The slightly water-soluble β-CD and its crystalline inclusion complexes with different molecular weights of poly( ethylene glycol), abbreviated as PEG, were prepared and characterized. The results show that the β -CD forms a crystalline inclusion complex with PEG (MW 600) and PEG (MW 1500) in the solid state. In the solution state, 2D NMR spectroscopy, shows that the PEG is present in the cavity of the P-CD. Coherent cross peaks were observed in both 2D NMR NOESY and ROESY showing correlation between the inner and outer protons of β -CD with the repeating unit of PEG. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the formation water soluble crystalline complexes between the β -CD with the amorphous PEG (MW 600) and PEG (MW 1500). Crystal formation was supported by wide angle X-Ray studies, W AXD. W AXD patterns for the β-CD/PEG crystalline complexes show new peaks indicative of formation of structures different from the crystalline β-CD.

Orientador: Francisco Benedito Teixeira Pessine / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandrino_GuilhermeLionello_M.pdf: 6401639 bytes, checksum: 74c410c18bcea29a9d36cd3c84b3cfe9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Tiabendazol (TBZ) é um fármaco pouco solúvel em água (66 mg/mL), derivado do benzimidazol, com ampla aplicação farmacológica, devido a suas propriedades anti-helmíntica, fungicida e bactericida. O aumento em sua solubilidade pode ser atingido preparando complexos de inclusão com Ciclodextrinas (bCD), que são polissacarídeos cíclicos de D-(+)-glicopiranose unidas por meio de ligações glicosídicas a-1,4, cuja estrutura resulta em um ambiente interno hidrofóbico e uma superfície e extremidades hidrofílicas. Neste trabalho, a preparação de complexos de inclusão entre TBZ e bCD foi realizada pelo método de co-precipitação, em duas metodologias que diferiram na etapa de solubilização do TBZ: empregando etanol ou meio ácido com HCl em pH 2.2. Os complexos preparados foram caracterizados no estado sólido, através das técnicas de espectroscopia de absorção no i.v., difratometria de raios-X e análise termogravimétrica. Em solução, a estabilidade termodinâmica do complexo de inclusão TBZ:bCD foi investigada em meios que simulam os fluídos gástrico e intestinal humano, sem enzimas, determinando as constantes de equilíbrio K nas temperaturas 25 (150 ± 31), 37 (85 ± 32) e 45 ºC (83 ± 23), e as funções termodinâmicas de formação DHº (-24 kJ/mol), DS º (-39 J/mol.K) e DGº (-12,5 kJ/mol), através de dados de espectroscopia de fluorescência. Além disso, a estrutura supramolecular deste complexo em água foi investigada por RMN, a partir de espectros de dados de deslocamento químico em espectros de H e do experimento ROESY-1D, em que o último sugere encapsulação do fármaco através de seu grupo benzimidazol, além da determinação dos coeficientes de difusão e K (49 a 25ºC) por DOSY, em D2O. Os dados experimentais sobre estabilidade termodinâmica e informações estruturais foram confrontados com resultados obtidos de cálculos teóricos de otimização molecular e determinação de energias de conformações e interações, realizados com os métodos quânticos PM3 e DFT (vacuo) e PM6 (meio aquoso) / Abstract: Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a poorly water soluble drug derived from benzimidazole with wide pharmacological, fungicide and bactericide applicability. The enhancement of its water solubility can be achieved through formation of inclusion complexes with beta-Cyclodextrin (bCD), a cyclic polysaccharide from D- (+)-glicopyranose units linked by a-1,4 chemical bonds, whose structure has a hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic surface and extremities. This work involves the preparation of inclusion complexes with TBZ and bCD by the co-precipitation method, using two methodologies for the TBZ solubilization step: with ethanol or HCl medium (pH 2.2). The inclusion complexes were characterized on solid state by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermodynamic stability of TBZ:bCD inclusion complex was investigated in human simulated gastric and