River-groundwater exchange (hyporheic exchange) influences temperature, water chemistry, and ecology within rivers and alluvial aquifers. Rates and patterns of hyporheic exchange depend on riverbed permeability, pressure gradients created by current-obstacle interactions, and river stage fluctuations. I demonstrate the response of hyporheic exchange to three examples of these driving forces: fine-scale permeability structure in cross-bedded sediment, current interactions with large woody debris (LWD), and anthropogenic river stage fluctuations downstream of dams. Using numerical simulations, I show that cross-bedded permeability structure increases hyporheic path lengths and modifies solute residence times in bedforms. The tails of residence time distributions conform to a power law in both cross-bedded and internally homogeneous riverbed sediment. Current-bedform interactions are responsible for the decade-scale tails, rather than permeability heterogeneity. Like bedforms, wood debris interacts with currents and drives hyporheic exchange. Laboratory flume experiments and numerical simulations demonstrate that the amplitude of the pressure wave (and thus hyporheic exchange) due to a channel-spanning log increases with channel Froude number and blockage ratio (log diameter : flow depth). Upstream from LWD, downwelling water transports the river’s diel thermal signal deep into the sediment. Downstream, upwelling water forms a wedge of buffered temperatures. Hyporheic exchange associated with LWD does not significantly impact diel surface water temperatures. I tested these fluid and heat flow relationships in a second-order stream in Valles Caldera National Preserve (NM). Log additions created alternating zones of upwelling and downwelling in a reach that was previously losing throughout. By clearing LWD from channels, humans have reduced hydrologic connectivity at the meter-scale and contributed to degradation of benthic and hyporheic habitats. Dams also significantly alter hydrologic connectivity in modern rivers. Continuous water table measurements show that 15 km downstream of the Longhorn dam (Austin, Texas), river stage fluctuations of almost 1 m induce a large, unsteady hyporheic exchange zone within the bank. Dam-induced hyporheic exchange may impact thermal and geochemical budgets for regulated rivers. Together, these three case studies broaden our understanding of complex drivers of hyporheic exchange in small, natural streams as well as large, regulated rivers. / text

For this dissertation I studied flow and transport in low gradient Florida streams. Chapter 2 is a statewide analysis of long-term variations in stream discharge. The results from Chapter 2 suggest that changes in mean annual stream discharge are controlled by the Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation (AMO). During the warm phase, mean annual discharge decreases in central Florida and increases in north Florida. The opposite is true during the cool phase, with mean annual discharge increasing in central Florida and decreasing in north Florida. This pattern is observed for both components of stream discharge, base flow and runoff. The following two chapters are part of an analysis of particle transport in low gradient mangrove estuaries. Chapter 3 describes the use of a numerical model to simulate the hydrodynamics of a coastal reach of the Shark River, Florida Everglades and the development of a Lagrangian particle tracking model. The particle tracking model uses the output from the hydrodynamic model to simulate the movement of particles released within the model domain. In Chapter 4, the hydrodynamic and particle tracking models are used to estimate the historical particle residence time in the Shark River Slough Estuary (SRSE) and determine the key factors controlling particle residence time and fate in mangrove estuaries. The mean and median residence times in the model domain are 16 and 8 hours, respectively, and 60% of all particles exit the model domain downstream, towards the Gulf of Mexico. Particle residence time varies greatly depending on the particle release location and timing. The residence time is significantly lower for particles released in the middle of the channel and for particles released during the wet season, spring tides or during upstream flows. Additionally, there is a decreasing trend in mean particle residence time from 1997 through 2017, mirroring an increasing trend in mean annual water levels in the SRSE. The combined results of this dissertation show the impact that a variable climate can have on stream flow and particle transport.

Abstract. Like other developing countries, forest conversion to agricultural land has been a common practice in Kenya for the last four decades. Apart from illegal logging, the main cause is the growing population. For most developing countries where majority rely on agriculture for food production, conversion of forests into agricultural land is likely to occur. Kenya is one among such countries and is where the study basin is located. Knowledge of hydrological studies is crucial for proper planning and decision making of limited water resources in river basins. Even in regions where data is limited, changes in land use is a concern to many basin communities over the globe including Arror inhabitants since it has an impact on stream flows. Despite Arror downstream communities’ claims on reducing river flows, scientific proof on this is lacking. Such kind of belief/claim can result to conflicts (Downstream vs. Upstream water users). The main objective of this thesis was therefore to determine the effect of land use changes on Arror basin hydrology, focusing on the impact of deforestation since it has been the main land use change for the last four decades. The overall intention of the study is to verify the downstream basin’s inhabitant’s hypothetical thinking and also create an information foundation base for other future studies in the basin. Based on the lessons learned in this study, several recommendations have been highlighted, including land satellite rainfall data to augment the rainfall data obtained from the relatively sparse rain gauge network in the basin.

