Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1930. / On cover: University of Pennsylvania. Bibliography: p. 215-218.

Pension income insurance is in the Czech market since 1994 and throughout its operation, the number of its clients increase. Its unique position is due to tax attractive and state contributions. Currently, on the market oprate 10 pension funds, which provides its clients with pension plans for 5 years and then can be saved as a single draw funds or annuity, according to the pension plan. The entire pension system is composed of two pillars PAYG and fading based , which are mutually complementary. Due to adverse demographic changes and financial sustainability of the system, it is necessary to reform the pension system. On the basis of economic expertise have been drawn up various options for changes in the voluntary pillar. Due to the necessary legislative changes, there was also a significant change in the pension income insurance scheme and its position was substantially changed. The voluntary nature of pension obligations have been replaced and now have the ability to save clients money into funds with different investment strategies. "Old" pension scheme will operate in parallelly with the new system, but access to it is no longer possible, it is possible that the pension insurance with state contribution in the longer term expires. The implementation of the government will decide next month.

O principal objetivo dessa tese foi contribuir para a discussão sobre o seguro de renda e sua adoção no Brasil. No primeiro artigo buscou-se fornecer argumentos para posteriores discussões no que se refere ao seguro de renda. Para isso, o artigo apresentou o seguro de renda, seu funcionamento e como ele se desenvolveu nos dois principais países que o utilizaram, sendo eles os Estados Unidos e Canadá. Buscou-se ainda apresentar as principais características desse modelo de seguro, e quais são os principais modelos existentes. Esse artigo também teve como objetivo contribuir teoricamente para o desenvolvimento do tema no que se refere ao contrato ótimo de um seguro de renda. Como resultados, observou-se que a determinação endógena do prêmio e dos custos da seguradora para um contrato ótimo de seguro (de renda) são fundamentais para a solução (principalmente afetando as condições de primeira ordem) assim como os efeitos marginais de determinadas restrições impostas do ponto de vista de Pareto. Além disso, buscouse nesse trabalho tratar, do ponto de vista teórico, a capacidade de proteção de um seguro de renda quando comparado a um portfólio composto por seguros tradicionais de produtividade e mecanismos de proteção de preços, como mercados futuros ou opções. Observou-se uma limitação dos resultados e de uma melhor análise quantitativa dada a ausência de uma forma funcional, porém foi possível observar alguns resultados interessantes no que se refere à substituição entre a adoção de seguros (tradicionais) e derivativos agrícolas para proteção de preços. O segundo artigo teve como objetivo expor formas de calcular as taxas de prêmio de um hipotético seguro de renda no formato dos seguros americanos Income Protection ou Revenue Assurance, para milho para municípios do Paraná/BR, por meio do uso de cópulas na distribuição conjunta entre preços e produtividade. Buscou-se com isso contribuir para a obtenção de taxas mais precisas. Os resultados mostraram que existem significativas diferenças entre as taxas de prêmio entre os diferentes municípios e, ainda mais com relação aos diferentes meses de vencimento dos preços futuros utilizados na análise. Além disso, outras análises revelaram que o adequado planejamento do plantio, por exemplo, pelo produtor rural irá lhe garantir menores taxas de prêmio. Como uma das conclusões do trabalho, observa-se que esse tipo de ferramenta, levando-se em conta as características do país, poderia ser utilizado, principalmente com o ajuste de subvenções por parte do governo federal e/ou estadual. / The main objective of this thesis was to contribute to the discussion of income insurance and its adoption in Brazil. In the first article we attempted to provide arguments for further discussions about income insurance. The paper presented how it works and how it has developed in two major countries: the United States and Canada. It also sought to present the main characteristics of this insurance model, and what are the main existing models. This article also aims to contribute to the theoretical development of the subject with regard to the optimal contract for a income insurance policy. As a result, it was observed that the endogenous determination of the premium and costs of insurance for an optimal contract is the key to the solution (mainly affecting the first order conditions) as well as the marginal effects of certain restrictions, in view of Pareto Optimal. In addition, we sought to address in this paper, in the theoretical point of view, the protective capabilities of a secure income when compared to a \"portfolio\" composed by traditional insurance productivity and price protection mechanisms such as futures or options. There was a limitation of the results and better quantitative analysis given the absence of a functional form, but there have been some interesting results regarding the replacement of the adoption of insurance (traditional) and derivatives for the protection of agricultural prices. The second article aims to explain ways to calculate premium rates for hypothetical income insurance in the form of American Income Protection or Revenue Assurance for corn for municipalities of Parana/BR, through the use of copulas in the joint distribution between prices and productivity. Was sought to help to obtain more accurate rates. The results showed that there are significant differences in premium rates between different cities and even more about the different months of maturity of the futures prices used in the analysis. In addition, further analysis revealed that the proper planning of planting, for example, will guarantee for the farmer a lower premium rates. As one of the conclusions of the study, notes that these types of tool, taking into account the characteristics of the country, could be used, especially with the setting of grants by the federal government and/or state.

