4, 4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone-2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (A-007) has recently completed a phase-I clinical trial, and objective responses were seen in advanced breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, skin cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Despite the promising results in the clinical trials, the major disadvantage to using A-007 as a broad-scale therapeutic is its poor water solubility. To make use of this promising anticancer drug either orally or intravenously, the short-term obstacle must be to overcome the limited solubility of A-007 in water. There are several approaches to overcome this obstacle. The first approach is to make hydrolysable prodrugs of A-007. The second approach is to make an A-007 complex with a water soluble host, such as cyclodextrin. We used a combination of these two previously described methods, i.e. transforming A-007 into a more water soluble prodrugs and then further increasing the prodrug water solubility by making their cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Our syntheses and spectroscopic explorations of A-007 prodrugs are presented in this dissertation. Tetramic acid (2, 4 pyrrolidine-2, 4-dione ring system) containing compounds have been found to display a remarkable diversity of biological activities and have attracted the interest of medicinal and synthetic chemists. Magnesidin (1-acetyl-3-octanoyl-5-ethylidene tetramic acid) has strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria that cause gingivitis and dental plaque. Current efforts toward the synthesis of Magnesidin are discussed along with the plans for the completion of synthesis.

<p>Detailed characterization of size and shape of polymers, and development of methods to elucidate the mechanisms behind shape transitions are central issues in this thesis. In particular we characterize grafted polymer chains under confinement in terms of the chain entanglement complexity and mean molecular size. Confinement of polymers into small regions can drastically affect the structural and mechanical properties, and make these systems convenient for a large number of applications, including the design of lubricants, coatings, and various biotechnical applications.</p><p>Using Monte Carlo simulations with a model including both persistence length and intramolecular non-bonded interaction, we find two regimes of polymer behaviour: <i>i) soft mushrooms</i>, where confinement successively flattens the chains with accompanying change in the folding complexity, and <i>ii) hard mushrooms </i>where the compact structures appear to resist confinement and the only way to reorganize the entanglements is by flattening under strong confinement. We also show that a simultaneous use of mean molecular size and chain entanglement complexity renders the possibility to create configurational "phase" diagrams for a wide range of polymers. We have further introduced a new descriptor of folding complexity, <i>the path-space ratio</i>, ζ_α which captures essential features of molecular shape beyond those conveyed by mean size and asphericity.</p><p>This thesis also contains results of light scattering measurements on supramolecular complexes formed when mixing an adamantane end-capped star polymer with a β-cyclodextrin polymer. The specific interactions result in an interplay between the association of the end-caps and a strong inclusion interaction between adamantane and β-cyclodextrin.</p>

