso profissional. Notabilizamos grandes nomes que abrilhantaram a evoluÃÃo do ServiÃo de Enfermagem desta renomada instituiÃÃo, sempre na perspectiva de diferenciaÃÃo profissional, atravÃs de estratÃgias para qualificar o cuidado Ãtico. Ao referirmos sobre suas aÃÃes, assinalamos o processo da SistematizaÃÃo da AssistÃncia, que impulsionou e subsidiou o desempenho do trabalho do grupo, que desenvolve um cuidado integral e individual, fundamentado em evidÃncias cientÃficas e no trabalho interdisciplinar. A enfermeira assume o papel de gestora, vislumbrando direcionar as aÃÃes do cuidar. Em sua funÃÃo assistencial, està envolvida no cuidado ao paciente, e à direcionada para o ensino em prol da formaÃÃo de outros profissionais da Ãrea, assumindo inÃmeros papÃis no contexto da organizaÃÃo desse cuidado, distanciando-se gradativamente das aÃÃes diretas ao paciente. Engaja-se na pesquisa fomentando a investigaÃÃo e estudos que possam ter influÃncia positiva em sua prÃtica assistencial. O desenvolvimento tÃcnico-cientÃfico, como uma das suas principais diretrizes, propiciou a capacitaÃÃo profissional e a humanizaÃÃo do atendimento, fornecendo subsÃdios à implantaÃÃo do modelo assistencial institucional e o atendimento ao paciente. Hoje, a Enfermagem contempla e celebra sua trajetÃria exitosa, nos mostrando suas liÃÃes, e, ao mesmo tempo nos guiando a fim de traÃarmos novos rumos. Esse grupo sedimenta e amplia conhecimentos, consolidando a prÃtica de assistir, oportunizando o desenvolvimento de habilidades, orientando o respeito na conduta e postura profissionais. Propomos, no entanto, a investigaÃÃo da delimitaÃÃo das funÃÃes de cada membro da equipe de Enfermagem, enfermeiros, auxiliares e tÃcnicos, quanto Ãs aÃÃes que realizam nas unidades de internaÃÃo. Percebemos que as atribuiÃÃes designadas a esses profissionais geram sobrecarga de trabalho em torno da Enfermagem, que, acreditamos estar assumindo papÃis nÃo prÃprios da categoria, de forma a favorecer uma reflexÃo sobre esses papÃis e atribuiÃÃes, a fim de contribuir para a prÃtica assistencial da Enfermagem na instituiÃÃo. / The History of Nursing in its various contexts, behind the elucidation and interpretation of facts and events providing opportunities for the understanding of gaps in their evolution, evidenced over time, giving conditions for reflection and analysis permeating the changes. This study, of historical social, was to reconstitute the initiation of the History of Nursing Walter CantÃdio Hospital, Federal University of CearÃ, adding fragments of his career at the institution since its insertion occurred in 1952 through 2012. The Oral History was used as a research method, and the interview instrument for data collection. As primary sources were used oral documentation obtained through interviews and written documents, such as laws, projects, acts and regulations. As secondary sources, books, journal articles, dissertations, theses and research, among other materials which gave grants to contemplate the proposed objective. The work focuses on the memoirs of nurses who participated in this process, the propriety of that period, supported by written documents, iconographic, who recorded the historical facts, and evokes not only elements historically constructed by the group in question, but highlights the Nursing by the dimensions of know-know the past of the profession. The results show that professional nursing pioneer Hospital Walter CantÃdio outlined, with gallantry, the challenge guidelines in teaching, research, and service in this institution, seeking professional commitment. Stands out big names that punctuated the evolution of the nursing service of this renowned institution, always from the perspective of professional differentiation through strategies to qualify the ethical care. When referring about his actions, noted the process of Care System, who drove and supported the work performance of the group, which develops a comprehensive care and individual, based on scientific evidence and interdisciplinary work. The nurse assumes the role of managing, viewing direct the actions of caring. In his role of care, is involved in patient care, and is targeted for teaching in favor of training other professionals, taking on numerous roles in the organization of care, gradually distancing himself from direct actions to the patient. Engages in research by promoting research and studies which have a positive influence on their practice care. O technical and scientific development, as one of its main lines, provided professional training and humanization of care, providing support to the implementation of institutional care model and patient care. Today, nursing contemplates and celebrates their successful trajectory, showing us its lessons, and at the same time leading us to trace new paths. This group consolidates and expands knowledge, consolidating the practice of watching and the opportunity to develop skills, guiding the respect in professional conduct and attitudes. We propose, however, the research division of the functions of each member of the nursing staff, nurses, and technicians, as the actions they carry out on inpatient units Yeah, it is clear that the tasks assigned to these professionals generate workload around nursing, which, it is believed, is assuming roles not own category. In order to encourage a discussion about these roles and responsibilities in order to contribute to the practice of nursing care in the institution.

