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This essay is about side health indicator in FPS, why they look like they do and what function they provide in FPS and their existence in modern FPS. The essay also contains information about traditional health indicators, psychology in colors, the crosshair focus area and research about FPS in modern times. The author research of 44 FPS games is find out the amount of side health indicators against the more traditional types and the reasons a developer would include a side health indicator instead of the others. In his research he found out that in the selected games, a fair amount of them did include only a side health indicator but a far larger amount of the combination type, using a traditional type as a primary health indicator and a side health indicator when an avatar takes too much damage or nearing death. The author also found out a type he had not thought of, called full screen health indicators, which affects the whole screen to indicate the avatars state of health.

As the level of goverrument closest to the people, local authorities have been credited with a key role in action towards sustainable development (United Nations, 1992). This thesis describes research which addresses mechanisms for evaluating sustainable development practice by local govemment. A review of approaches to measuring progress, in economic, social and environmental terms, identified sustainable development indicators as an evaluation framework whose applicability to local government warrented further research. A review of research literature highlighted the need for a dynamic and cyclical research approach which would acknowledge the contested and valueladen nature of both sustainable development and the research endeavour. The fieldwork is written up in three stages. The first stage explores the scope for transferring experience from public sector quality and performance indicators work. The second stage is a thin and linear description of the process of Fife Regional Council's role as a pilot authority in a Local Government Board Sustainability Indicators project. The third stage uses the wide range of written and experiential data gathered through the role of Project Consultant/Researcher to the Fife project to present a rich description of 'Sustainability Indicators for Fife'. The dialectic and hermeneutic framework adapted for this study enabled a detailed examination of the iterative movement between the sustainable development framing of the whole report and the process of crafting individual indicators. The study concludes that sustainable development indicators have considerable value as a performance management tool for use in local government, particularly in the context of the Local Agenda 21 and Community Planning initiatives. However, it is the quality and approach to local governance that will have an overiding impact on the achievement of effective action towards sustainable development. Recommendations are made for good practice and for further research.

Civil aviation provides for large scale, rapid, safe and reliable transport over long distances. In the last half of the 20th century, the reliability of air transport has increased, safety has improved and costs have reduced: the volume of civil aviation has greatly increased and demand continues to rise. The social and economic benefits arising from aviation are substantial while its environmental costs are significant and increasing: with current technologies aviation is considered to be essentially unsustainable. Sustainable development as a concept, arose in the latter part of the 20th century. It may be regarded as a journey of changes through time, a journey navigating a wide range of changes in technology and behaviour thought to be needed to move towards a better level of sustainability. There is a need to apply the principles of sustainable development to the practice of the civil aviation industry. The research on which this thesis is based draws on sustainable development literature, general systems theory and quality principles to derive a holistic and systemic sustainable development model, and a methodology for deriving indicators of sustainable development. These are then applied to the civil aviation system, to select and construct indicators of sustainable development in civil aviation. The indicator selection process is participative, and seeks the views of stakeholders of UK civil aviation. Stakeholders are asked, via a Delphi study, to give their views on the meaning of sustainable aviation, and on the most important aspects of sustainable development in civil aviation. The research proposes a set of 29 indicators for sustainable development in civil aviation, including institutional and regulatory indicators. The research findings suggest that, amongst UK civil aviation stakeholders, there is some consensus on the important sustainability issues facing civil aviation, and on their choice of indicators. There is little understanding of the meaning of sustainable aviation, and disagreement on policies to adopt in favour of sustainable development in aviation. Amongst stakeholders from civil aviation organisations, there is strong opposition to regulatory or economic policies in favour of sustainable development. While the safety of civil aviation is institutionalised, there is evidence to suggest that opposition to other aspects of sustainable development is embedded in the regulatory and operational organisations of civil aviation in the UK.

The effects of clinically important antimycobacterial drugs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the single cell level using cytochemical indicators of cellular activity were studied. Procedures based on rhodamine 123 (R 123) uptake as an indicator of cytoplasmic membrane energisation, propidium iodide (PI) exclusion and iodonitrophenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) reduction were established. Some cells in every preparation were found to resist labelling by all of the procedures applied. This proportion was highest in broth culture (up to 70%) and lowest in cell suspensions prepared from agar spread plates. R123 uptake in growing cells was reversibly sensitive to carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Several tuberculocidal treatments (70°C/30 min, 70% ethanol and 4% formaldehyde) lead to development of uncoupler insensitive R 123 labelling of dead cells, demonstrating the requirement for a physiologically validated procedure where labelling was unambiguously attributed to membrane energisation. All antimycobacterial drug treatments (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, streptomycin and capreomycin) produced an excess of between 1 and 4 orders of magnitude of uncoupler sensitive R 123 labelling cells over culturable units. Thus, large populations of active but nonculturable (ABNC) cells were produced by antimycobacterial drugs commonly used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Non-labelling and ABNC cell populations were further investigated using a GFP reporter strain and by exposure to the lytic mycobacteriophage D29. In addition to demonstrating many of the potential pitfalls that may be encountered when the results of cellular activity/integrity assays are equated with viability/nonviability, these studies illustrate the heterogeneous nature of M tuberculosis cultures and the extent to which bulk analysis may give a misleading picture of cellular composition and physiology. Although the significance of the non-labelling and ABNC cells observed remains to be established, we speculate that these populations may have implications for the chemotherapy of tuberculosis.