Detailed characterization of size and shape of polymers, and development of methods to elucidate the mechanisms behind shape transitions are central issues in this thesis. In particular we characterize grafted polymer chains under confinement in terms of the chain entanglement complexity and mean molecular size. Confinement of polymers into small regions can drastically affect the structural and mechanical properties, and make these systems convenient for a large number of applications, including the design of lubricants, coatings, and various biotechnical applications. Using Monte Carlo simulations with a model including both persistence length and intramolecular non-bonded interaction, we find two regimes of polymer behaviour: i) soft mushrooms, where confinement successively flattens the chains with accompanying change in the folding complexity, and ii) hard mushrooms where the compact structures appear to resist confinement and the only way to reorganize the entanglements is by flattening under strong confinement. We also show that a simultaneous use of mean molecular size and chain entanglement complexity renders the possibility to create configurational "phase" diagrams for a wide range of polymers. We have further introduced a new descriptor of folding complexity, the path-space ratio, ζα which captures essential features of molecular shape beyond those conveyed by mean size and asphericity. This thesis also contains results of light scattering measurements on supramolecular complexes formed when mixing an adamantane end-capped star polymer with a β-cyclodextrin polymer. The specific interactions result in an interplay between the association of the end-caps and a strong inclusion interaction between adamantane and β-cyclodextrin.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / The essential oils (EOs) are compounds extracted from plants that have a great variety of biological activities reported in the literature. In this class, carvone, an unsaturated ketone monoterpene, is found in nature under two enantiomeric forms: S-(+)-carvone and R-(-)-carvone. Carvone has several pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory. R-(-)-carvone has some physico-chemical characteristics that limit its use, such as low solubility in water, high volatilization and easy oxidation. In this perspective, the formation of inclusion complexes (ICs) with cyclodextrins (CDs) have been one of the main strategies to increase the solubility in water of poorly soluble drugs, bypassing their physico-chemical limitations. In this way, the present study aimed to prepare the R-(-)-carvone/β-CD complexes in the 1: 1 molar ratio by different complexation methods: physical mixture (PM), paste complex (PC), slurry complex (SC), ultrasound (US) and freeze drying (FD), characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), Karl Fischer Moisture Determination (KF), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the analytical method for quantification of R-(-)-carvone was developed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and complexation efficiency (CE%) was determined from this method. DSC and TG/DTG curves of the SC and FD methods showed, respectively, the disappearance of the R-(-)-carvone melting characteristic event, and the considerable reduction of mass loss in the first step (Δm1 6.87% and 5.18% between 34-150 °C), indicating the complexation. XRD results of the ICs (PC, SC and FD) showed the disappearance of spectral characteristic lines of β-CD and the emergence of new peaks, suggesting a change of β-CD crystalline phase. SEM images of ICs exhibited relevant changes in morphology compared to free β-CD and PM, showing a decrease in particle size, especially in the US and FD methods. FTIR results showed that there were displacements and reduction in the intensity of the R-(-)-carvone characteristic bands in the ICs spectra. HPLC analysis showed that the higher CE% were obtained by SC and FD methods (70.93% and 84.26%). Thus, it is concluded that the SC and FD complexation methods presented the best host-guest interaction profiles, suggesting IC's formation between R-(-)-carvone and β-CD. / Os óleos essenciais (OEs) são compostos extraídos de plantas que dispõem de uma grande variedade de atividades biológicas relatadas na literatura. Nessa classe, destaca-se a carvona, monoterpeno cetônico insaturado, encontrado na natureza sob duas formas enantioméricas, a S-(+)-carvona e R-(-)-carvona. A carvona possui diversas propriedades farmacológicas tais como: anticancerígena, anticonvulsivante, ansiolítica, antidepressiva e anti-inflamatória. A R-(-)-carvona apresenta algumas características físico-químicas que limitam sua utilização, como por exemplo, baixa solubilidade em água, elevada volatilização e fácil oxidação. Nessa perspectiva, a formação de complexos de inclusão (CIs) com ciclodextrinas (CDs) têm sido uma das principais estratégias para aumentar a solubilidade em água de fármacos fracamente solúveis contornando suas limitações físico-químicas. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo preparar os complexos R-(-)-carvona/β-CD na razão molar 1:1 por diferentes métodos de complexação: mistura física (MF), malaxagem (MA), coevaporação (CE), ultrassom (US) e liofilização (LF) caracterizando-os por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria /termogravimetria derivada (TG/DTG), determinação de umidade por Karl Fischer (KF), espectrofotometria de absorção na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Além disso, o método analítico para quantificação da R-(-)-carvona foi desenvolvido por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e a eficiência de complexação (EC%) foi determinada a partir desse método. As curvas DSC e TG/DTG dos métodos de CE e LF mostraram respectivamente, o desaparecimento do evento característico de fusão da R-(-)-carvona, e a redução considerável de perda de massa na primeira etapa (Δm1 6,87% e 5,18% entre 34-150 °C), indicando a complexação. Os resultados de DRX dos CIs (MA, CE e LF) apresentaram o desaparecimento de linhas espectrais características da β-CD e o surgimento de novos picos, sugerindo mudanças na fase cristalina da β-CD. As imagens de MEV dos CIs exibiram mudanças relevantes na morfologia em comparação com a β-CD livre e a MF, apresentando uma diminuição no tamanho das partículas, principalmente nos métodos US e LF. Os resultados de FTIR demonstrou que houve deslocamentos e redução na intensidade das bandas características da R-(-)-carvona nos espectros dos CIs. As análises de CLAE demonstraram que as maiores EC% foram obtidas pelos métodos de CE e LF (70,93% e 84,26%). Assim, conclui-se que os métodos de complexação CE e LF apresentaram os melhores perfis de interação hóspede-hospedeiro, sugerindo a formação dos CIs entre a R-(-)-carvona e a β-CD. / São Cristóvão, SE