O estudo de inventário tem por objetivo estimar o potencial hidroelétrico de rios ou bacias, analisando várias alternativas propostas de partição de quedas, sendo que cada alternativa contém um conjunto de aproveitamentos hidroelétricos. Essas alternativas são então estudadas individualmente para definição da alternativa ótima, ou seja, a que tem melhor custo beneficio e ao mesmo tempo cause menos danos ambientais. Para essa análise necessitamos calcular a potência de cada aproveitamento específico, assim como a energia gerada, para isso então precisamos conhecer a vazão do rio em estudo, no local desses aproveitamentos. Como a vazão dos rios varia com o tempo, pois depende de variáveis como clima, geologia dos solos, desmatamento, entre outras, se recomenda usar nos cálculos séries longas de vazões médias com no mínimo 30 anos de dados, o problema é que em muitos casos não temos essas séries ou temos séries menores e incompletas, nesse caso então necessitamos estimar os valores ausentes e ruidosos utilizando os dados de estações fluviométricas próximas, para depois transportá-las para o aproveitamento em estudo, para isso utilizamos de técnicas estatísticas de correlação. A ideia nesse trabalho é de utilizarmos redes neurais artificiais ao invés das técnicas convencionais e comparar os resultados obtidos. / The inventory study aims to estimate the hydropower potential of rivers or basins, analyzing several alternative proposals for partition of falls, each of which contains a set of alternative hydroelectric developments. These alternatives are then individually analyzed to define the optimal alternative, namely that which has the best cost benefit while causing less environmental damage. For this analysis we need to calculate the power of each specific use, as well as the energy generated for that then we need to know the flow of the river under study, the location of these usages. As the river flow varies with time because it depends on variables such as climate, geology, soils, deforestation, among others, we recommend using the long series of calculations mean flow at least 30 years of data, the problem is that in many cases we do not have these series or have smaller and incomplete series, in this case then we need to estimate the missing values and noisy data using next gauged stations, and then transport them to use in the study, for this we use statistical correlation techniques. The idea is that we use work instead of the conventional Artificial Neural Network techniques and compare the results.

Computerized data visualization and analysis tools, especially Geographic Information Systems (GIS), constitute an important part of today&amp / #65533 / s water resources development and management studies. In order to obtain satisfactory results from such tools, accurate and comprehensive hydrography datasets are needed that include both spatial and hydrologic information on surface water resources and watersheds. If present, such datasets may support many applications, such as hydrologic and environmental modeling, impact assessment, and construction planning. The primary purposes of this study are production of prototype national hydrography and watershed datasets for Turkey, and development of GIS-based tools for the analysis of local water quality and quantity data. For these purposes national hydrography datasets and analysis systems of several counties are reviewed, and based on gained experience / 1) Sub-watershed boundaries of 26 major national basins are derived from digital elevation model of the country by using raster-based analysis methods and these watersheds are named according to coding system of the European Union, 2) A prototype hydrography dataset with built-in connectivity and water flow direction information is produced from publicly available data sources, 3) GIS based spatial tools are developed to facilitate navigation through streams and watersheds in the hydrography dataset, and 4) A state-of-the art GIS-based stream flow and water quality data analysis system is developed, which is based on the structure of nationally available data and includes advanced statistical and spatial analysis capabilities. All datasets and developed tools are gathered in a single graphical user-interface within GIS and made available to the end-users.

River, lakes and   streams account for more carbon dioxide emissions than all other freshwater   reservoirs together. However, there is still lack of knowledge of the   physical processes that control the efficiency of the air-water exchange of   CO2 in these aquatic systems. In the more turbulent water sections   of a river, the gas transfer is thought to be governed by the river’s   morphology such as bottom topography, slope and stream flow. Whiles for wider   sections of the river, the gas transfer could potentially be influenced by   atmospheric forcing (e.g. Wind speed). The main purpose of this project is to   study the fluxes of carbon dioxide and how (wind speed and stream discharge)   influence the CO2 fluxes in the river. In this study, direct and   continuous measurements of CO2 emission was conducted for the   first time in a controlled boreal river in Kattstrupeforsen (Sweden) from   18th April to 10th May 2018. A unique measurement setup which combines eddy   covariance techniques, general meteorology and in situ water variables (for   high accuracy emission measurements) was used. The results show that   in the late winter, an   upward directed CO2 fluxes measured in the river was approximately   2.2 μmol m−2 s−1. This value agrees with many other small and   large rivers where CO2 fluxes has been studied. The river can be   said to serve as source of CO2 to the atmosphere in the day due to   the dominant upward fluxes recorded during the daytime. The results also show   that carbon dioxide fluxes increase with increasing wind speed notably at   wind speed above 2 m s-1. There   was no relation between CO2 fluxes and stream discharge. This   indicates that wind speed could be one principal factor for air- river gas   exchange. The findings in this work on river gas exchange will provide   a basis for a regional estimate and be applicable for many river systems on a   global scale. / <p>2018-07-09</p>

