The aim of the Diploma work was to evaluate the evolution of the structure of working capital in connection with corporate efficiency in a particular company for the period 2008 - 2011. In the theoretical part was at first described working capital, methods of efficiency evaluation. The practical part begins to describe a company Zemědělské družstvo Netřebice, followed by analysis of the company itself. The results are compared with previous years and some with industry.

The aim of the thesis 'Particularities of economic activities of medium-sized towns in the Czech Republic' is the definition of the term 'medium-sized town', its role in the municipal sector and the definition of particularities of economic activities. Medium-sized towns represent an important part of municipal sector and they have its own certain economic specifics. This thesis deals with the municipal sector in the Czech Republic, its development and the contemporary structure. Towns in the Czech Republic have certain position, they have its own funding system and its own economic specifics based on income, expenditure and indebtedness. There are 86 medium-sized towns in the Czech Republic with the population ranging from 10 001 to 25 000 inhabitants. These towns are mostly municipalities of third degree with extended municipal authorities. For this type of towns it is possible to say that the more inhabitants, the higher expenditure on the securing of the public services and expenditure for the population and income as well. The main component of the income of these towns is formed by the transfers as a compensation for financial dependence and minimal profitability of own revenue. Indebtedness of these towns is dependent on the fact whether they draw funds from subsidy schemes or whether they run into debt because of the random events such as floods.

The main objective of this study is to identifythe impacts of theFiscal Responsibility Law(LRF) in the behavior ofpersonnel expensesandpublic debt, through statistical analysis parametric and non-parametric, and the use of the method analysis of panel data. The period of analysis refers to the years 2000 to 2010 for 26 states. In accordance with Complementary Law 101/2000, personnel expenses can not exceed 60% of Net Current Revenue (RCL), while the debt of these entities may not exceed 2 times the net current revenue. Initially, the indicator for control of personnel expenses is obtained by dividing the total personnel expenses by net current revenue. The analysis of these results was performed by comparing the averages over the period studied, indicating that the states are in agreement with LRF, with averages below 60%. However, it is clear that public entities that were well below this rate, increased their spending compromentendo state resources. To identify the position of the indebtedness of Federation Units were initially collected the data in the LC 101/2000 as indicators to control the debt of public entities, defined by the ratio Consolidated Net Debt and Net Current Revenue. The results indicate that, in general, states are in compliance with the limits defined in the LRF to indebtedness was indicated that in 2010 only the state of Rio Grande do Sul had indicator above the limit of 2 times the RCL. After we selected studies on the topic that pointed variables that could interfere with the behavior of the debt of these entities. This collection formed the basis for the construction of an econometric model that uses the analysis of panel data to estimate among those variables selectional significantly influence the behavior of the states debt. In this sense, it was identified that the indebtedness of the units of the federation can be explained by the variation of the debt itself lagged, the variation in investment spending of the states, for inflation and a dummy variable that indicates election years like those in the debt tends to rise. These results corroborate previous studies, especially regarding the relationship between debt and election years. estimating that in times of elections, public entities raise their spending, compromising subsequent budgets. Thus, this paper concludes that since the beginning of the term of LRF by 2010, Federation Units maintain efforts to conform to the limitations impositive this law, both in personnel expenses, and in debt / O objetivo principal do presente estudo visa identificar os impactos da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF) no comportamento dos gastos com pessoal e endividamento público, através da análise estatística paramétrica e não paramêtrica, além do uso do método de análise de dados em painel. O período de análise refere-se aos anos de 2000 até 2010 relativo aos 26 estados brasileiros. De acordo com a Lei Complementar 101/2000, os gastos com pessoal não podem exceder a 60% da Receita Corrente Líquida (RCL), enquanto o endividamento destes Estados não pode exceder a 2 vezes a Receita Corrente Líquida. Inicialmente, o indicador para controle das despesas com pessoal consiste na divisão do total gasto com pessoal pela Receita Corrente Líquida. A análise destes resultados foi realizada através da comparação das médias ao longo do período estudado, indicando que os estados estão de acordo com LRF, com médias inferiores a 60%. Contudo, percebeu-se que os entes públicos que estavam muito abaixo deste índice, elevaram seus gastos, compromentendo os recursos do estado. Para identificar a situação do endividamento das Unidades da Federação, inicialmente foram coletados os dados referidos na LC 101/2000 como indicadores para controlar o endividamento dos entes públicos, definidos através da relação entre Dívida Consolidada Líquida e a Receita Corrente Líquida. Os resultados indicam que, em geral, os Estados estão em cumprimento aos limites definidos na LRF para o endividamento, sendo indicado que no ano de 2010 apenas o estado do Rio Grande do Sul apresentava indicador superior ao limite de 2 vezes a RCL. Após, foram selecionados estudos relativos ao tema que apontavam variáveis que poderiam interferir no comportamento da dívida destes entes. Esta coleta serviu de base para a construção de um modelo econométrico que utiliza a análise de dados em painel para estimar, dentre as variáveis selecionadas, aquelas que significativamente influenciariam no comportamento da dívida dos estados. Neste sentido, identificou-se que o endividamento das unidades da federação pode ser explicado pela variação da própria dívida defasada, pela variação dos gastos com investimentos dos estados, pela variação da inflação e por uma variável dummy que aponta anos eleitorais como aqueles em que o endividamento tende a elevar-se. Estes resultados corroboram com os obtidos em estudos anteriores, principalmente quanto à relação existente entre o endividamento e os anos eleitorais, estimando que em períodos de pleito, os entes públicos elevam seus gastos, comprometendo os orçamentos seguintes. Assim, o presente trabalho conclui que desde o início de vigência da LRF até 2010, as Unidades da Federação mantêm esforços para adequar-se às limitações impositivas desta lei, tanto nas despesas de pessoal, quanto no endividamento.