How does a place known itself? One of the ways a place knows itself is how it is represented on maps where we can see its cartographic history & identity. People draw maps in order to understand the city in which they live. The research presented in this thesis is in two parts:- Collecting and indexing all the maps of Banja Luka, beginning with the first maps of Banja Luka from the Ottoman times. These maps are scattered all around the world. This is the first time the research on collecting and indexing maps of Banja Luka has been done. This thesis is the only place where this comprehensive ‘collection’ of maps of Banja Luka exists.- Drawing new maps of Banja Luka. There are two types of maps in this thesis: cartographic reconstructions and memory maps. The reconstructions record the Banja Luka that never made it into the cartographic history due to the turbulent political history of the city. Of the memory maps, there are also two types. There are personal and individual memory maps and collective memory maps. The individual memory maps are based on my own memory and the memory of the people I love, representing Banja Luka that I remember - that is there for me. The collective memory maps record Banja Luka based on the collective memory already recorded in archive materials, representing Banja Luka that I imagine - that is not there for me. There were difficulties in drawing them as they required the integration of texts, photographs and maps which had to be collected and brought together into one place. Each document about Banja Luka differs in details, especially because of changing building and street names, so compiling these sources which complement each other was how these maps were drawn. This section uses Halbwachs’ theory of individual and collective memory, which is never associated with the process of mapping. The problem of changing street names that appeared in the process of making these maps draws on Freud’s account of forgetting proper names. The thesis begins with a summary of the political history of Banja Luka, which introduces the social and cartographic problems this research was confronted with. There is no continuous cartographic history of Banja Luka of the sort that one would expect to find in other, more stable regions, because Banja Luka has never been in control of its own destiny since it has been wrecked by internecine conflicts. There were difficulties in finding and collating and indexing the maps of Banja Luka. It was necessary to identify map collections through the selected countries in whose archives, museums and libraries they might have been stored. The selection involves the countries under whose authority Banja Luka was in the past [e.g. Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia ...]; the leading countries with a prominent collection of maps [e.g. United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain ...]; the countries which had business connections with Banja Luka in the past [e.g. the Czech Republic ...]. Until now, there has been no central point of reference for the maps of Banja Luka. When the maps are brought together, it is possible to categorize them into spy maps and cartographic [conventional] maps. Spy maps are free hand maps made by military agents [mostly Austrians] who secretly mapped their visual inspections of Banja Luka, when the city was under the Ottoman Empire. Cartographic maps are conventional maps drawn by cartographers. They are accurate representations of Banja Luka made by using geodetic instruments and methods and are understandable to everyone because of the north orientation, scale, and recognizable symbols. The main points of the research in this thesis are: Halbwachs’s idea that individual memory depends on collective memory was born out on my memory maps. My memory map could not have been done without the records and memories of others. The value of memory maps is that they prevent the Banja Luka that I imagine and the Banja Luka that I remember from being forgotten, creating an idealized cartography of the city. The ideal Banja Luka is the one which has a continuity in its history and spatial form - the continuity we hope to achieve.