The thesis deals with the comparison of physics textbooks for primary schools. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the representation of individual sets of textbooks in primary schools in the South Bohemian Region, to develop and test custom teaching concepts revolving around thematic unit of 'Simple Machines'. This work is addressed primarily to teachers as a tool to enhance teaching effectiveness, to support the imagination and to increase interest in physics among pupils. These are the reasons why thematic unit, called Simple Machines, has been developed in form of interactive presentation, whose contribution and efficiency has been practically verified directly during physics classes in few selected primary schools. Benefits have been verified through accredited didactic tests and their evaluation and results are processed at the end of this thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_nl_me_jabo.pdf: 517628 bytes, checksum: 70d21dfa53683dfd47034c97d1b70962 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Avaliou-se o efeito do IAF residual sob a estrutura do pasto de capim-Tanzânia e o comportamento ingestivo de cabras Boer X Saanen sob lotação intermitente. O experimento foi conduzido no período de fevereiro/2008 a agosto/2008. A área foi subdividida em 18 piquetes de 243 m2 para o estudo de 3 tratamentos dispostos segundo um delineamento em blocos casualizados com 6 repetições para avaliações referentes à gramínea. As avaliações referentes ao comportamento ingestivo das cabras foram realizadas, na mesma área, em 12 piquetes, alocados em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em 3 IAF residuais (0,8 – 1,6 – 2,4). O período de descanso foi adotado segundo o critério de 95% de IL ou quando as leituras permanecerem constantes durante 3 semanas consecutivas. Antes do pastejo foi feito a medição da altura da vegetação em 20 pontos distintos e colheu-se 6 amostras ao nível do solo por piquete. Os animais pastejaram até atingir o IAF pré-determinado para o resíduo. Foi aferido o índice de área foliar (IAF) e da interceptação luminosa (IL) com o aparelho analisador de dossel (AccuPAR LP-80 da Decagon – USA). As amostras colhidas foram pesadas e, por conseguinte, retirada um alíquota de 400 g para a separação dos componentes morfológicos (folha, colmo + bainha e material morto), estes foram secados em estufa (55 ºC) por 72h e pesados, a fim de estimar as características estruturais. Avaliou-se a densidade volumétrica da forragem, com o auxílio do “ponto inclinado” e feita as análises laboratoriais a fim de estimar o que os caprinos consumiram durante o pastejo. As amostras analisadas foram colhidas pelo método do pastejo simulado. Também foram mensuradas variáveis que refletem o comportamento ingestivo em pastejo como a massa, a área, a profundidade e a taxa do bocado. No pré-pastejo, os valores de interceptação... / The effect residual LAI was evaluate under structural characteristics of tanzania grass and the ingestivo behavior by goats Saanen X Boer at rotational stocking. The experiment was conducted in the period on February/2008 to August/2008. The area was divided into 18 paddocks of 243 m2 for the study with 3 treatments arranged in a randomized blocks design with 6 replications for the grasses evaluations. The evaluations relating to the ingestive behavior of the goats were carried out, in the same area, in 12 paddocks, allocated in randomized blocks design with 4 replications. The treatments consisted in 3 levels of residual LAI (0,8 – 1,6 – 2,4). The period of rest was adopted according to the criterion of 95% of LI or when the readability remained constant during 3 consecutive weeks. Before each period of grazing have been done 20 points of height of vegetation were taken, 6 samples at the level of the soil were collected for each paddock . The animals grazed until the the remainder LAI pre-determined. Measurements were made of leaf area index (LAI) and the light interception (LI) with the equipment AccuPAR LP-80 Decagon – USA. Samples were weighed and, 400 g were kept for the separation of morphologic components (leaf, stem lap and dead). These were dried at 55° C for 72h and weighed in order to estimate the herbage mass. Density was evaluated by volume of forage with the inclined point quadrat. Laboratory analyzes were done in order to estimate the goats fed during the grazing and the samples were collected by the handing plucking method. They were measured variables which reflect the ingestive behavior in grazing as the bite mass, area, depth and the rate . Pre-grazing, the values of light interception and leaf area index were not significantly affected by treatments (P>0.05). The values of time of pre grazing of the animals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GilmaraLRA_DISSERT.pdf: 1784124 bytes, checksum: 3fa88890e9688357a4f14429c6d94ab0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work presents the analysis of an antenna of fractal microstrip of Koch with dielectric multilayers and inclinations in the ground plane, whose values of the angles are zero degree (without inclinations), three, seven and twelve degrees. This antenna consists of three dielectric layers arranged vertically on each other, using feeding microstrip line in patch 1, of the first layer, which will feed the remaining patches of the upper layers by electromagnetic coupling. The objective of this work is to analyze the effects caused by increase of the angle of inclination of the ground plane in some antenna