SAMMANFATTNING Syfte  Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om Sveriges ungdomsmottagningar har liknande förutsättningar att arbeta på ett kvalitetssäkert sätt utifrån de styrdokument som ett urval av mottagningar använder. Ungdomsmottagningar drivs utan nationellt uppdrag och av olika uppdragsgivare och utan enhetliga uppdragsbeskrivningar. Detta skulle kunna vara orsaken till de stora skillnader i bland annat kompetens, struktur och tillgänglighet som rapporter pekar på. Detta skulle kunna leda till bristande eller varierande vårdkvalitet. Metod Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalytisk ansats undersöks om ett strategiskt urval av styrdokument från ungdomsmottagningsverksamheten behandlar de kvalitetsområden som framgår i Socialstyrelsens föreskrift om ”God Vård”. Reslutat De styrdokument som undersökts ger ett samlat intryck av vad en ungdomsmottagning arbetar med. De har alla ett övergripande mål med i stort sett samma betydelse; att främja ungdomars fysiska och psykiska hälsa, stärka deras identitetsutveckling så att de kan hantera sin sexualitet samt att förebygga oönskade graviditeter och sexuellt överförbara infektioner. Detta mål anger ramen för verksamheten. De styrdokument som studerats uppvisar stora skillnader, framför allt i hur utförligt man beskriver sina mål, samt i hur uppföljnings- och kvalitetsförbättringsarbetet beskrivs. De dokument som bäst täcker God vårds kvalitetsmål, är mer generella och lämnar större tolkningsutrymme till bland annat personal och huvudmän. Detta skulle kunna ge stora skillnader i vårdkvalitet, vilket också påvisats i svenska studier och rapporter. Ytterligare forskning om hur personal och huvudmän har uppfattat ungdomsmottagningarnas uppdrag behövs göras för att stärka denna teori. Slutsats Utifrån de undersökta dokumenten kan sägas att alla ungdomsmottagningar inte har fått liknande förutsättningar för att arbeta på ett kvalitetssäkert sätt utifrån vad God Vård anger. De mål som anges i styrdokumenten lämnar oftast för stort tolkningsutrymme. Det gemensamma övergripande målet för ungdomsmottagningarna tycks finnas, men hur man når dit är mer oklart, d.v.s. den gemensamma styrningen saknas. / ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of this paper is to examine whether Swedish “ungdomsmottagningar” (youth center for services and counseling of sexual and reproductive health) have been given similar opportunities to work in a quality safe way from the policy documents that a sample of clinics use. Today all ”ungdomsmottagningar” are providing care without national mandate, by different healthcare providors and without homogenous mission. This could be a reason for the vast differences reported, in for example in competence, structure and access. There is a risk that the result is a lack of quality of care. Method The various policy documents from the youth centers are examined through a qualitative analytical content approach. The quality areas presented in the National Board of Health and Welfare directive on "Good Care" are searched in the documents. Result The policy documents examined give an overall impression of what a youth center is about. They all have one main goal with essentially the same purpose: to strengthen young people's physical and psychological health, strengthen their identity development toward a safe and responsible sexuality. Their mission is also to prevent unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. This goal only defines the framework around the “youth centers”. The policy documents studied show major differences, especially in the detailing of described goals as well as in monitoring and improving quality of work. The documents that best matches ”good care” are more general but leave more room for interpretation on numerous factors, including staffing and principals. This could lead to large differences between the youth centers, which also are demonstrated in Swedish studies and reports. Further research on how staff and principals are perceived by the youth centers mission is needed to strengthen this explannation. Conclusion Based on the reviewed documents it can be said that all youth centers have not received similar conditions to work in a quality safe manner from what Good Care indicates. All policy documents indicate, in principle, the same overall objective. The common goal seems to exist but how to reach it, is still uncertain. The common guide is missing.

Semi- natural grasslands are species-rich and also one of the most threatened biotopes in Europe. The area of these grasslands has declined and grassland vegetation is threatened as a result of lack of management and land use change. Appropriate management is therefore required to maintain the conservation values and high species richness of semi- natural grasslands. Traditional management, that is, grazing or annual mowing is expensive, which motivates evaluation of alternative cheaper methods of management. Burning is less costly and therefore I evaluated burning along with the conventional methods. The study addressed the main question: is burning an option to mowing and grazing? I searched the literature for available studies suitable for metaanalysis, but located only detailed reports from a series of eleven Swedish long-term field trials. In addition, I collected data in the only one of these trials still running. To facilitate metaanalysis, l used different indicator systems of classification of grassland plants then calculating the odds for a random record being an indicator after one, eight, fourteen, twenty-eight and thirty-nine spring burns. The results show an increasing proportion of grassland indicators of good management in the mowed and grazed plots compared with the burnt plots, indicating a general negative effect of burning on grassland plants compared with mowing and grazing. Hence, burning is not an appropriate long-term management method if the aim is to maintain vegetation diversity in semi-natural grassland.