This study is aimed at exploring new process safety metrics for measuring the process safety performance in processing industries. Following a series of catastrophic incidents such as the Bhopal chemical tragedy (1984) and Phillips 66 explosion (1989), process safety became a more important subject than ever. These incidents triggered the development and promulgation of the Process Safety Management (PSM) standard in 1992. While PSM enables management to optimize their process safety programs and organizational risks, there is an emerging need to evaluate the process safety implementation across an organization through measurements. Thus, the process safety metric is applied as a powerful tool that measures safety activities, status, and performance within PSM. In this study, process safety lagging metrics were introduced to describe the contribution of process related parameters in determining the safety performance of an organization. Lagging metrics take process safety incidents as the numerator and divide it by different process-related denominators. Currently a process lagging metric (uses work hours as denominator) introduced by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been used to evaluate the safety performance in processing industries. However, this lagging metric doesn't include enough process safety information. Therefore, modified denominators are proposed in this study and compared with the existing time-based denominator to validate the effectiveness and applicability of the new metrics. Each proposed metric was validated using available industry data. Statistical unitization method has converted incident rates of different ranges for the convenience of comparison. Trend line analysis was the key indication for determining the appropriateness of new metrics. Results showed that some proposed process-related metrics have the potential as alternatives, along with the time-based metric, to evaluate process safety performance within organizations.

The effect of global warming is a growing concern for the global community. This concern is reflected in politics, business, corporate charters, local government charters, electronic and print media and so on. The core to this issue is green house gas (GHG) emissions due to anthropogenic activities. In a developed country such as Australia, residential green house gas emissions are responsible for about 20% of its total GHG emissions. Therefore, sustainability in the housing sector is important towards overall reduction of GHG emissions. Australia's progress in sustainable housing is discussed. There are legislation and financial incentives towards sustainable housing. All the states and territories and the Commonwealth provide financial incentives for PV energy, rain water tank, solar hot water systems to supplement high initial set up cost. A number of high quality rating tools are developed in Australia to facilitate and administer energy efficient design for residential and commercial buildings. There are many good examples of sustainable housing throughout Australia. The Ecohome at Cairnlea, Melbourne is a demonstration home as well as part of this research project. This standard home added with 'off the shelf' sustainable features and having a FirstRate star rating of 6 stars is intended for the volume home market. This thesis presents sustainability outcomes of the Ecohome. Thermal performance of the Ecohome is presented qualitatively and quantitatively. Monitoring data from 14 months' show that approximately two-thirds of the time, indoor temperatures remained in comfort zone (18-26 C) without artificial heating or cooling. Monitoring of indoor air quality included carbon dioxide, humidity and carbon monoxide. Monitoring data from sealed house and while the residents were living in are presented. Humidity level was within 35-45% most of the time while carbon dioxide was under recommended level (1080ppm) in the lower floor (living area and kitchen). Carbon monoxide level within the house was negligible. Significant energy and water savings were realised in the Ecohome. On per capita basis, 45% savings in water usage, 30% savings in electricity usage while similar gas usage was observed compared to average Melbourne home. Residents' feedback on sustainable features was mostly positive (except sisal carpet). Several thermal performance indicators are proposed and presented. These include 'Attenuation Factor', 'Time Lag', 'Heating and Cooling Need' in degree hours, 'Degree C Warmer' and 'Percentage Time in Comfort Zone'. Some of these concepts were used by some authors with different nomenclature; therefore, an attempt was made to unify them. Monitoring data was utilized to measure thermal performance of the Ecohome using these indicators. Prediction of indoor temperature when outside temperature is known is of much interest. Statistical and empirical methods were employed for this purpose. Both statistical method and Givoni method produce reasonably good prediction with deviations from actual observations being in the range of 2 to 3 deg C. This research provides valuable monitoring results in this emerging field. Proposed thermal performance indicators are a significant contribution to the body of knowledge.

Thesis (MSocSc (ApplSocRes))--University of South Australia

Thesis (MAppSc)--University of South Australia, 1998