parameters such as return loss, resonant frequency, bandwidth and radiation pattern. The presented results demonstrate that with the increase of the inclination angle it is possible to get antennas with characteristics multiband, with bigger bandwidth, and improving the impedance matching for each case analyzed, especially the larger angle / Este trabalho apresenta a an?lise de uma antena de microfita fractal de Koch com multicamadas diel?tricas e inclina??es no plano de terra, cujos valores dos ?ngulos s?o zero grau (sem inclina??es), tr?s, sete e doze graus. Esta antena ? constitu?da por tr?s camadas diel?tricas dispostas verticalmente umas sobre as outras, utilizando alimenta??o por linha de microfita no patch 1, da primeira camada, que ir? alimentar os demais patches das camadas superiores por acoplamento eletromagn?tico. O objetivo deste trabalho ? analisar os efeitos causados pelo aumento do ?ngulo de inclina??o do plano de terra em alguns par?metros da antena, tais como perda de retorno, frequ?ncia de resson?ncia, largura de banda e diagrama de radia??o. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que com o aumento do ?ngulo de inclina??o ? poss?vel obter antenas com caracter?sticas multibanda, com maiores larguras de banda, al?m de melhoramento do casamento de imped?ncias para cada caso analisado, sobretudo os de maior ?ngulo de inclina??o

A ética e a luta pela equidade social e melhoria da qualidade de vida das populações impulsiona a busca pela universalização do atendimento do serviço energético e pela utilização racional dos recursos renováveis existentes em cada local. Nesse sentido, o aproveitamento da energia solar apresenta-se como uma excelente alternativa, seja para disponibilizar pequenas quantidades de energia elétrica, utilizando-se de geradores fotovoltaicos, seja para o aquecimento de água ou ainda para o condicionamento ambiental de edificações. Em qualquer desses casos, são necessárias informações confiáveis sobre o recurso solar disponível. O presente trabalho se insere nesse contexto buscando, além de propor um padrão para instalação de estações solarimétricas, para o sistema de unidades utilizado e para a rotina de calibração e manutenção dos equipamentos, caracterizar a radiação solar no Estado de São Paulo, tendo como um de seus objetivos oferecer dados de irradiação solar diária média mensal, centrando a atenção na cidade de São Paulo e no Vale do Ribeira, no litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo. Esta última área, localizada no município de Cananéia, possui baixos índices de eletrificação rural e grande potencial de utilização de sistemas fotovoltaicos para suprir a demanda de residências isoladas. Como, em geral, os painéis para aproveitamento do recurso solar são instalados em uma determinada inclinação, para se dimensionar corretamente um sistema é necessário transformar os dados de irradiação solar de plano horizontal para plano inclinado. Assim, foram testados os diversos modelos presentes na literatura para o cálculo da irradiação global diária mensal em plano inclinado a partir de dados em plano horizontal. Todos esses modelos necessitam de dados de irradiação difusa, ou seja, a irradiação proveniente de toda a esfera celeste, menos diretamente do Sol, para poderem ser utilizados. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho buscou testar os diversos modelos que calculam a irradiação difusa a partir da irradiação global e, com a verificação da inadequação desses, propõe uma nova correlação, mais apropriada para nossa realidade. / Ethics, and the struggle both for social equity and the improvement of the standard of living of populations, drive the efforts for both the universalization of energy provision and the rational utilization of existing renewable resources. Accordingly, utilizing solar energy presents itself as an excellent alternative, whether it is to make available small quantities of electric energy, utilizing photovoltaic generators, for heating water, or for environmental conditioning. Whatever the case, it is necessary to have reliable information on available solar resource. This work seeks to develop standards for implementation of solarimetric stations, for the unit system to be utilized and for the routine of calibration and maintenance of equipment. It also seeks to characterize solar radiation in the state of São Paulo, with one of its objectives being the supply of data of monthly average daily irradiation in the city of São Paulo and the Ribeira Valley (south coast of São Paulo state). The latter has low levels of rural electrification and great potential for utilizing photovoltaic systems in the supply of energy for isolated residences. As solar panels are generally installed on a sloped surface, the correct dimensioning of systems requires converting solar irradiation data from horizontal plane to tilted plane. Thus, several models presented in the literature that calculate monthly average daily irradiation on inclined plane from available data measured on horizontal plane were tested. All such models need diffuse irradiation data, that is, irradiation originating from the entire sky, except that originating directly from the sun, to be utilized. For this reason, this work sought to test several models that establish correlations for the calculation of diffuse solar irradiation from global solar irradiation. As the inadequacy of such models was verified, this proposes a new correlation that is more appropriate for the conditions of the state of São Paulo.