In this thesis, different ways to evaluate social business are compared and discussed.The relatively new concept “social business” is used to describe a private sector enterprise, the purpose of which is not primarily to maximise profit but to achieve a social mission. However, in doing so, it needs to be sustainable in financial terms, and this means that sufficient profitability is a necessary condition. (Environmental sustainability is another important prerequisite, which is not discussed in depth here).Assessing the success of a social business, it is therefore necessary to evaluate both the social impact and the financial viability. This means, on one hand, using appropriate evaluation methods that have mainly been developed for the public sector and the civil society. Such methods are based on unequal power relations requiring accountability – a concept not normally used in the private sector, where funding is based on a voluntary exchange of money for goods or services. On the other hand, not all traditional methods for assessing performance in a private sector company are suitable for determining financial sustainability in a social business. Nevertheless, existing methods should be used where appropriate.Among the findings are:- the importance of the local context and particular features, which makes comparisons between different social businesses difficult, and which necessitates adaptions of assessment methods- that several financial indicators, used for for-profit business, may also be useful for social business (especially those related to revenue trends and liquidity). However such indicators are based on accounting (history) rather than a forward-looking analysis of the business environment, and may not be fully comparable.- that the main purpose of impact evaluation is the need to improve operations, but also to enhance legitimacy among stake-holders and – to some extent – regulators and prospective investors. Stake-holder involvement is therefore normally an advantage.- that methods that build on monetising outcomes and impacts (for example Social Return on Investment) are normally less appropriate than models that use non-monetary forms for publishing evaluation results, eg. anecdotal analyses- that with the exception of evaluations done by the academia to increase knowledge, available resources will normally not be sufficient to carry out fully fledged external evaluations using methods to establish a counterfactual situation.The development of social business also challenges traditional economic assumptions of the profit maximising individual through introducing such concepts as solidarity, social capital and citizenship. The fact that in several ways, social business crosses the borderline between on one hand the private sector and on the other hand public sector and civil society makes it necessary for representatives from many different academic fields to cooperate closely in future research: economics, business administration, political and social scientists etc.

The overall target of the maintenance management system is to improve the role of a maintenance organization in positively impacting production capacity, products quality, safety and also overall production cost. In the course of ensuring the above mentioned benefits, the maintenance system should be designed under an umbrella of appropriate strategy that is developed in line with the company’s major business objectives. The thesis work is focused on developing a model that assist the design of a maintenance strategy which is linked with the company’s major business objectives. And for this the balanced score card approach is utilized. Then the model’s application is tested in a case company with the general procedures described below. The business requirements by the customers, which are translated to business objectives of the case company, were used as starting points. Then the production performance indicators were checked for their effectiveness in addressing the business objectives of the company. After this, a maintenance strategy with approaches to address the business objectives of the company, which are expressed by the production performance indicators, was developed with potential maintenance performance indicators. The result showed that the different elements incorporated in the model developed are appropriate in linking the maintenance activities with the company’s business objectives as can be observed from the analysis made on the case company.

A study on city brand perception and indicators construction in Penghu area Abstract Penghu governance are far more long record in the Annals of Penghu's local governance at all have different meanings and objectives. With the trend of globalization, city competitiveness has become the most important core indicators for the city managers. The competitiveness of the city not only represents a more encompassing hardware construction of the urban cultural literacy but the Government efficiency and other software elements as well. Penghu regional development, as has long been a lack of effective cooperation in the overall experience of planning and resources, so the city into the concept of brand management innovation, will help form a common goal, and public-private partnerships to attract participants and created urban vision, development out with the local characteristic culture of life, and better quality of residents' life. Effective administrative and public services are the main goal and function the government has to achieve. government's effectiveness and go hand in hand with city management .The changing world has pushed city to adapt globalization and provide multiple functions and services.Also local residents, foreign tourists and investors to live with the memory and perceptual image synonymous with unique, high quality business successful cities exhibit a variety of specific images, not only create a sense of honor residents, but also attract more new immigrants and investment companies stationed, as well as foreign tourists visiting the important factor. Los Angeles School Master Deere (Micheal Dear) proposed "urban planning is political", how to integrate inside and outside the city shape the characteristics of the natural advantages, while reducing the negative adjustment of urban disadvantage, is an important city managers and residents of a public affairs. Will be treated as urban management products for enterprise management products and services is the current trends, the brand meaning into public management, may activate the city's image as urban governance, upgrade to a higher level goals. In this study, the overall administrative area Penghu area Sannai city brand evaluation literature to distinguish between people, cultural heritage, investment immigration, government administration, customer services, tourism and other major aspects of six sub-order analysis, for Penghu city brand Perceptions of 330 dollars to complete the statistical dimensions of urban perception of the advantages of sequence spaces and the conditions of resource data to construct its own brand of local indicators of check systems. Style which contains elements of the environment, social and human elements of the three major projects and economic activities total 99 indicators, urban governance as a self-evaluation. Quantitative survey research data to analyze the implementation steps of city branding, verify assumptions and the proposed method. Provide local public affairs manager and the formation of urban development, public issues, as a reference value of academic research, and looks forward to the overall development of some local significance.