intestinal fluids but without the respective enzymes. Equilibrium constants K at the temperatures of 25 (150 ± 31), 37 (85 ± 32) and 45ºC (83 ± 23), and the thermodynamic functions DH º (-24 kJ/mol), DS º (-39 J/mol.K) and DG º (-12,5 kJ/mol) were evaluated through fluorescence spectroscopy. The supramolecular structure of this complex in aqueous solution was extensively investigated by NMR spectroscopy, based on H chemical shift and ROESY-1D experiments, with the latter one suggesting the drug interacts with the CD through its benzimidazole group. NMR-based experiment DOSY was also employed to get the diffusion coefficients and K (49 at 25ºC), in D2O. Experimental results on thermodynamic stability and structural information were compared with theoretical calculations of TBZ:bCD molecular optimization and determination of conformation and interaction energies of related structures. The calculations of the isolated species, in vacuum, were performed by PM3 and DFT methods, while PM6 method was employed for calculation simulating the aqueous media / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Inez Valeria Pagotto Yoshida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abbehausen_Camilla_M.pdf: 940208 bytes, checksum: 2b2315fde8a813d9a3f372ac94b57962 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: No presente trabalho obteve-se híbridos de siloxano e b-ciclodextrina (b-CD). Baseando-se na comprovada reatividade das ciclodextrinas frente a grupos isocianatos, sintetizou-se um híbrido de b-ciclodextrina e siloxano, pela reação da b-ciclodextrina com g-isocianatopropiltrietoxissilano (IPTS), formando uma ligação uretana entre o silano e a b-ciclodextrina. O alcoxissilano, posteriormente hidrolisado, deu origem a um material resinoso do tipo polissilsesquioxano (PSS) modificado por b-ciclodextrina. O mesmo alcoxissilano foi também submetido à condensação com poli(dimetilsiloxano) contendo ¿Si(CH3)2-OH em finais de cadeia, dando origem a uma rede polimérica, também de aspecto resinoso, contendo nos nós de reticulação a b-cyclodextrin. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados estruturalmente por espectro infravermelho (IV), ressonância magnética nuclear de C (RMN C) e de Si (RMN Si) e análise por difração de raios X (DRX). O comportamento térmico dos materiais foi analisado por termogravimetria (TGA). A capacidade formadora de complexos de inclusão das ciclodextrinas inseridas no polímero PSS-b-CD foi avaliada pela inclusão de fenolftaleína, monitorada por espectrofotometria na região UV-vis e a difusão de água pelo material foi avaliada por ensaios de intumescimento. A morfologia dos filmes dos materiais preparados foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). / Abstract: In this study, hybrid polymers derived from siloxane and b-cyclodextrin (b-CD) were obtained, by reaction of b-CD with g-isocianatepropyltriethoxysilane (IPTS), forming a urethane bond between these components. The resulting alkoxysilane was hydrolyzed generating b-CD-modified polysilsesquioxane resin (b-CD-PSS). The alkoxysilane was also submitted to condensation with poly(dimethylsiloxane) with ¿ Si(CH3)2-OH end groups, giving rise to a resinous polymeric network. These materials were characterized by infrared spectrum, C and Si nuclear magnetic resonance and X ray diffraction. The thermal behavior was analyzed by thermogravimetry. The capability of b-CD grafted in the siloxane polymers to form inclusion complexes was evaluated by the formation of b-CD-phenolphthalein, by UV-vis sectra. The ability of water diffusion into b-CD-PSS film was evaluated by swelling measurement. b-CD modified siloxanes were able to form films and their morphologies were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 2,7-dimethylocta-3,5-diyne-2,7-diol forms inclusion complexes with various guests molecules, where the guest molecules are polar-ordered. A Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) search revealed ten inclusion complexes where the guest molecules were polar-ordered. