This study investigated Balinese ways of knowing, locating where they were found, their modes of transmission within the community, and the role schooling played in this transmission. Through this inquiry, the research interrogated the construction of identity in a Balinese village and the relationship of identity to indigeneity in Bali. Undertaking a praxis of decoloniality by adopting indigenous methodologies to center Balinese voices is key to producing research about Indigenous people. Adopting indigenous methodologies helped uncover Balinese practices that were crucial in the active construction of Balinese identity in Pejarakan Village. The researcher interviewed Elders in a Balinese village and supplemented their testimonies with digital multimodal artifacts. Balinese ways of knowing were found in practices within the village adat community, through testimonies of elders who were knowledge keepers of religious practices, healing traditions, performing arts, and village governance institutions of the adat and the subak. Every type of knowledge existed within a smaller community of practice within the village adat community. The village adat community was the Indigenous community of practice where these ways of knowing were found both in practices and textual traditions. People in Pejarakan Village constructed their Balinese identity by enacting Indigenous practices, which have evolved as a form of resistance to survival events and external forces of change. Including religion in schooling and community practices was critical for constructing identity and indigeneity. The revival of the Balinese language also played a critical role in articulating indigeneity. Through a local, regional, and national analysis of indigeneity, it was evident that the Balinese had moved towards emergent Indigeneity and were actively seeking self-determination. The inclusion of Balinese ways of knowing within education research creates methodological diversity by including indigenous methodologies to create testimonial and epistemic justice for people from the non-Western worlds. Like those from Bali, indigenous ways of knowing offer critical pathways an opportunity to learn about language, religion, schooling, sustainability of nature, and the community. The inclusion of Balinese ways of knowing within an ongoing Indigenous knowledge generation within the academy contributes to epistemic diversity.

This study is about how two different indigenous groups in two different places of the enormous border area of the Amazon forest in Brazil (approximately 12,000 km) have been resisting displacement and appropriation, prejudice and pre-conceptualizations, ever since Brazil became Brazil and even before. The ability of these groups to resist, entangled to their capacity to endure in face of the colonization of their ways of living, enacted them to becoming political (Viveiros de Castro 1998; Isin 2002; Starn, de la Cadena 2008; Blaser 2010; de la Cadena 2010) in distinct forms depending on the geographies of relationships, land use and various forms of mobility through border areas they have been living in and within. In looking at these “resistances” and “endurances” at different places, I argue that the fact that a group of Ashaninka people became political by moving to and throughout the border between Brazil and Peru and the many reinventions Macuxi and Wapishana people in the present day Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Territory went through for becoming Indigenous peoples at the Brazilian borders with Guyana and Venezuela have corroborated the role of their “existences” in delineating and re-inventing geographical borders by managing the meanings and effects of these very borders on their lives as integral (and integrated) part of the forest. In a general way, it can be said that borders in Brazil came hand in hand with the appearance of the terminology “Indians” in this country, which prompted me to ask what politics emerged out of it. In a particular manner, by looking at how this politics was practiced through the articulation of the indigenous groups mentioned above allowed me to historicize their own stories about the articulation of their existence or permanence in places that coincided with the space of the border amidst the forest. As I begin this dissertation, I will show that the creation of such space meant no coincidence for governments and their legislative instruments, which equalized the space of the border with territories necessary for the expansion of economic frontiers since the 18th century. Also, and most importantly, it will be discussed that these spaces coincided with the spaces where some indigenous groups were living and moving through on a constant basis making the forest what it was but, especially, considering it the integrative space of their worlds of living and articulating relationships. The politics emerging out of the negotiation of this last world - beyond borders - with the world created and limited by the national borders, as according to the actual and contemporary political practices of the abovementioned indigenous groups, is an important part of this study. This politics will be contextualized vis-à-vis the politicization of the Amazon rainforest as a territory of dispute and a region of political possibilities (Escobar 2008) based on life projects (Blaser et al 2004) as opposed to governmental projects. Ultimately, this dissertation is an exercise in understanding how some indigenous groups kept on resisting by living in spaces constantly changed by the advances of economic frontiers that intersected with the production of borders and with the changing policies toward managing the landscapes cut across by these same borders. Opposing the idea of borders as the productive site of affirmation by negation, for the indigenous groups I engaged with in this dissertation borders are an integrated place of relationships to human beings, to other beings and to the forest within them; in other words, a landscape in constant change because of peoples’ action. The mobility of some indigenous groups throughout the forest and their contribution to design landscapes on it as related to a cosmology not centered in the human [although relying on a particular conceptualization of the human] brought to the fore of this research the aspect that there are inter-relations between nature, culture and society that do not correspond to distinctive, visible and hierarchical separation, let alone to the limits of an Indigenous Territory. In this sense, approaching different borders to understanding different indigenous standpoints on them means also approaching new worlds of knowing and living to which all sorts of borders are also imposed, including within the very Indigenous Territory. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis explores the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and its implications for resolving Indigenous issues. This thesis focuses on Aboriginal title issues in British Columbia and the self-determination issues in Nigeria to consider the application of UNDRIP in different political and geographic contexts. It is important to look at both jurisdictions because of the historical similarities they share as well as the distinctions between them. Each nation has a particular history and experience with British colonization that has shaped how they interact with Indigenous nations. Yet Canada and Nigeria have responded differently to their own colonial histories. Interestingly, in 1969, Canada sent aid to provide food for the Biafrans in Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967 – 1970. The incident will be discussed in-depth in this thesis. Furthermore, in this thesis, I argue that the application of UNDRIP can enable for the elimination of the aboriginal title test to which Indigenous peoples in Canada are subjected in Canadian courts. I argue that the courts should apply UNDRIP principles in resolving aboriginal title claims. I also argue that Nigeria should adopt and implement UNDRIP to enable the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) to exercise their right to self-determination. UNDRIP provides a form of recognition for Indigenous nations that leaves state territorial integrity in place. As such, IPOB exercise of the right to self-determination will not threaten Nigeria’s territorial integrity in accord with article 46 of UNDRIP. / Graduate / 2023-07-25