Embora o escoamento estratificado óleo-água seja comum na indústria do petróleo, existem poucos trabalhos na literatura sobre a estrutura ondulatória encontrada no escoamento em dutos ascendentes ou descendentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é entender e caracterizar as estruturas interfaciais ondulatórias em escoamentos estratificados óleo e água em dutos levemente inclinados e comparar com os resultados retirados da modelagem proposta. Uma primeira tentativa de modelar a onda interfacial óleo-água através da equação da energia bifásica unidimensional para regime permanente é apresentada e comparada aos resultados obtidos experimentalmente. Valores de comprimento de onda foram coletados para quatro ângulos de inclinação a partir da horizontal (-5º, -2º, 2º e 5º) e diversos pares de vazão de óleo e água. Os dados foram extraídos de frames de vídeos de alta resolução através de uma técnica manual. Um software baseado em LabView foi desenvolvido para possibilitar a automação da obtenção do comprimento de onda e amplitude. Os comprimentos de onda obtidos com a técnica automática foram comparados com os dados obtidos através da técnica manual. O mensuramento é bem satisfatório e sugere que a ferramenta experimental proposta possa ser aplicada para o estudo de qualquer padrão de escoamento óleo-água, onde uma estrutura ondulatória possa ser identificada. A validade da modelagem da onda interfacial proposta foi avaliada através da comparação entre os resultados teóricos e dados experimentais. A concordância observada é encorajadora. / Even though the oil-water stratified flow pattern has a common occurrence in the upstream oil industry, quite often in directional wells, there are only a few works in the literature dealing with its interfacial wavy structure. This work has the mean goal of comprehending a characterizing the interfacial wave structure in inclined water-oil stratified pipe flow, comparing it with the proposed model. A model, based on the steady-state one-dimensional two-phase flow energy equation is presented and compared to our experimental data. Wave lengths and amplitude data were collected at four inclinations from the horizontal (-5º, -2º, 2º and 5º) and several oil and water flow rates. The data were extracted form high-resolution video images through a manual technique. A LabView based software was developed in order to obtain the lengths and amplitude automatically. Wave length obtained from it were compared to the manual technique data. The satisfactory measurement suggests the applicability of the experimental tool to any water-oil pipe flow pattern, where a wave structure can be identified. The validity by the comparison between theoretical and experimental data. The agreement observed is promising.

Nous nous intéressons à l'écoulement de milieux granulaires cohésifs soumis à des vibrations horizontales en vue d'une application au remplissage des moules de presse. L'effet des vibrations est analysé pour un grain ou un milieu granulaire déposé sur un plan incliné et un milieu granulaire contenu dans une conduite verticale de section constante. Pour un grain polyédrique, trois régimes sont identifiés : stick, stick-slip et slip. Un modèle basé sur le bilan des forces appliquées à un grain a permis de préciser les limites de ces trois domaines. La vitesse des grains tend vers une asymptote lorsque l'inclinaison est inférieure à 0,7 fois l'angle de frottement entre les grains et le plan. Par ailleurs, l'inertie du grain conduit à une réduction de l'amplitude de son oscillation lorsque l'accélération augmente. La comparaison modèle-expérience permet d'estimer le coefficient de frottement. Pour un milieu granulaire de faible épaisseur, nous retrouvons les mêmes tendances. Les milieux granulaires épais sont le lieu de forts cisaillements provoquant leur étalement très rapide. En conduite verticale, une compétition s'établit entre les déplacements horizontal et vertical des particules. Selon l'inertie, les vibrations appliquées pourront conduire soit à une dilatance soit à une compaction. Cette dernière provient du déplacement de la conduite et du milieu granulaire en sens opposé pendant une partie d'une période de vibration. Si le phénomène de compaction atteint le centre de la conduite, il se forme des arches qui bloquent l'écoulement. Les observations faites à l'échelle mésoscopique permettent d'interpréter les vitesses d'écoulement mesurées à l'échelle macroscopique. / With the target to improve the feeding step during the moulding process, we study the flow of cohesive granular matter submitted to vibration. Vibration effects are first analyzed on the sliding motion of a single particle on inclined plane and also on granular matter sample deposited on an inclined plane or in a vertical funnel. For a single particle, three regimes are identified: stick, stick-slip and slip regimes. A simple model based on the movement equation of one grain allows to determinate the limits between the three regimes. The grain velocity reaches asymptote when the plane inclination is below 0.7 times the friction angle between the grain and the substrate. Otherwise, when the acceleration increases, the grain inertia leads to reduce the transverse amplitude of the grain oscillation motion. The comparison between experimental and numerical results allows to estimate a value for the friction coefficient parameter. For a granular sample, we find the same tendencies. Thick granular layers are submitted to high shear, causing a fast spreading. In vertical funnel, there is a competition between vertical and horizontal motions. Depending on granular inertia, submitted vibrations could lead to dilatancy due to the shear or lead to compaction. This compaction is due to an opposite motion direction between the sample and the funnel during one part of the period vibration. If the compaction reaches the center of the funnel, arches are formed and jammed the flow. Observations realized at mesoscopic scale allow to interpret flow velocities measured at macroscopic scale.