O principal objetivo dessa tese foi contribuir para a discussão sobre o seguro de renda e sua adoção no Brasil. No primeiro artigo buscou-se fornecer argumentos para posteriores discussões no que se refere ao seguro de renda. Para isso, o artigo apresentou o seguro de renda, seu funcionamento e como ele se desenvolveu nos dois principais países que o utilizaram, sendo eles os Estados Unidos e Canadá. Buscou-se ainda apresentar as principais características desse modelo de seguro, e quais são os principais modelos existentes. Esse artigo também teve como objetivo contribuir teoricamente para o desenvolvimento do tema no que se refere ao contrato ótimo de um seguro de renda. Como resultados, observou-se que a determinação endógena do prêmio e dos custos da seguradora para um contrato ótimo de seguro (de renda) são fundamentais para a solução (principalmente afetando as condições de primeira ordem) assim como os efeitos marginais de determinadas restrições impostas do ponto de vista de Pareto. Além disso, buscouse nesse trabalho tratar, do ponto de vista teórico, a capacidade de proteção de um seguro de renda quando comparado a um portfólio composto por seguros tradicionais de produtividade e mecanismos de proteção de preços, como mercados futuros ou opções. Observou-se uma limitação dos resultados e de uma melhor análise quantitativa dada a ausência de uma forma funcional, porém foi possível observar alguns resultados interessantes no que se refere à substituição entre a adoção de seguros (tradicionais) e derivativos agrícolas para proteção de preços. O segundo artigo teve como objetivo expor formas de calcular as taxas de prêmio de um hipotético seguro de renda no formato dos seguros americanos Income Protection ou Revenue Assurance, para milho para municípios do Paraná/BR, por meio do uso de cópulas na distribuição conjunta entre preços e produtividade. Buscou-se com isso contribuir para a obtenção de taxas mais precisas. Os resultados mostraram que existem significativas diferenças entre as taxas de prêmio entre os diferentes municípios e, ainda mais com relação aos diferentes meses de vencimento dos preços futuros utilizados na análise. Além disso, outras análises revelaram que o adequado planejamento do plantio, por exemplo, pelo produtor rural irá lhe garantir menores taxas de prêmio. Como uma das conclusões do trabalho, observa-se que esse tipo de ferramenta, levando-se em conta as características do país, poderia ser utilizado, principalmente com o ajuste de subvenções por parte do governo federal e/ou estadual. / The main objective of this thesis was to contribute to the discussion of income insurance and its adoption in Brazil. In the first article we attempted to provide arguments for further discussions about income insurance. The paper presented how it works and how it has developed in two major countries: the United States and Canada. It also sought to present the main characteristics of this insurance model, and what are the main existing models. This article also aims to contribute to the theoretical development of the subject with regard to the optimal contract for a income insurance policy. As a result, it was observed that the endogenous determination of the premium and costs of insurance for an optimal contract is the key to the solution (mainly affecting the first order conditions) as well as the marginal effects of certain restrictions, in view of Pareto Optimal. In addition, we sought to address in this paper, in the theoretical point of view, the protective capabilities of a secure income when compared to a \"portfolio\" composed by traditional insurance productivity and price protection mechanisms such as futures or options. There was a limitation of the results and better quantitative analysis given the absence of a functional form, but there have been some interesting results regarding the replacement of the adoption of insurance (traditional) and derivatives for the protection of agricultural prices. The second article aims to explain ways to calculate premium rates for hypothetical income insurance in the form of American Income Protection or Revenue Assurance for corn for municipalities of Parana/BR, through the use of copulas in the joint distribution between prices and productivity. Was sought to help to obtain more accurate rates. The results showed that there are significant differences in premium rates between different cities and even more about the different months of maturity of the futures prices used in the analysis. In addition, further analysis revealed that the proper planning of planting, for example, will guarantee for the farmer a lower premium rates. As one of the conclusions of the study, notes that these types of tool, taking into account the characteristics of the country, could be used, especially with the setting of grants by the federal government and/or state.

This thesis considers the pension reform in the Czech Republic and its impact on the consumer. At the beginning it sums up the possibilities of financing the life in retiremnt age and familiarizes the reader with evolution and current level of the pension system in the Czech Republic. It introduces different suggestions of political parties and in analytical part are specified the reasons for change. Then are presented the basic steps for high-quality reform of pension system. In the last chapters is shown the impact on consumer and presented own suggestion for pension reform.

Mexican Americans, the largest Hispanic subgroup in the United States, tend to underuse mental health services. Grounded in Andersen's behavioral model of health services use, the purpose of this nonexperimental study was to examine the likelihood of birth country, education, income, and insurance predicting which respondents would report seeking mental health services to treat depression. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to diagnose depression in 203 Mexican Americans whose data was archived from the primary study. This archived data was analyzed within this study. The results of the 2 x 2 chi-square tests of independence indicated a significant association between a person's birth country and the likelihood that a person will seek mental health treatment, with U.S.-born participants more likely to seek mental health treatment than foreign-born participants. There were no significant bivariate associations found between education, income, or insurance and seeking mental health treatment. The full model containing the 4 independent variables was statistically significant per the results of the binary logistic regression analysis. This finding indicates that the model reliably distinguished between respondents who reported seeking and not seeking mental health treatment. The results of the binary logistic regression analysis indicated education was the only independent variable that made a uniquely significant contribution to the model, with participants with 12 years or more of education more likely to seek mental health treatment. The implications for positive social change include the potential to provide communities and health care providers knowledge of the factors that influence whether Mexican Americans with depression access mental health.

The diploma thesis focuses on the present-day system of social security in the Czech Republic. The pension system is analyzed in detail and compared to systems in other countries. It shows the differences among all the various ways of financing the pension systems and the columns it is supported by, also listing all the reasons for the reform of the pension system in our country.

The aim of this thesis is to describe particular financial products and compare them from the evaluation point of view. We also will review these products from the perspective of clients who differ in investment and saving attitude. We will focus on czech households and describe their habits in area of financial products and examine their behaviour during a time period in relation to phases of economic cycles and other exogenous variables. We also will describe functioning of financial system and focus on information asymmetry between houselholds and financial institutions. Further we will look at examples of moral hazard done by financial institutions. The conclusion of this thesis provides recommendations of suitable products for each client.