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The Araguari river hydrographic basin (BHRA) presents an area of 22,146.23 km2 and is located in a region of Minas Gerais State with high water demand by agriculture, industry and humans, which leads to high environmental costs, including damage of natural water resources systems. The frequent land use changes related to such activities often degrade water resources and therefore should be monitored in order to provide effective environmental management strategies, consistent with conservation activities of existing water streams. In this context, considering the need of efficient water resources management programs, the hydrological modeling becomes an important tool to help monitoring and management activities of water resources found in the watershed. Among numerous hydrological models, we can highlight (as used in this research) the ones having functions to overcome the demand for reliable and continuous data sets. In other words, these models can overcome situations where there is total or partial lack of data collected by hydrometeorological stations and even simulate situations/hypothetical scenarios for verification of some phenomena, for example, the behavior of stream flows. Thus, the objective of this research is to use a hydrological modeling to study the stream flow of BHRA, considering changes in land use and natural vegetation. The selected hydrological model was the Modelo de Grandes Bacias (MGB), developed by Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH) from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The effects of land use and land cover (LULC) changes (time period of 1975-2010) in the stream flow regime were evaluated. The main LULC changes in the study area in this time period was the replacement of natural grasslands (Campo limpo, Campo sujo and Campo Cerrado) by croplands and cultivated pasturelands, as result of great increase of economic activities in this region. In 2010, the natural vegetation was reduced to nearly half of found in 1975 (88,93% and 42,97% of basin covered by natural vegetation in 1975 and 2010, respectively). Cultivated pasturelands increased from 8,41% in 1975 to 30,59% in 2010. Croplands increased from 2% in 1975 to 23,02% in 2010. The MGB was adjusted to simulate daily stream flows of the BHRA based on rainfall, climate and stream flow data gathered by eight rain gauged stations, 54 rainfall stations, besides the following spatial data: digital elevation models derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM); soil, geomorphology, geology and two-year LULC map (1975 and 2010). The calibration and simulation of MGB for BHRA showed good fit between observed (ANA) and calculated stream flow (MGB). The BHRA was then divided into sub-basins for further analysis. The Ibiá sub-basin showed better results of calibration and simulation of daily stream flows. The stream flows of Fazenda São Mateus, Desemboque and Fazenda Letreiro sub-basins were also analyzed. The Fazenda Letreiro sub-basin, the one that presented highest levels of LULC changes in the time period considered (conversion of 53,56% of natural vegetation into croplands and cultivated pasturelands) showed an increase of maximum (38,8 m3/s), minimum (2,29 m3/s) and average (5,78 m3/s) stream flow and for annual laminar flow (231,35 mm/year) as well. Hypothetical scenarios were simulated for the Ibiá sub-basin and compared with the stream flow results estimated by MGB for the year 2010. For actual LULC conditions, the measured and the estimated mean stream flows were quite similar. In a scenario of 100% of natural vegetation cover, the minimum stream flow increased 2,28 m3/s. In a scenario of 100% of cultivated pasture, the maximum stream flow presented highest increase of 36,18 m3/s. The use of the model and the analyses conducted in this study were considered satisfactory to meet the proposed research objectives. / A bacia hidrográfica do rio Araguari (BHRA) - MG, apresenta área de 22.146,23 km2 localizados em uma região de grande consumo de água pela agricultura, indústria e pelas pessoas, o que acarreta altos custos ambientais, incluindo danos aos sistemas hídricos naturais. As constantes alterações de uso da terra relacionadas a tais atividades são potencialmente degradantes dos recursos hídricos e devem ser conhecidas para que se possa planejar a gestão dos ambientes de forma coerente com a preservação dos cursos d água existentes. Neste contexto, frente a necessidade de gestão dos recursos hídricos, a modelagem hidrológica é uma ferramenta importante e eficiente no sentido de auxiliar o monitoramento e gestão das águas presentes nas bacias hidrográficas. Dentre as inúmeras aplicações dos modelos hidrológicos, podemos destacar (como utilizado nesta pesquisa) que eles têm a função de suprir a demanda de dados confiáveis e contínuos em locais onde existe total ou parcial ausência de dados coletados pelas estações hidrometeorológicas e ainda de simular situações/cenários hipotéticos para verificação de alguns fenômenos, a exemplo do comportamento da vazão dos rios presentes área de estudo. Desta forma, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é realizar uma modelagem hidrológica para o estudo da vazão da BHRA, a partir das mudanças do uso da terra e cobertura vegetal nativa. O modelo hidrológico utilizado foi o Modelo de Grandes Bacias (MGB), do Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), da UFRGS. Foram avaliados os efeitos das mudanças de uso da terra e cobertura vegetal nativa (período de 1975 a 2010) na resposta da vazão na bacia. As principais mudanças de uso da terra e cobertura vegetal nativa na BHRA neste período foram a substituição da classe campestre (Campo limpo/Campo sujo/Campo cerrado) pelas classes de atividades agropecuárias, devido ao grande avanço destas atividades econômicas na região. Em 2010, a cobertura vegetal nativa se reduziu praticamente a metade dos valores calculados para o ano de 1975 (passou de 88,93% para 42,97%). A classe de Pastagem aumentou de 8,41% (1975) para 30,59% (2010) e a classe de Agricultura aumentou de 2% (1975) para 23,02% (2010). O MGB foi ajustado para a simulação de vazões diárias a partir dos dados de chuva, clima e vazão observadas de 8 estações fluviométricas, 54 estações pluviométricas, além de dados espaciais: Modelo Digital de Elevação (SRTM), mapa de solos, mapa de unidades geomorfológicas, mapa geológico e mapas de uso da terra e cobertura vegetal nativa (1975 e 2010) da BHRA. O processo de calibração do modelo e simulação para a BHRA permitiu verificar um bom ajuste entre as vazões observadas (ANA) e calculadas (MGB). A BHRA foi dividida em sub-bacias para melhor análise, sendo a sub-bacia Ibiá aquela que apresentou melhores resultados na calibração e simulação de vazões diárias. Além da sub-bacia Ibiá, foram analisadas as vazões das sub-bacias Fazenda São Mateus, Desemboque e Fazenda Letreiro pertencentes à BHRA. A sub-bacia Fazenda Letreiro, sub-bacia que teve mais mudanças de uso da terra e cobertura vegetal nativa no período considerado (com a substituição de 53.56% da cobertura vegetal nativa transformada em agricultura e pastagem) apresentou um aumento para as vazões máxima (em 38,8 m3/s), mínima (em 2,29 m3/s), média (em 5,78 m3/s) e lâmina escoada anual (231,35 mm/ano), no período de 1975 a 2010. Foram simulados cenários hipotéticos para a sub-bacia Ibiá e comparados os resultados com os dados de vazão calculados pelo MGB, do ano de 2010. Em relação aos dados de vazão do cenário real de 2010: a vazão média para os cenários hipotéticos propostos se manteve praticamente equiparada, o cenário 100% Cobertura vegetal nativa apresentou maior alteração em relação a vazão mínima (aumento de 2,28 m3/s) e o cenário de 100% Pastagem apresentou a maior alteração na vazão máxima (aumento de 36,18 m3/s). A utilização do modelo e as análises realizadas foram consideradas satisfatórias para cumprir os objetivos da pesquisa. / Doutor em Geografia