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational methods (in the absence of the host), we evaluated the intra-channel and lateral guest-guest interactions between the guest molecules. Two polar-ordered inclusion complexes ((1,4,7-cyclohexane-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxonane)·CHCl3 and (2,4,6-(endolongifolyl)-1,3,5-trioxane)·CDCl3) were singled out in the CSD search for further studies along with 2,7-dimethylocta-3,5-diyne-2,7-diol. Synthesis of any 1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxonane and 1,3,5-trioxane derivatives was attempted to establish whether the polar-ordering ability extends into the family of compounds. We managed to produce three new polar-ordered inclusion complexes with 2,7-dimethylocta-3,5-diyne-2,7-diol (ClC(CH3)3, BrC(CH3)3 and IC(CH3)3), thus extending the series to six guest polar-ordered systems. We were only able to synthesise 1,4,7-cyclohexane-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxonane and produce the CHCl3 inclusion complex and one new polar-ordered inclusion complex (CHBr3). Three 1,3,5-trioxanes was synthesised (the cyclohexyl, cyclohex-3-en-1-yl and cyclopentyl derivatives), which did not include any solvents. However, these 1,3,5-trioxanes also form polar-ordered crystals. These compounds and inclusion complexes were analysed by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction to determine their crystal structures. All the crystal structures could be solved and refined to adequate accuracy (except for 2,4,6-tri(cyclopentyl)-1,3,5-trioxane) with no disorder of the guest molecules (where applicable) and their polar-ordering property investigated. Due to their vast molecular differences, these compounds were studied separately by means of visual crystal structure analysis and computational modelling techniques (Density functional theory, molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics and molecular quench dynamics). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 2,7-dimetielokta-3,5-diyn-2,7-diol vorm insluitingskomplekse met verskeie molekules as gaste, waar die gas-molekules polêr georden is. 'n Cambridge Struktuur Databasis (CSD) soektog lewer tien insluitings komplekse waarvan die gas-molekules polêr georden is. Deur gebruik te maak van Digtheidsfunksionele teorie (DFT) berekeninge (in die afwesigheid van die gasheer) het ons die inter-kanaal en wedersydse gas-gas interaksies tussen die gas molekules geëvalueer. Twee polêr geordende insluitingskomplekse ((1,4,7-sikloheksaan-1,2,4,5,7,8-heksaoksonaan)·CHCl3 en (2,4,6-(endolongifolyl)-1,3,5-trioksaan)·CDCl3) is uitgesonder uit die CSD soektog vir verdere studies saam met 2,7-dimetielokta-3,5-diyn-2,7-diol. Aanslag was gemaak om enige 1,2,4,5,7,8-heksaoksonaan en 1,3,5-trioksaan derivate te sintetiseer en vas te stel of die polêre ordensvermoë oor die familie van verbindings strek. Ons het daarin geslaag om drie nuwe polêr geordende insluitingskomplekse op te lewer met 2,7-dimetielokta-3,5-diyn-2,7-diol (Cl(CH3)3, BrC(CH3)3 en I(CH3)3), en sodoende die reeks uitgebrei na ses gaste wat polêr geordende insluitingskomplekse vorm. Net 1,4,7-sikloheksaan-1,2,4,5,7,8-heksaoksonaan kon gesintetiseer word en dit lewer twee polêr geordende insluitingskomplekse (CHCl3 en CHBr3 (nuut)). Drie 1,3,5-trioksane is gesintetiseer (die sikloheksiel, sikloheks-3-een-1-iel en siklopentiel derivate) en het nie enige oplosmiddels (gaste) ingesluit nie. Nietemin vorm hiedie 1,3,5-trioksane ook polêr geordende kristalle. Hierdie verbindings en insluitingskomplekse is geanaliseer deur middel van enkelkristal X-straal diffraksie om hul kristalstrukture te bepaal. Alle kristalstrukture was opgelos en verwerk tot voldoende akkuraatheid (behalwe vir 2,4,6-tri(siklopentiel)-1,3,5-trioxane) met geen wanorde in die gas molekuul posisies nie (waar van toepassing) en hul polêre ordensvermoë is ondersoek. As gevolg van groot verskille in hul molekulêre strukture, is hierdie verbindings afsonderlik bestudeer deur middel van molekulêre modellerings metodes (Digtheidsfunksionele teorie, molekulêre meganika, molekulêre dinamika en molekulêre stakings dinamika).

