WORKING POOR IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Abstract Even though poverty is not the death or life question in developed countries it is necessary to pay attention to it. The topic of poverty, social cohesion and social exclusion plays now an increasing role in the EU agenda; working poor started to be explored in 1990s there. Working poor are people poor despite working. Work should serve as a protection of poverty, it should guarantee better living standard to employed people in comparison to those dependent on social protection. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the issue of working poor, to identify them, to find out the reasons why they are poor and to develop measures to help them not to be poor. This thesis brings a comprehensive view on the working poor in the Czech Republic. The focus is on the poverty rate as well as characteristics of working poor. Methods for measuring this phenomenon have not been fully developed yet, there is still not a consensus on the most suitable methods. Different methods are introduced, compared and critically evaluated in the first - theoretically oriented - part of the thesis. Combination and modification of existing methods creates a base for methodology used in this thesis. The core part of the thesis is dedicated to the detailed analysis of working poor in the...

Este trabajo explora las diferencias entre las distribuciones del ingreso de las áreas urbanas de América Latina a través de ejercicios de microsimulaciones. Los principales insumos de estos ejercicios lo constituyen los microdatos de las encuestas de hogares de 16 países de la región. Los resultados indican que las diferencias entre países en los retornos a la educación formal y a factores inobservables en términos de salarios horarios dan cuenta de gran parte de las diferencias en pobreza y desigualdad entre las economías de la región. Las diferencias en términos de estructura sectorial del empleo, horas trabajadas, empleo, fecundidad, estructura de edades, diferencias salariales por género y edad, y aun de estructura educativa parecen tener, en promedio, un papel algo menor.

Diss. Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005.

nÃo hà / The objective of this study is to estimate and analyze the income elasticity of poverty and inequality in the Brazilian Northeast. For this, we used the Headcount (Po), the proportion of indigents, the Gini Index and Average per capita Income for the period 1981 to 2009. Regarding the methodology used to measure the elasticity, we chose to econometric techniques for panel data, given that information was used for the nine Northeast states in that period. The results showed that policies to reduce income inequality in the Northeast impacts on poverty reduction, in addition, the reduction of inequality has more impact in the fall in poverty levels than just the growth in average income. / O objetivo deste estudo à estimar e analisar as elasticidades renda e desigualdade da renda da pobreza no Nordeste brasileiro. Para isso, foram utilizados a ProporÃÃo de Pobres (Po), a ProporÃÃo de Indigentes, o Ãndice de Gini e a Renda mÃdia per capita, para o perÃodo de 1981 a 2009. No tocante à metodologia empregada para aferir as elasticidades, optou-se por tÃcnicas economÃtricas para dados em painel, haja vista que foram utilizadas informaÃÃes para os nove estados da RegiÃo Nordeste no referido perÃodo. Os resultados mostraram que as polÃticas destinadas a reduzir a desigualdade de renda na RegiÃo Nordeste impactam na reduÃÃo da pobreza. AlÃm disso, a reduÃÃo desta desigualdade tem mais impacto na queda dos nÃveis de pobreza do que simplesmente o crescimento da renda mÃdia.