This thesis examines the role of the indigenous movement in Ecuador on the ongoing process of democratization in that country. My study demonstrates that a comprehensive social movement such as Ecuador's indigenous movement has great potential for having a positive impact on democracy. However, these movements are not without their shortcomings which are clearly demonstrated by some of the actions of CONAIE. This study also points out several factors which are crucial in determining social movements' effect on democracy. / Master of Arts

Decades of colonial dominance in the 20th century, exacerbated by continued Western encroachment and the persistence of internal elite influence, have produced a stratified and hierarchical cultural infrastructure within the Moroccan polity. As a result, many indigenous musical traditions are relegated to the periphery—misunderstood, devalued, and seldom heard in the public square, eclipsed by more privileged genres. This study specifically focuses on the repercussions of this hierarchy on the music culture of the Jebala region in the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco. I investigate how, in the face of marginalization and even silencing within the musical soundscape of Morocco, Jebli musicians have mobilized in response by asserting local identity and pride through the performance of their indigenous musical genres. In doing so, they become allied with musicians throughout the Global South who claim agency through the praxis of their own distinctive aesthetics and traditions, giving voice to the subaltern. I approach this inquiry via my positionality as a native of Morocco with familial lineage in Jebala; adopting a stance of advocacy in identifying structures of colonialism and neo- colonialism, along with elite hegemony, which perpetuate ongoing cultural marginalization.