<p>The papermaking industry uses a large amount of starch each year, both as a wet-end additive and as a rheological modifier in surface sizing and coating colors. It is important to be able to reduce the amount of chemicals used in the papermaking and surface treatment process, to reduce costs and to make the process even more efficient. Interest in new high-performance starches is great. By using these new types of starches, improved recycling of barrier products may be obtained as well as a reduction in the use of synthetic sizing agents. The objectives of this work were to understand the behavior of temperature-responsive hydrophobically modified starches, where the solubility in water simply can be adjusted by temperature or by polymer charge, to improve the barrier properties, like the water vapor permeability, mechanical properties and water resistance (Cobb and contact angle) of papers surface sized by starch-containing solutions, and to investigate the potential for industrial use of these temperature-responsive starches. It was demonstrated that the temperature-responsive starches phase separate upon cooling and, depending on the charge density of the starch, a particulate precipitation or a gel-like structure was obtained. The starch with zero net charge showed a larger increase in turbidity than the starch with a cationic net charge, indicating that particulate precipitation is favored by a zero net charge and that the formation of a gel network is favored by charged starch molecules. Further, the starches formed inclusion complexes with surfactants, giving stabilization to the starches in the presence of surfactants. The net charge density of the starch and the charge of the surfactant determined whether or not an inclusion complex would form between them. Important mechanisms for the stability of the starch seemed to be formation of mixed micellar-like structures between the hydrophobic chain of the starch and the surfactant along the starch backbone in addition to formation of inclusion complexes between the starch and the surfactant. The hydrophobically modified starches showed higher hydrophobic surface character when applied to the paper surface above the critical phase separation temperature than with application at room temperature. Free films of the temperature-responsive starches showed good barrier against oxygen, but no barrier against water vapor. The mechanical properties decreased with addition of glycerol to the films.</p>

Les analogues de nucléosides (AN), sont des agents importants dans le traitement d’hémopathies malignes et de certaines tumeurs solides. Le catabolisme rapide, la résistance cellulaire au traitement et le grand volume de distribution dans le corps limitent potentiellement l’efficacité thérapeutique des AN. Notre objectif est de concevoir un vecteur permettant un ciblage de ces molécules vers les tissus cancéreux, assurant son internalisation cellulaire et sa protection dans les milieux biologiques. Trois types de vecteurs de taille micronique, submicronique et moléculaire ont été élaborés et caractérisés : microparticules polymériques à base de poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), liposomes multilamellaires et complexes d’inclusion de la prodrogue de la cytarabine (Ara-C), qui est active sur certaines lignées cellulaires résistantes à l’Ara-C, l’AraC-SATE (bis(tbutyl-S-acyl-2-thioethyl)-cytidine monophosphate).Les microparticules ont été préparées par la méthode de « double émulsion - évaporation de solvant » en utilisant comme surfactants des copolymères amphiphiles composés de blocs biodégradables de PCL et de blocs bio-éliminables de polyéthylène glycol (PEG). Une série de copolymères mPEG-PCL avec des blocs PCL de différents poids moléculaires a été synthétisée et l’effet de la longueur de chaînes de PCL sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules a été étudié. Une efficacité d’encapsulation satisfaisante a pu être obtenue, qui a été dix fois plus importante que celle des microparticules à base de PCL seul. Les liposomes ont été préparés par la méthode d’injection d’éthanol. Une étude de formulation a été réalisée afin de sélectionner la formule permettant d’obtenir la meilleure efficacité d’encapsulation. Le test d’internalisation cellulaire et du comportement aérodynamique des liposomes nébulisés ont montré la pertinence des liposomes élaborés pour le ciblage des cellules pulmonaires qui pourrait être d'un grand intérêt pour le traitement des métastases au niveau des poumons.L’encapsulation moléculaire de l’AraC-SATE dans l’hydroxyporpyl-β-cyclodextrine a été réalisée pour augmenter la solubilité apparente de la prodrogue. L’évaluation des complexes sur des cultures de cellules leucémiques murines a montré une activité