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Anthropologists have long recognized the central role of social systems in enhancing environmental sustainability, but few have attempted to accurately assess the conditions under which traditional social institutions can equitably and effectively manage access to natural resources for the purposes of their use and conservation. By failing to look closely at how resource management practices are shaped both by local-level cultural institutions and the political and economic forces of government policies and markets, anthropologists have compounded the confusion surrounding the functions and capacities of traditional resource management institutions. / This dissertation examines the connections between institutional and economic incentives and resource use and management decisions among the Naso indigenous people in Bocas del Toro, Panama. The study incorporates insights from development anthropology, common property systems and political ecology to develop a multi-sited approach that uses multiple research methods. A detailed household survey (n=54 or 18% of Naso households located within the eight villages surveyed in 2004) was used to obtain socio-demographic data and to establish patterns of land tenure and resource use. Preliminary and follow-up interviews were also conducted with community leaders, government officials and representatives of various national and international organizations with a stake in the conservation and/or development of the Naso region. / As a group, the Naso were found to use both indigenous and imported technologies to manage a wide range of natural resources towards ensuring the economic, cultural and ecological viability of their communities. However, recent legislation intended to recognize Naso land rights and a hydroelectric project nearing construction on Naso lands have sought to modify the formal rules and organizations that have traditionally served to order local resource tenure and management practices. This thesis analyses the guidelines and criteria invoked by the various stakeholders involved with these projects in order to assess the equity of the distribution of their social and environmental impacts. It highlights the need to become more sceptical and sophisticated when assessing the objectives and justifications provided by the academics, government agencies, local authorities and private companies involved in the conservation and development of indigenous peoples' territorial resources.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-23T14:17:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SOUZA_JUNIOR_2016.pdf: 36200676 bytes, checksum: 0b4c3acd91c97bf027bd5f0c6fdfef37 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-23T14:18:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SOUZA_JUNIOR_2016.pdf: 36200676 bytes, checksum: 0b4c3acd91c97bf027bd5f0c6fdfef37 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-23T14:18:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SOUZA_JUNIOR_2016.pdf: 36200676 bytes, checksum: 0b4c3acd91c97bf027bd5f0c6fdfef37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-23T14:18:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SOUZA_JUNIOR_2016.pdf: 36200676 bytes, checksum: 0b4c3acd91c97bf027bd5f0c6fdfef37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / Não recebi financiamento / The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 brought great changes concerning the treatment of indigenous peoples, especially the principle of alterity, reflecting on the right for the indigenous people to be different, as well as the issues on indigenous lands, which have some of very own institutes, diverse from Brazilian Civilian Law. However, it has not always been this way. Brazil has been through many legislation evolutions until we reached the current moment, when the integrationist idea relating the indigenous people to the local society has lost its power and has now disappeared, after the 1988 Constitution. We started with the investigation of the existence or not of an indigenous estate inside the Brazilian territory before the European colonization that justifies the primary rights to the lands that they traditionally occupy, provided by our Federal Constitution. To corroborate the need for a better protection to the indigenous people, we studied the International Conventions, which were held around this subject, especially the ones edited by the International Labour Organization (ILO), which asks for a detailed analysis on the organization and its juridical capacity of International Law to be part of a treaty. Therefore, considering the referred International Conventions endorsed by Brazil, we could observe the concern in the International scenery about the indigenous people. Notwithstanding the endorsement by Brazil, it is necessary to analyze the process of internalization of these, considering the dualist and unitary tendencies; the status of these conventions when they get to Brazil; and the eventuality of some constitutional habit. We also searched in the infra-constitutional legislation, if it presents any irregular habit with the Federal Constitution and if they contribute to a better perception of the importance of the protection of the indigenous peoples as a mechanism of preservation of the social organization, customs, languages, beliefs and traditions of these peoples. / A Constituição Federal de 1988 trouxe grandes mudanças no tocante ao tratamento dispensado aos povos indígenas, em especial o princípio da alteridade, consubstanciado no direito do indígena em ser diferente, bem como disciplinando a questão das terras indígenas, as quais podemos observar possuem alguns institutos próprios, diversos do Direito Civil. Entretanto, nem sempre foi assim, o Brasil passou por diversas evoluções legislativas até chegarmos nos dias atuais, pelo que a ideia integracionista em relação aos povos indígenas à sociedade local veio perdendo força com referidas evoluções, desaparecendo após o advento da Carta Magna de 1988. Buscou-se também, em um primeiro momento, o estudo acerca da existência ou não de um Estado Indígena no território brasileiro antes da colonização europeia a justificar os direitos originários sobre as terras que tradicionalmente ocupam, previsto em nossa Constituição Federal. A corroborar a necessidade de uma maior proteção aos povos indígenas, estudamos as Convenções Internacionais que tratam do assunto, em especial as editadas pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), cabendo assim, uma análise pormenorizada de referida organização e sua capacidade jurídica de Direito Internacional para figurar como parte em um tratado. Assim, amparados em referidas Convenções Internacionais ratificadas pelo Brasil, observou-se a preocupação no cenário internacional para com os povos indígenas. Entretanto, não obstante a ratificação pelo Brasil de referidas convenções, cumpre aqui analisar o procedimento de internalização destas, analisando-se as correntes doutrinárias dualistas e monistas; o status de referidas convenções ao ingressarem no Brasil e, a eventualidade de algum vício de constitucionalidade. Buscou-se também auferir, dentro da legislação infraconstitucional, se esta apresenta algum vício com a atual Constituição Federal e, como referidas legislações podem, aliadas às Convenções Internacionais, contribuem para uma melhor percepção da importância na proteção aos povos indígenas como mecanismo de preservação da organização social, costumes, línguas, crenças e tradições destes povos.

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