No fim dos anos 1970, dois choques externos o segundo salto nos preços do petróleo e o reajuste na taxa básica de juros norte-americana marcam o início de tendências econômicas divergentes entre o Leste da Ásia e a América Latina. Para os prósperos tigres, a próxima década seria uma janela para o chamado catching up, culminando com a promoção simbólica de seu prodígio, a Coréia do Sul, ao status de país desenvolvido quando da realização dos Jogos Olímpicos em Seul. Na América Latina, inversamente, os anos 1980 são geralmente apelidados de Década Perdida, inaugurando uma era de regressão econômica e instabilidade política. A Argentina, provavelmente a menos dinâmica dentre as economias que então se industrializavam, é geralmente evocada como um desastre que tipifica a sina regional. A vasta maioria das investigações acerca desta divergência se concentra nas políticas econômicas domésticas e em seus resultados objetivos. Não obstante, tais políticas foram formuladas e aplicadas sob uma combinação de circunstâncias internacionais e políticas que podem variar consideravelmente de país para país ao longo do tempo. O objetivo deste texto é examinar em que medida algumas das particularidades destes dois casos naquilo que concerne ao processo político interno e à evolução da economia internacional moldaram a reação de cada qual ao cenário adverso. / At the end of the 1970s, a couple of external shocks namely, the second leap in petroleum prices and the readjust of American basic interest rate mark the beginning of divergent economic trends for East Asia and Latin America. For the prosperous tigers, the following decade would be a time for catching up, culminating with the symbolic promotion of its prodigy, South Korea, to the rank of a developed country by the time of Seouls Summer Olympics. In Latin America, inversely, the 1980s are generally nicknamed the Lost Decade, inaugurating an era of economic regression and political instability. Argentina, probably the worlds less dynamic industrializing economy at that time, is usually evoked as a disaster that typifies the regional fate. The vast majority of the investigations about this diversion concentrate on domestic economic policies and their objective results. Nonetheless, such policies were formulated and launched under a combination of international and political circumstances that can vary considerably from country to country and along the course of time. The aim of this text is to examine to what extent have some of these two cases particularities in what concerns to the domestic politic process and the evolution of international economy molded each national reaction to the adverse scenario.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelino David.pdf: 600485 bytes, checksum: 69798a82027dd1c9b687b393132dfdcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-15 / The structure of financing of the companies has been studied since the publication in 1958 of the famous article in that Modigliani and Miller defended that, under certain conditions, the level of leverage used by the companies would not have impact on its value. Of there for the current days, a significant number of academic works was published, allowing the development of several theories that try to explain that forms the companies look for its optimal level of indebtedness. Among those theories, they stand out pecking order and trade-off. The theory of the trade-off makes possible to discuss the counterbalancing of the effects of the taxes, deducible events and effects of costs of the financial difficulties in the capital structure. The theory of the pecking order proposes a hierarchization of the capital sources. This study has as reference the works accomplished by Fama and French (2002) accomplished with data of North American companies and by Brito and Silva (2003) accomplished with data of Brazilian companies. This work tested the forecasts of the trade-off and pecking order theories on indebtedness and payout, using the methodology of Fama and McBeth (1973). This work demonstrated that the Brazilian companies increased the remuneration goal, however they still distribute a small proportion of the profits, if compared to the American pattern, in spite of the Brazilian legislation to be quite favorable. The results indicate that the payout is negatively related with the investment opportunities and that the dividends don t suffer variation of short period to accommodate the investments, as it defends the theory of the pecking order. The profitability demonstrated to be relevant in the determination of the indebtedness politics, what indicates that the most lucrative companies are less indebted confirming the pecking order. Besides, the variable size showed to be significant in the indebtedness politics, what confirms the theories of the pecking order and trade-off. / A estrutura de financiamento das empresas tem sido estudada desde a publicação em 1958 do famoso artigo em que Modigliani e Miller defendiam que, sob certas circunstâncias, o índice de alavancagem utilizado pelas empresas não teria impacto sobre o seu valor. De lá para os dias atuais, um número significativo de trabalhos acadêmicos foi publicado, permitindo o desenvolvimento de diversas teorias que procuram explicar de que forma as empresas buscam o seu nível ótimo de endividamento. Dentre essas teorias, destacam-se pecking order e trade-off. A teoria do trade-off possibilita discutir o balanceamento dos efeitos dos impostos, eventos dedutíveis e efeitos de custos das dificuldades financeiras na estrutura de capital. A teoria do pecking order propõe uma hierarquização das fontes de capital. Este estudo tem como referência os trabalhos realizados por: Fama e French (2002), desenvolvido com dados de empresas norte-americanas e por Brito e Silva (2003), elaborado com dados de empresas brasileiras. Este estudo testou as previsões das teorias de trade-off e pecking order sobre endividamento e payout, utilizando a metodologia de Fama e McBeth (1973). Os resultados indicam que as empresas brasileiras aumentaram a meta de remuneração, porém ainda distribuem uma proporção pequena dos lucros, se comparados ao padrão americano, apesar da legislação brasileira ser bastante favorável. Os resultados sinalizam que o payout é negativamente relacionado com as oportunidades de investimento e que os dividendos não sofrem variação de curto prazo para acomodar os investimentos, conforme defende a teoria do pecking order. A lucratividade demonstrou ser relevante na determinação da política de endividamento, o que indica que as empresas mais lucrativas são menos endividadas, confirmando a pecking order Além disso, a variável tamanho mostrou ser significativa na política de endividamento, o que corrobora as teorias do pecking order e trade-off.