cytotoxique comparable à celle de la prodrogue indiquant que l’inclusion moléculaire ne modifie pas l’activité biologique de la prodrogue. / Nucleoside analogues (NA) are important agents in the treatment of haematological malignancies and solid tumours. Their rapid catabolism, cell resistance and overdistribution in the body jeopardize the NA chemotherapy. Our objective is to design a vector for these molecules targeting cancerous tissue and ensuring its cellular internalization and protection in the biological media. Micro-sized, nano-sized and molecular vectors were developed and characterized: polymeric microparticles of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), multilamellar liposomes and inclusion complexes of the prodrug of cytarabine (Ara-C), which is active on some cell types resistant to treatment, the AraC-SATE (bis(tbutyl-S-acyl-2-thioethyl)-cytidine monophosphate).The microparticles were prepared by the "double emulsion - solvent evaporation" method using as surfactants, amphiphilic copolymers consisting of biodegradable blocks (PCL) and bio-removable blocks (polyethylene glycol, PEG). A series of copolymers mPEG-PCL with PCL blocks of different molecular weights was synthesized and the effect of PCL chain length on the particle physico-chemical properties was studied. Satisfactory encapsulation efficiency could be obtained, which was 10 times greater than that of microparticles prepared with PCL alone. Liposomes were prepared by the ethanol injection method. A formulation study was conducted in order to select the formula having the optimal encapsulation efficiency. Investigations about the cell internalization and the aerodynamic behaviour of the nebulized liposomes showed the relevance of developed liposomes for targeting lung cells that could be of great interest for the treatment of metastases in the lungs. The molecular encapsulation of the AraC-SATE in the hydroxyporpyl-β-cyclodextrin was carried out in order to increase the apparent solubility of the prodrug. The evaluation of inclusion complexes on murine leukemic cell cultures showed a cytotoxic activity comparable to that of the prodrug indicating that the molecular inclusion does not alter the biological activity of the prodrug.

A amilose, na presença de agentes complexantes adequados, tende a formar complexos de inclusão. Os mesmos são carregadores promissores, já que os ligantes aprisionados podem ser libertados posteriormente, o que conduz a muitas aplicações. Porém, a utilização da amilose nativa (AM) na formação dos complexos é limitada devido a sua baixa solubilidade em água. Sendo assim, estudos envolvendo a modificação desta molécula tornam-se promissores. O objetivo da presente tese foi preparar complexos de inclusão a partir da amilose nativa (AM) e modificada (AMA) usando como ligantes Rifampicina (RIF), Rodamina B (RB) e o Azul de Bromotimol (AB). Primeiramente, dentre os métodos existentes para modificação, escolheu-se a acetilação. O grau de acetilação foi investigado e a estrutura da amilose foi caracterizada por meio de FTIR, MEV, TGA e DSC. Quando comparada à AM, AMA apresentou maior solubilidade em água. A presença das bandas de absorção no FTIR à 1727, 1240 e 1122 cm-1, confirmaram a acetilação. Os resultados de MEV sugeriram que a superfície lisa da AM foi transformada em uma superfície mais áspera em AMA e as análises de TGA e DSC mostraram uma estrutura instável para a mesma. Após esta etapa os complexos foram produzidos e a influência da temperatura e dos ligantes foi avaliada através da caracterização físico-química. UV-vis, DLS, PZ e MEV foram as técnicas usadas neste processo. As análises de UV confirmaram a formação dos complexos e aqueles desenvolvidos na temperatura de 65°C foram mais eficientes. Dentre estes destacam-se aqueles complexos preparados com RIF. O diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio (dh) dos complexos medidos por DLS variou entre 70 e 100 nm, indicando que os mesmos podem ser utilizados em sistema de liberação controlada. Comparando o dh da AM e AMA, observou-se que os tamanhos são maiores após a complexação, o que pode indicar que para AMA ou a interação forma complexos mais compactos, ou os ligantes não interagiram com a AMA. Análise de PZ mostrou que os complexos AM-RB e AM-AB apresentam alta estabilidade (PZ < -30 mV) e que os demais complexos apresentam valores de PZ próximos da neutralidade, o que pode melhorar a adsorção dos mesmos em sistemas biológicos. Os complexos AMA-RB e AMA-AB não formaram complexos no estado sólido e os demais formaram uma estrutura amorfa após precipitação. Em conclusão, este estudo levou ao desenvolvimento de um método eficaz para a preparação de complexos de inclusão de amilose. / In the presence of suitable complexing