Le couchage rideau est un procédé d'enduction sans contact qui permet un couchage « contour » d'une feuille de papier dont le point clé est la stabilité du rideau. Ce procédé semble devoir se développer dans les années à venir pour la production de papiers impression-écriture et de papiers et cartons d'emballages. Néanmoins, il existe aujourd'hui un écart important entre la stabilité théorique du rideau et les observations. Nous avons donc analysé par CFD l'écoulement interne dans un dispositif de couchage pilote avec différents fluides Newtoniens et Non-Newtoniens ainsi que l'écoulement externe sur le plan incliné de l'appareil. L'étude de l'écoulement interne par CFD a permis de faire ressortir la cause de vortex pouvant apparaître dans le dispositif. Pour avoir un écoulement sans vortex, le nombre de Reynolds à l'entrée doit être inférieur à une valeur critique égale à 20 pour la géométrie étudiée quel que soit le fluide utilisé. De plus la présence d'une seconde cavité permet de filtrer les perturbations pour des fluides peu rhéofluidifiants, ce qui est le cas des sauces de couchages pour des papiers WFC. Ces résultats ont été validés expérimentalement à l'aide de traceurs et de PIV en utilisant une réplique exacte en Plexiglas de la coucheuse rideau. Enfin en ce qui concerne l'étude de l'écoulement externe sur le plan incliné, l'utilisation de la CFD a permis de conclure que, pour les dispositifs de couchage utilisés et les conditions opératoires de nos industries, certains problèmes présentés dans la littérature ne devraient pas exister. / Curtain coating is a contactless coating process which permits a contour coating of the paper and the key parameter of this process is a perfect stable curtain. This technology is expected to spread widely for graphic paper grades and boards in the next few years. Nevertheless, many experimental works revealed some differences between stability theory and results observed on the curtain. In this work, we performed CFD simulations both for Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids on the internal flow in a pilot curtain coater and on the flow down the inclined plane. The CFD study of the internal flow revealed the cause of vortex creation into the coater. To maintain vortex-free operation, the Reynolds number at the inlet must remain below a critical value whatever the fluid, which is equal to 20 with the studied geometry whatever the studied fluid. Moreover, a second cavity is useful since instabilities coming from the first cavity could be filtered for low shear-thinning fluids, which is the case of the WFC coating colours. These simulation results were validated thanks to flow visualization experiments with tracers and PIV using a transparent replica of the coater. Finally CFD simulations on the inclined plane were carried out and permitted to conclude that for the range of operating conditions used on the pilot curtain coater, some issues presented in literature should not exist industrially.

