abstract: This dissertation explores how historical changes in education shaped Diné collective identity and community by examining the interconnections between Navajo students, their people, and Diné Bikéyah (Navajo lands). Farina King investigates the ongoing influence of various schools as colonial institutions among the Navajo from the 1930s to 1990 in the southwestern United States. The question that guides this research is how institutional schools, whether far, near, or on the reservation, affected Navajo students’ sense of home and relationships with their Indigenous community during the twentieth century. The study relies on a Diné historical framework that centers on a Navajo mapping of the world and earth memory compass. The four directions of their sacred mountains orient the Diné towards hózhǫ́, the ideal of society, a desirable state of being that most translate as beauty, harmony, or happiness. Their sacred mountains mark Diné Bikéyah and provide an earth memory compass in Navajo life journeys that direct them from East, to South, to West, and to North. These four directions and the symbols associated with them guide this overarching narrative of Navajo educational experiences from the beginning of Diné learning in their home communities, to the adolescent stages of their institutionalized schooling, to the recent maturity of hybrid Navajo-American educational systems. After addressing the Diné ancestral teachings of the East, King focuses on the student experiences of interwar Crownpoint Boarding School to the South, the postwar Tuba City Boarding School and Leupp Boarding School to the West, and self-determination in Monument Valley to the North. This study primarily analyzes oral histories and cultural historical methodologies to feature Diné perspectives, which reveal how the land and the mountains serve as focal points of Navajo worldviews. The land defines Diné identity, although many Navajos have adapted to different life pathways. Therefore, land, environment, and nature constituted integral parts and embeddedness of Diné knowledge and epistemology that external educational systems, such as federal schools, failed to overcome in the twentieth century. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation History 2016

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-04-17T10:38:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3056914 bytes, checksum: a13d7a3bcf615b52a3675d23c687a02f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T10:38:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3056914 bytes, checksum: a13d7a3bcf615b52a3675d23c687a02f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-08 / This is a doctoral research based on both, the concept of language as a social practice and on dialogism (BAKHTIN, 2010a, 2010b) as a natural phenomena of human discourse. Supported by Cultural Studies approach this work aims at investigating how the Potiguara narratives are constituted as an element to build up the Indians identities and to be a source of Indian information. The methodology applied was the Oral History (MEIHY; HOLANDA, 2010), the interview techniques and the participant observation. The work involved the analysis of written narratives and oral narratives and was developed in two moments: the first, a bibliographical and Internet research and the second, a field research. The data collection corresponded to the recording of oral narratives obtained in the Potiguara Indian settlement located in the cities of Rio Tinto, Marcação and Baía da Traição, in the State of Paraíba. The study of written narratives was done by the analysis of the book “Os Potiguara pelos Potiguara” (OS POTIGUARA…, 2010). By the use of different voices, the Potiguara people establish dialogues with the interlocutors and build their own discourse from others´ discourses (BAKHTIN/VOLOCHÍNOV, 2009). The research results show that the narrative language constitutes an element of (re)construction of the Potiguara identity and these narratives constitute Indian information source according to the users´ interpretation. Besides, the narratives corroborates the fact that popular short story is an elaboration within life (AYALA, 2011). The Potiguara narratives indicate the rupture with the colonizer discourse, once they demonstrate the incorporation of new values, that is to say that they resignify the previews colonizers´ values. When the Potiguara describe themselves, they stress new values such as: they are workers in sugar cane plantation or in the marshy ground, they live in houses not in the forest, and they take part in different religious practices. The Potiguara discourse releases the present from the past and introduces a counter discourse which negates the stereotypes produced by the colonizers; it is a discourse of resistance. / Trata-se de uma pesquisa de Doutorado, que se baseia numa concepção de linguagem, como uma prática social, e no dialogismo (BAKHTIN, 2010a, 2010b), como um fenômeno natural e próprio do discurso humano. Ancorada na abordagem dos Estudos Culturais, a pesquisa tem como objetivo geral investigar como as narrativas dos Potiguara constituem espaço para a construção de suas identidades e fontes de informação indígena. A metodologia adotada foi a História Oral (MEIHY; HOLANDA, 2010) e as técnicas da entrevista e da observação participante. A pesquisa abrangeu a análise de narrativas escritas e orais e constou de duas fases: a primeira, uma pesquisa bibliográfica e na Internet, e a segunda, uma pesquisa de campo. A coleta de dados correspondeu à gravação das narrativas orais que foram obtidas nas aldeias dos Potiguara, localizadas nos municípios de Rio Tinto, Marcação e Baía da Traição, no estado da Paraíba. O estudo das narrativas escritas baseou-se na análise do livro “Os Potiguara pelos Potiguara” (OS POTIGUARA..., 2005). Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que a linguagem das narrativas constitui elemento de (re)construção da identidade dos Potiguara, e suas narrativas são fontes de informação a partir da interpretação dos usuários. Além disso, corroboram que o conto popular é um fazer dentro da vida (AYALA, 2011). Utilizando-se de diversas vozes, os Potiguara estabelecem diálogos com os interlocutores e constroem o seu discurso, a partir do discurso do outro (BAKHTIN/VOLOCHÍNOV, 2009). As narrativas dos Potiguara indicam uma ruptura com o discurso do colonizador, posto que demonstram a incorporação de novos valores, ou seja, trata-se da ressignificação dos valores preexistentes no discurso do colonizador. Ao se descreverem, os Potiguara apontam novos valores: são trabalhadores da lavoura da cana, ou do mangue, habitam em casas, e não, nas florestas, e participam de diferentes religiões que tornaram suas também. O discurso dos Potiguara desprende o presente do passado e apresenta um contradiscurso que nega os estereótipos produzidos pelos colonizadores. Trata-se, pois, de um discurso de resistência.

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