agents, amylose tends to form inclusion complexes. This polymer is considered a promisor carrier since the ligands confined in its chains can be released later, leading to various applications. However, the use of native amylose (AM) in complexes formation is restricted due to its low water solubility. Therefore, studies regarding amylose modification become promising. The aim of this thesis was preparing inclusion complexes made of native (AM) and modified (AMA) amylose using rifampicin (RIF), rhodamine B (RB), and bromothymol blue (AB) as ligands. At first, acetylation was the chosen modification among the modified methods described in the literature. The acetylation degree was investigated and the modified macromolecule was characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA, and DSC analysis. Compared with AM, AMA presented increased water solubility. The presence of absorption bands at 1727, 1240, and 1121 cm-1 confirmed the acetylation. SEM images suggested that the smooth surface of AM was turned into a rougher surface in AMA, while TGA and DSC results showed a less stable structure for AMA. After this step, the complexes were prepared and the influence of the temperature and ligand type was evaluated through physicochemical characterization. UV-Vis, DLS, PZ, and SEM were the techniques used in this process. UV-Vis analysis confirmed complexes formation, revealing that the ones prepared at 65°C were more efficient. Among those, complexes prepared with RIF stand out. The average hydrodynamic diameter (dh) of the complexes measured by DLS ranged from 70 to 100 nm, indicating that these complexes can be used in controlled release systems. Comparing the dh of AM and AMA, it was observed that the sizes were larger after complexation, which may indicate more compact complexes or no interaction between AMA and ligands. ZP results showed that AM-RB and AM-AB complexes presented high stability (PZ < -30 mV), while the others presented PZ values near neutrality, which can increase their adsorption in biological systems. AMA-RB and AMA-AB did not form complexes in solid state, while the others formed an amorphous structure after precipitation. In conclusion, this study leaded to an effective method development for the amylose inclusion complexes preparation.

The papermaking industry uses a large amount of starch each year, both as a wet-end additive and as a rheological modifier in surface sizing and coating colors. It is important to be able to reduce the amount of chemicals used in the papermaking and surface treatment process, to reduce costs and to make the process even more efficient. Interest in new high-performance starches is great. By using these new types of starches, improved recycling of barrier products may be obtained as well as a reduction in the use of synthetic sizing agents. The objectives of this work were to understand the behavior of temperature-responsive hydrophobically modified starches, where the solubility in water simply can be adjusted by temperature or by polymer charge, to improve the barrier properties, like the water vapor permeability, mechanical properties and water resistance (Cobb and contact angle) of papers surface sized by starch-containing solutions, and to investigate the potential for industrial use of these temperature-responsive starches. It was demonstrated that the temperature-responsive starches phase separate upon cooling and, depending on the charge density of the starch, a particulate precipitation or a gel-like structure was obtained. The starch with zero net charge showed a larger increase in turbidity than the starch with a cationic net charge, indicating that particulate precipitation is favored by a zero net charge and that the formation of a gel network is favored by charged starch molecules. Further, the starches formed inclusion complexes with surfactants, giving stabilization to the starches in the presence of surfactants. The net charge density of the starch and the charge of the surfactant determined whether or not an inclusion complex would form between them. Important mechanisms for the stability of the starch seemed to be formation of mixed micellar-like structures between the hydrophobic chain of the starch and the surfactant along the starch backbone in addition to formation of inclusion complexes between the starch and the surfactant. The hydrophobically modified starches showed higher hydrophobic surface character when applied to the paper surface above the critical phase separation temperature than with application at room temperature. Free films of the temperature-responsive starches showed good barrier against oxygen, but no barrier against water vapor. The mechanical properties decreased with addition of glycerol to the films.