My master‘s thesis deals with the evaluation of the financial situation of the selected company during the years 2007-2011 which is accomplished by methods of the financial analysis. On the basis of established results, there are formed suggestions which will lead to better financial environment of the company in the following term.

Anotation Topic of the master thesis is Financial literacy of the Czech population. The thesis puts focus on population in their early adulthood (age from 18 to 30 years) and is divided into 5 chapters. 1st chapter defines literacy, functional literacy and financial literacy. 2nd chapter describes main reasons and factors affecting financial literacy and pathological events as a possible consequence of low level of the financial literacy. 3nd chapter focuses on customer protection and shows particular options how to increase level of customer protection in an area of personal finance. 4th chapter clarifies financial terms important for proper understanding of realized survey described in 5th chapter of the thesis. The main goal of the survey as well as the thesis is to find out current level of financial literacy of the Czech population in their early adulthood (age from 18 to 30 years). Partial goals of the thesis are identification and description of groups achieving worse results in financial literacy test within the population, and description of negative effects to individual's behavior in the area of personal finance related to lower level of financial literacy.

The thesis deals with the analysis of mortgage products, their supply on the market and their development in the Czech Republic. In the introduction the mortgage loan is defined and legally defined. In the second chapter describes how mortgage loans are divided and what the current situation on the market of these products. Another section is devoted to mortgage bonds as a security that is closely related mortgage loans. In conclusion, the author decided to look for a mortgage with a macroeconomic perspective. Work includes several tables and graphs, on which issues more clearly described. The annex contains an application for a mortgage loan, announcement of Wüstenrot hypoteční banka a. s. about the issue of mortgage bonds and the method of calculating tested hypotheses.

The diploma thesis deals with the financial resources of municipal authorities with the intention on so called repayable financial resources. Repayable financial resources represent significant component for financing short-term and long-term projects of municipal authorities and serve as an important financial instrument for the development of municipal territory. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate forms and potentials of using repayabe financial resources by municipal authorities and also to consider the restriction to use repayable financial resources reflecting the state efforts to regulate the indebtedness of municipal authoritis. The evaluation of repayable financial resources is based on a questionnaire inquiries which was realized within municipal authorities of the Czech Republic. The questionnaire answers the questions of using repayable funds, their most frequent forms, and risk aversion of the municipal authorities.

The thesis examines the influence of the financial and economic crisis on the economy of the United Kingdom. After a theoretical introduction to the financial and economic crises the impact of the crisis on the most important macroeconomic indicators is observed from the beginning of recession in 2008 until present. Final part of the work describes and analyzes the reaction of the British government and Central bank to alleviate the impact of the crisis on the real economy. It examines in detail two important issues, namely consolidation of public finances and restoring of British financial sector stability. With regard to economic development and current condition a possible future development of the British economy in the next few years is outlined.