O estudo de inventário tem por objetivo estimar o potencial hidroelétrico de rios ou bacias, analisando várias alternativas propostas de partição de quedas, sendo que cada alternativa contém um conjunto de aproveitamentos hidroelétricos. Essas alternativas são então estudadas individualmente para definição da alternativa ótima, ou seja, a que tem melhor custo beneficio e ao mesmo tempo cause menos danos ambientais. Para essa análise necessitamos calcular a potência de cada aproveitamento específico, assim como a energia gerada, para isso então precisamos conhecer a vazão do rio em estudo, no local desses aproveitamentos. Como a vazão dos rios varia com o tempo, pois depende de variáveis como clima, geologia dos solos, desmatamento, entre outras, se recomenda usar nos cálculos séries longas de vazões médias com no mínimo 30 anos de dados, o problema é que em muitos casos não temos essas séries ou temos séries menores e incompletas, nesse caso então necessitamos estimar os valores ausentes e ruidosos utilizando os dados de estações fluviométricas próximas, para depois transportá-las para o aproveitamento em estudo, para isso utilizamos de técnicas estatísticas de correlação. A ideia nesse trabalho é de utilizarmos redes neurais artificiais ao invés das técnicas convencionais e comparar os resultados obtidos. / The inventory study aims to estimate the hydropower potential of rivers or basins, analyzing several alternative proposals for partition of falls, each of which contains a set of alternative hydroelectric developments. These alternatives are then individually analyzed to define the optimal alternative, namely that which has the best cost benefit while causing less environmental damage. For this analysis we need to calculate the power of each specific use, as well as the energy generated for that then we need to know the flow of the river under study, the location of these usages. As the river flow varies with time because it depends on variables such as climate, geology, soils, deforestation, among others, we recommend using the long series of calculations mean flow at least 30 years of data, the problem is that in many cases we do not have these series or have smaller and incomplete series, in this case then we need to estimate the missing values and noisy data using next gauged stations, and then transport them to use in the study, for this we use statistical correlation techniques. The idea is that we use work instead of the conventional Artificial Neural Network techniques and compare the results.

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