This dissertation examines the role of Canadian drug laws in the repression of Indigenous sovereignty and situates these laws within a broader framework of settler colonialism. It presents a detailed analysis of historical and contemporary drug legislation with the goal of illuminating the unique ways each piece of legislation works to further colonial objectives and suppress Indigenous rights. It focuses on three specific areas: cannabis, liquor, and tobacco regulations. Because each drug policy was developed within a unique social and historical context, this study uses various methods to analyse different data sets. Chapter One presents a historical analysis of cannabis laws from the Act to Prohibit the Improper Use of Opium and Other Drugs (1923) to the 2018 Cannabis Act and shows how these regulations undermine Indigenous sovereignty, exclude Indigenous peoples from economic benefits, and criminalize Indigenous resistance. Chapter Two uses newspaper data to explore how liquor laws from 1880 to 1920 helped construct white settler identity by criminalizing settlers who interacted with Indigenous people. Chapter Three critiques the Canadian tobacco industry's portrayal of the Mohawk tobacco trade as illicit, highlighting how the industry profits from advocating for the criminalization of Mohawk tobacco sovereignty. Grounded in Settler Colonial Theory, Critical Race Theory, and Indigenous Criminology, this dissertation illuminates the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of colonial power dynamics. This research contributes to a broader understanding of how criminal legislation continues to regulate and control Indigenous peoples, legitimizing the theft of Indigenous land and resources under the guise of drug prohibition. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2006. / Neck pain is a common complaint and a common source of disability in the general population with a point prevalence of nearly 13%. Reports indicate that industry related neck disorders (lifetime incidence of nearly 50%) account for as many days of absenteeism as low back pain; one could compare the two clinical conditions in terms of these trends on a global scale. To investigate whether similar trends do exist, 200 participants with neck pain and 200 asymptomatic participants (stratified sampling according to age and gender) that consented to the research were clinically assessed. These participants also completed a questionnaire addressing the factors that have been identified as related to neck pain at the consultation where they were assessed. This research did not involve the treatment of the participants, although a free treatment was given for patients that opted for one or to those that required it post participation in the study. If treatment was outside the scope of the chiropractic clinic, the participants were referred to the appropriate health care provider. The aim of the study was to investigate factors associated with neck pain in the indigenous African population in the greater Durban area. Data was analysed according to the following: Descriptive statistics were interpreted by means of frequency tables, pie charts, bar graphs and / or in a tabular format in order to describe the sample characteristics of the population under study. Inferential statistics included regression analysis in order to determine any relationships between the patient‟s neck complaint characteristics and factors associated with the complaint. SPSS version 11.5 was used for data analysis (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill, USA). A p value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Descriptive analysis involved presenting or graphing categorical variables as counts and percentages, and quantitative variables as medians and interquartile ranges due to the skewness of the data. Associations between factors and neck pain were examined bivariately using Pearson‟s chi square or Fisher‟s exact tests as appropriate for categorical factors, or Mann-Whitney tests in the case of quantitative non-parametric data. Finally in order to examine the adjusted independent effects of all factors which were found to be individually significant in the bivariate analysis, multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was done. A backwards elimination modelling technique was used, based on likelihood ratios, with entry and exit probabilities set to 0.05 and 0.010 respectively. Results were reported as odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p values. Chi squared analyses was utilised to assess the strength of the relationship and the degree of significance of the relationship. All statistics were analyzed at a confidence interval of 95% and a level of significance where α ≤0.05 (pvalue). The symptomatic participants seemed to be less well educated than the controls. The cases seemed to be less in full time employment, less unemployed, and more self employed than the controls. Income was unevenly distributed among cases and controls. The cases who were working seemed to earn less than the controls who were working. The duration of having neck pain was mainly 1 month. The majority of cases classified their pain as mild. Most participants felt that their pain was worst in the afternoons or related to activities, while they felt their pain was least in the mornings. Frequency of neck pain was mainly constant (36.5%), followed by frequent (32.5%) and seldom (25%). Symptomatic participants mostly reported that their pain began without injury, gradually in 67.5% and abruptly in 13.5%. Fewer symptomatic participants reported pain beginning after an injury (n=22 gradually and n=7 abruptly). The majority reported their neck pain to be stable (38%), while 34% felt it was getting worse and only 19% getting better. More than half of the cases reported difficulty with work due to neck pain. Fewer reported difficulties with daily activities such as washing (30%), sleeping (26%), and lifting (24%). Almost half of the cases rated their disability as none (48%). Only 16% reported severe disability. Thirty-three percent (n=66) reported having been absent from work due to neck pain. The duration of absence in those who were absent was mainly 0-1 week (89.4%). 59 (29%) reported being bed-ridden with neck pain. The most frequent duration was also 0-1 week (81.4%). Ninety three point five percent reported no change in occupational status, while 6 (3%) were demoted, 5 (2.5%) boarded, and 2 (1%) fired. With respect to associated signs and symptoms, 156 (78%) reported to suffer from headaches. In addition, symptomatic participants were asked if they associated their neck pain with any other activities. The most commonly reported factor was stress (22%), followed by bad posture (17%). The other reported factors were reported infrequently. Participants who worked in occupations that involved driving, turning neck, answering the telephone, working in an air-conditioned room, and bending over a desk were significantly more at risk of being cases than controls. Non-occupational factors which were associated with neck pain were worrying a lot, motor vehicle accident, not enough bed support, not using arms to support a book, sitting without back or arm support, not watching TV a lot, and exercising. The results of the study suggest that neck pain within the indigenous African population is associated with the level of education, income, stress levels, bad posture, repetitive movements of the neck, and motor vehicle accidents. It was also found that most of neck pain patients do suffer from headaches. The findings show that neck pain is mostly classified as mild in nature with 1 month duration. Although neck pain was reported to be responsible for at least 7 days of absenteeism from work, causing difficulty with daily activities, most patients reported no disability as a result of neck pain.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2006. / Supervisor: Wayne Warry. Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-164).

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [254] - 266.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 356-380). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3018402.