NMR is a powerful analytical spectroscopic tool used to perform detailed studies of structure and dynamics of molecules in solution. However, despite NMR's excellent spectral sensitivity, most NMR methods suffer from low detection sensitivity. This low detection sensitivity results largely from extremely small (Boltzmann) nuclear spin polarization at thermal equilibrium--in even the strongest of magnets. This dissertation focuses on selected research areas that maybe used to combat the limitations presented by NMR and measure weak spectral responses with atomic-scale precision. In particular, these methods involve the use of laser-polarized xenon, liquid crystals, and polarization transfer (cross-polarization) techniques to enhance NMR sensitivity and/or measure weak interactions. The potential use of these tools to study host-guest interactions is of particular interest. In certain systems the sensitivity problem of conventional NMR/MRI can be overcome by applying optical pumping (OP) methods to enhance nuclear spin polarization. For instance, OP of noble gases (such as xenon) is employed to dramatically increase their nuclear spin polarization by transferring angular momentum of laser light to electronic and then nuclear spins. Next, cryptophane complexes are ideal choices for fundamental studies of prototypical host-guest interactions. Of general interest when studying host-guest interactions is how (1) physical confinement at the nanoscale and (2) interactions between guest and host may affect the properties, dynamics, interactions, and/or reactivity of a trapped molecule and the host/guest complex as a whole. As a more specific example, we are interested in probing host-guest dynamic coupling, which refers to the relative motion of the guest within the host, determined by the relative sizes and geometries--as well as the interactions involved. With the development of new NMR methods and techniques, we hope to gain insight into mechanisms that underlie complex formation by probing the structures, dynamics and energetic contributions involved in ligand binding, where molecular contributions such as: orientational and motional freedom of the guest; and structure, dynamics, and ordering of the host can influence the behavior of inclusion complexes.

A genisteína é uma isoflavona da soja que vem sendo investigada pelo seu potencial antienvelhecimento, baseado nas suas atividades antioxidante, estrogênica e inibidora de proteínas tirosina-quinase. A associação da genisteína com β- ciclodextrina com a formação de um complexo elevou a hidrossolubilidade da isoflavona. A permeabilidade intrínseca da genisteína foi avaliada, bem como sua permeabilidade quando aplicada a partir de gel de hidróxi propilmetilcelulose (HPMC) a 3 %, pelo método de célula de Franz. As associações com β-ciclodextrina, em géis de HPMC 3 %, também foram avaliadas e foi observado um incremento da penetração em favor do complexo produzido em meio aquoso. Devido ao seu alto coeficiente de partição (log P) - 4,36 - a genisteína demonstrou a capacidade de formar reservatórios nas estruturas internas da pele favorecendo sua ação antienvelhecimento na pele. / Genistein is a soy isoflavone that has been investigated for its antiaging potencial, based on antioxidant, estrogenic and proteins tirosin-kinase inhibitor activities. The association of genistein with β-cyclodextrin resulted in a complex formation enhanced the isoflavone hidrosolubity. Genistein instrinsic permeability was evaluated, as well permebility from hydroxypropyl methylcelullose (HPMC) 3 % gel, wtih Franz cell method. The associations with β-cyclodextrin, in HPMC 3 % gels were also evaluated with the observation of na enhancing effect of cyclodextrin in the complex produced in aqueous media. Because its high partition coefficient (log P) - 4,36 - genistein was able to form reservoir in the internal skin layers, favorable to its antiagin action.