Les membranes nanofibreuses obtenues par électro-filage sont couramment utilisées pour diverses applications biomédicales telles que les pansements ou la régénération tissulaire, en raison de leur grande porosité et de leur morphologie mimant la structure des tissus humains. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié deux stratégies différentes, toutes deux basées sur l'utilisation de la cyclodextrine, pour fonctionnaliser ces membranes avec des molécules d'intérêt biologique. Dans un premier temps, des membranes nanofibreuses à base de complexe de polyélectrolyte ont été élaborées à partir de carboxyméthylcellulose et de chitosane pour des applications de type pansements. Du bleu de méthylène, connu pour son activité antibactérienne, a été incorporé dans les fibres, seul ou en tant que complexe d'inclusion avec la cyclodextrine. Les tests préliminaires sont très prometteurs quant à l’efficacité bactéricide de ces matériaux. Une seconde approche visant à élaborer des nanofibres fonctionnelles à base de poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) a également été étudiée. Le PCL étant très peu fonctionnalisable, des complexes d’inclusion entre ce polyester et les cyclodextrines, appelés pseudo-polyrotaxanes (pPR), ont été préparés. Des fibres cœur:peau ont ensuite été produites en ajoutant les pPR en surface des fibres. Afin de vérifier la réactivité et l’accessibilité des fonctions hydroxyles des cyclodextrines, un fluorophore a été greffé sur les fibres. Ce type de réaction ouvre de nouvelles voies de fonctionnalisation des fibres de PCL jusqu’alors inexplorées. / Electrospun nanofibrous membranes have proven to be ideal scaffolds for biomedical applications such as wound dressing and tissue engineering, mostly due to their high porosity and their morphology that mimics the structure of human tissues. In this work, we investigated two different strategies based on the use of cyclodextrins to functionalize these scaffolds with molecules of interest. Scaffolds made of polyelectrolyte complexes of carboxymethylcellulose and chitosan were first prepared by blend or coaxial electrospinning for wound dressing applications. Methylene blue, a molecule known to present antibiotic activity, was added, alone or as an inclusion complex with cyclodextrin, in the polymer solution before electrospinning. The preliminary biological assessment suggested that the fibrous membranes exhibited good antibacterial activity. In a second part, electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds were prepared for tissue engineering applications. As this polyester can not easily be functionalized, PCL and cyclodextrins were combined to form pseudo-polyrotaxanes (pPRs) with various architectures. Core:shell PCL:pPR fibres were prepared by coaxial electrospinning. Fluorescein isothiocyanate was then grafted onto the fibre surface to prove the presence of available and reactive cyclodextrin hydoxyl groups at the surface of the PCL fibres. This reaction opens the way for innovative and versatile biofunctionalization of PCL.

Les matériaux textiles occupent une place importante dans notre quotidien. Les recherches actuelles s'orientent vers l'élaboration de matériaux à nouvelles propriétés techniques. Parmi les voies d'obtention, on peut citer le greffage de microcapsules ou de molécules cages rechargeables contenant un principe actif qui va être libéré au cours du temps donnant aux textiles de nouvelles fonctionnalités. Dans cette thèse, nous avons synthétisé des cyclodextrines originales dotées de groupements permettant leur greffage sur des fibres de coton après activation du substrat et qui conservent en partie leur capacité à inclure des principes actifs. Dans le souci d'utiliser des technologies propres et d'éviter l'utilisation de produits chimiques, notre choix s'est porté sur une activation par traitement Corona. Nous avons mis en évidence que ce traitement entraîne la formation de radicaux libres, une oxydation et un accroissement de la rugosité en surface des fibres cellulosiques. La conduite en parallèle d'expériences basées sur une activation chimique a confirmé que les radicaux libres formés au cours du traitement Corona sont impliqués dans le mécanisme de greffage de molécules allylées et notamment de la tétradécakis-(2,6-di-O-allyl)-β-cyclodextrine. Des analyses par gravimétrie, spectroscopie de photoélectrons X, thermogravimétrie et microscopie électronique à balayage ont démontré que le greffage avait bien lieu. Après greffage, la cyclodextrine conserve sa capacité à former des complexes d'inclusion notamment lorsque l'on utilise la phénolphtaléine comme molécule invitée ce qui ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour ce travail / Textiles are omnipresent in our everyday life. Research in this area tends to elaborate more sophisticated or "clever" materials i.e. confer new properties by means of innovative protocols. Among the available protocols, we can propose the grafting of microcapsules or host molecules able to guest an active substance which can be evolved. In our study, we synthesized original cyclodextrins bearing functional groups that allow their grafting on activated cotton fabrics. These entities maintain their inclusion ability. For activation purpose, we chose an "ecofriend" technology which does not require solvents, the corona discharge treatment (CDT). We evidenced that formation of free radicals, oxidation, and increase of roughness occur at the surface of cellulose during treatment. By carrying out experiments based on chemical activation, we concluded that free radicals are implied in grafting mechanism of allyl molecules and especially tetradecakis-(2,6-di-O-allyl)-β-cyclodextrin. Analysis by gravimetry, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and scanning electon microscopy give the proof that grafting was effective. The inclusion ability of the modified β-cyclodextrins after grafting was studied with the dye extinction method determined by inclusion of phenolphthalein

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