The study aims to explore the core concepts and the curricular structure of the global education program for elementary and secondary schools, to develop a set of global education indicators, and to analyze the relationship between the global education indicators and the present indicators for the Grade 1-9 Curriculum Guidelines. Document analysis, Delphi technique, and content analysis are the methods employed in this research. The major research findings are: 1.The core concepts of global education for elementary and secondary schools are constituted by five domains, which are ¡§global system,¡¨ ¡§multiple cultures,¡¨ ¡§the human rights and justice,¡¨ ¡§world peace,¡¨ and ¡§sustainability.¡¨ Among them, global system contains the concepts of ¡§global connection¡¨ and ¡§interrelationship¡¨; multiple cultures includes ¡§appreciation of differences¡¨ and ¡§intercultural ability¡¨; the human rights and justice includes ¡§equity and justice¡¨ and ¡§right and responsibility¡¨; ¡§collaboration and negotiation ¡¨ and ¡§solution for conflict¡¨ are subsumed under the domain of world peace; and sustainability includes the concepts about ¡§global ecological system¡¨ and ¡§sustainable resources¡¨. 2.The global education indicators for elementary and secondary schools consists of five domains, including ¡§global system,¡¨ ¡§multiple cultures, ¡§the human rights and justice,¡¨ ¡§world peace,¡¨ and ¡§sustainability,¡¨ as well as 60 indicators. 3.In the Grade 1-9 Curriculum Guidelines, the indicators for Integrative Activities are closely linked with global education, whereas the indicators for Mathematics lack for the concepts of global education. Among the indicators of the seven learning areas, there are plenty of indicators which are related to multiple cultures, and the indicators related to the human rights and justice are the scarcest in number. Finally, according to the research results, the present authors would propose suggestions for the application of indicators for global education in elementary and secondary schools, for the present indicators for the Grade 1-9 Curriculum Guidelines, and for further investigation in the future. The suggestions can be taken as a reference for institutions, teachers, and researchers who participate in global education in Taiwan.

Playing an active supporting role in the development of film and TV industry is becoming an innovative city marketing strategy adopted by local governments in Taiwan recent years. The performance of a film and the outcome of city marketing policy involve a myriad of factors, and there lacks systemic indicators for local governments to evaluate the effect of city marketing through films and TV grams. This study, by exploring the cases of Kaohsiung City Government¡¦s efforts in supporting the development of film and TV industry, attempts to shed light on the strategic thinking in city marketing where ¡§public sector¡¨ is the main body, ¡§local¡¨ is the focus of marketing, and ¡§developing film and TV industry¡¨ is the methodology. This study employs the case study methodology, using the audiovisual policy of Kaohsiung City Government for case study. Through literature review and examination of theories on city marketing, this study sums up indicators and success factors mentioned in the literature to develop operational definitions for the film and TV industry and establish preliminary evaluation indicators. Furthermore, the study seeks out a representative panel of experts and uses the ¡§modified Delphi methodology¡¨ to obtain judgments and feedbacks for the indicators to render the construction of indicators more emblematic. Through questionnaire survey of 20 experts from the film and TV industry, academia, media, interested parties and public sector, this study constructs 38 evaluation indicators in five aspects, which are ¡§long-term goal oriented and using local resources¡¨, ¡§strengthening executive team and building local consensus¡¨, ¡§enhancing policy consensus and consolidating local resources¡¨, ¡§strengthening the contents of film or TV works with award-winning potential and stepping up international marketing¡¨ and ¡§establishing city brand and bringing in tourists¡¨, for city marketing through film and TV industry.