Inclined planes and stairs are current in the environment and represent a barrier for seniors and people with mobility problems. Slower progression, alteration in gait pattern likely explains the high rate of fall on these surfaces, but their effect on balance is not well known. Our objective was thus to compare the difficulty in maintaining dynamic stability during the ascent and descent of an inclined plane and stairs at natural and slow walking speed in healthy individuals. Ten young healthy participants ascended and descended an inclined plane and stairs, instrumented with force- platforms to record ground reaction forces. Whole-body kinematics was also recorded to determine balance difficulty using the stabilizing and destabilizing forces, center of mass velocity and step length. Analyses of variance were used to compare the effect of surface (inclined plane vs. stairs), direction (ascent vs. descent) and speed (natural vs. slow). The stabilizing force was higher on the inclined plane than on the stairs, with a higher velocity of the center of mass. Stabilizing force was higher and destabilizing force was lower during descent than ascent only in the inclined plane but destabilizing force was lower during ascent than descent on the stairs. Slower gait speed reduced balance difficulty on both surfaces. Step length was shorter in the stairs than on the inclined plane, and particularly during descent, and at slow gait speed. Balance difficulty was higher on the inclined plane than on the stairs and at natural speed than at slow speed. The effect of direction was opposite between surfaces with higher difficulty during descent of the inclined plane, but during ascent of the stairs. Further studies are necessary in older adults or individuals with balance deficits. / La présence d’un escalier ou d’un plan incliné constitue souvent un obstacle sérieux à la réalisation des habitudes de vie des personnes ayant des incapacités physiques et même chez les personnes âgées. L’objectif général de cette étude était de quantifier l’équilibre dynamique lors de la négociation (montée et descente) d’un escalier et d’un plan incliné chez des sujets en santé. Dix sujets en santé ont été recrutés pour participer à l’évaluation. Les participants ont effectué la montée et la descente du plan incliné et de l’escalier à vitesse naturelle puis à vitesse lente. L’évaluation a compris un enregistrement de la cinématique de l’ensemble du corps. L’ensemble des données ont servi à analyser la force déstabilisante, la force stabilisante, la vitesse du centre de masse et la longueur de pas. Des ANOVAs et des tests t de Student ont permis de comparer l’effet de la surface (plan incliné vs. Escalier), de la direction (montée vs. Descente) et de la vitesse (naturelle vs. lente). La force stabilisante était plus élevée sur le plan incliné qu’à l’escalier, avec une vitesse de centre de masse plus élevée. La force stabilisante était plus élevée et la force déstabilisante était plus basse durant la descente en comparaison avec la montée sur le plan incliné. Par contre, à l’escalier, la force déstabilisante était plus basse lors de la montée en comparaison avec la descente. La vitesse de marche lente a réduit la difficulté en termes d’équilibre sur les deux surfaces. Les pas étaient plus courts sur l’escalier en comparaison avec le plan incliné, particulièrement lors de la descente à vitesse naturelle. L’effet de direction était opposé entre les surfaces, avec une difficulté plus élevée durant la descente du plan incliné et durant la montée de l’escalier. Des études approfondies seront nécessaires chez les personnes âgées et les personnes ayant des déficits de la balance.

The primary objective of this masters thesis is to assess the eects of the length of crack and the angle, of which is this crack inclined on the stress and strain states at its front for the test sample loaded under shear. The rst part of this thesis will analyze the individual approaches that lead to the description of the aforementioned conditions. The second part deals with the FEM model assembly, which will lead to the fracture parameters, the values of which will be compared in part three.

Geothermal energy is one of the oldest forms of energy on our planet. Its use by humanity dates back to the beginning of the ages. The forms of this energy gradually changed from the direct heat of the hot springs, through the heating of the buildings and the baths to the later use of superheated steam for industrial use. Nowadays, there is a large share of the use of large number of ground geothermal boreholes with heat exchangers drilled in the matrix. The geometric arrangement of such system has a considerable impact on its operation. Specific examples show that, unlike the design, actual boreholes in such system can often be drilled non vertically or even curved. These imperfections then usually deteriorate the thermal properties of the system. This thesis demonstrates the influence analysis of the borehole geometry distortion on the system thermal properties, it also informs about the development of a special measuring device designed to obtain information about the actual geometric shape of the investigated borehole and about the development of software for in situ rapid borehole system properties evaluation. The theoretical part of thesis contains the derivation of a simplified numerical model of heat conduction in the vicinity of the borehole system. Its results serve to compare the different borehole variants and the inaccuracy of borehole shaping. Using the simulations, the influence of inaccuracies in the borehole system on its thermal properties is demonstrated in several model configurations. This effect does not occur in a single borehole, but it is significantly visible in organized geothermal borehole systems. It may deteriorate system properties, but under certain circumstances its properties may improve. Verification of the results of these simulations was performed by the FEFLOW simulation software. In the practical part the development of a special instrument for measuring the shape of a geothermal energy borehole is documented. ....