In the past decade, there has been an enormous growth of distance education courses and programs in higher education. However, the potential of distance education is tempered by one overriding question: How do you ensure that distance education coursework and degrees are of high quality? The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to identify quality indicators of distance education; (2) to provide implications of the identified quality indicators for health education researchers and practitioners; and, (3) to develop an instrument to assess student opinions of the quality of distance education. Dillman's (2000) steps of pretesting and the instrument development framework in the Standards (1999) were used, and data were collected from students enrolled in four health education on-line courses during the Spring 2006 semester at Texas A&M University. MPlus (Muthen & Muthen, 2002) was used to conduct reliability and validity analyses of the instrument. The results of the study revealed common benchmarks and quality indicators that all parties deem important in designing, implementing and evaluating distance education courses and programs. Additionally, an instrument was produced that resulted in both valid and reliable scores.

Due to rapid change of healthcare environment and the awakening consciousness of health service consumers, healthcare quality becomes a major concern of hospital administrators. In 1999, Taiwan Joint Commission on Hospital Accreditation cooperated with Maryland Hospital Association and then implemented Taiwan Quality Indicator Project (TQIP). On the other hand, within the years 1998~ 2000, Taiwan College of Healthcare Executives developed a localized healthcare indicator series (referred to as Taiwan Healthcare Indicator Series, THIS, afterwards) aiming at providing a better system for monitoring medical care quality for the long run. Nevertheless, relevant reports show that so far not many hospitals actively participate in the THIS. The main purpose of this study is to explore those factors which might influence a district hospital¡¦s decision of whether participating in the THIS no not. Hospital administrators were the subjects of this study. Mailing survey was adopted to collect the data. In May, 2004, a total of 436 questionnaires were mailed out. 147 hospitals responded (i.e. a response rate of 33.72%). The key variables of interest may be classified into three groups-- hospital characteristics, perception of THIS, and professional technique related to THIS. Descriptive analyses showed that more than 60% district hospitals did not participate in the THIS; the reasons are listed in order as follows: lack of budget, lack of quality assurance specialists, indicator unable to meet hospital¡¦s requirement, human resource shortage, annual fee too expensive. As for those hospitals participating in THIS, their considerations are showed in order as follows: better reimbersencement, meeting the requirement of assessment, complying with regulation of the authority, and meeting the requirement of hospital policy and patient needs. Besides, a logistic regression analysis indicated that the most important factor influencing hospitals¡¦ participation in THIS is ¡§whether any medical quality related activity is implemented within the hospital.¡¨ With a response rate of 33.72% and with responding hospitals relatively restricted to Kaohsiung-Pingtung area, a careful generalization of results is needed. Further, it is suggested that a qualitative study design along with a higher response rate of quantitative analysis might help enhance the generalization for future study.

Given the conflicting research results on the effectiveness of whole-school reform models (Nunnery, 1998; Stringfield & Herman, 1997; American Institutes for Research, 1999; U.S. Department of Education, 2004), there is a need to focus on the evaluation procedures of whole-school reform organizations. Because the ultimate goal is to improve school performance, it should also be a goal of each whole-school reform organization to design a comprehensive data collection system to evaluate each school’s performance. A comprehensive reporting system was developed for a school reform organization, the Accelerated Schools Project (ASP). Using the steps of the research and development process recommended by Borg and Gall (1989), this study: (a) developed a theoretical framework for the reporting system, (b) identified data that should be collected in the reporting system, (c) performed a field test with an expert panel of educational professionals, (d) developed a preliminary form of the reporting system, (e) performed a main field test with principals and coaches in the ASP network, (f) reported field test results, (g) revised the preliminary reporting system, (h) developed a website for the reporting system, and (i) provided recommendations for the completion, dissemination and implementation of the system in accelerated schools across the nation. This study has important implications for both the ASP community and for the entire whole-school reform community. For the ASP community, the reporting system could be used: (a) to collect data in all accelerated schools across the nation (b) as a longitudinal database of information to monitor data on each ASP school, and (c) to generate school summary reports on ASP schools. These data will assist researchers in measuring the effectiveness of the ASP model on student achievement and other important variables. For the whole-school reform community, the method used in this study could be replicated in other school reform organizations to develop a comprehensive reporting system. By providing consistent data for school reform organizations to evaluate the impact of their models on students and schools, educational researchers will be better equipped to understand each model’s impact, and thus will better understand the diverse research results on school reform effectiveness.