The water and land located in Tehuacán, Puebla, México, and its surrounding villages including San Francisco, Altepexi has provided individuals with food, jobs, and agricultural products. Currently, the descendants of these indigenous communities find their cultural, social and economical practices related to the daily use of water under threat of disappearance. A primary focus in this thesis is the pollution of water by the maquiladora industry, and pork and chicken processing. Community cooperative associations such as La Guadalupana work by administering the use of water in the villages. Scarcity and water pollution undermine one of their main sources of income to support their families. Furthermore, the health of members of the community, the peasant work activities related to water management, and the prevention of the population on their right to access to clean water are some of the social aspects that are targeted here. As a result, this thesis will explain the extent to which the autonomous Sociedad de Aguas La Guadalupana is playing a role in addressing the problem of water pollution, through a campesino way of organizing. / text

In Latin America, multicultural reforms came in the last three decades in response to regional indigenous empowerment that in turn coincided with processes of neoliberal re-democratization. In Chile, neoliberalization also meant for the indigenous Mapuche dramatic processes of indigenous proletarianization by de-territorialization and a new cycle of resistance and creative deployment of political, economic and cultural agencies bringing forth issues of sustainability, collective well-being, and democracy. Through qualitative methods, this thesis examines how multiple actors are shaping the landscapes of tourism development in south-central Chile. There, tourism practice and discourse in Mapuche rural communities reflect Mapuche responses to a recent phase of policies targeting them under the rubric of "Development with Identity". I demonstrate through three case studies how both these policies and tourism markets are being engaged by Mapuche ethno-entrepreneurial leaders, who at the same time advance agendas of Mapuche re-territorialization through novel re-articulations of livelihoods, place, and identities.

Esta tese tem a finalidade de apresentar estudos sobre o turismo, o território e a modernidade. Para isto, realiza-se um debate teórico e metodológico sobre os usos dos diferentes conceitos de território. Dentro desta lógica, insere-se o turismo como alavanca do desenvolvimento com base local. De uma parte, analisa-se o turismo indígena e, de outra, estuda-se o turismo em territórios indígenas. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa de campo divide-se entre os estudos etnológicos, etnográficos, pesquisa-ação, pesquisa-participante e a literatura sobre turismo e desenvolvimento com base local. O trabalho de campo entre os Krahô ocorreu entre os anos de 2004, 2005 e 2006, permitindo levantar informações sobre a ocorrência do turismo nas comunidades e associações indígenas, assim como propor o entendimento sobre o turismo nos sentidos econômico, político, cultural e ambiental. O turismo emissivo indígena pode ser definido como aquele em que os indígenas das várias etnias viajam para as cidades locais, regionais, nacionais e internacionais para participarem de eventos (Jogos Indígenas, etc.). O turismo em territórios indígenas se define como aquele que ocorre no interior dos territórios indígenas (Feira Krahô de Sementes Tradicionais, etc.). Os territórios das populações autóctones no Brasil estão adquirindo sentido de territórios descontínuos e de territórios-rede, pois todas as etnias possuem mobilidades de seus territórios para outras territorialidades. Portanto, tanto o turismo emissivo indígena quanto o turismo receptivo em territórios indígenas contribuem para a construção da elevação da auto-estima dos índios, para a venda do artesanato e, por último, para a constituição de novas multiterritorialidades turísticas. / This thesis aims at submitting studies about tourism, territory and modernity. For such, a theoretical and methodological debate on the uses of the different territory concepts takes place. Within this logic, tourism is inserted as development with local base. On the one hand, we analyze indigenous tourism, and on the other hand, we study tourism in indigenous territories. The methodology used in the field research is divided among ethnologic, ethnographic studies, research-action, research-participant and the literature on tourism and development with local base. The field work among the Krahô took place between the years 2004, 2005 and 2006, allowing to survey information on the occurrence of tourism in the indigenous communities and associations, as well as proposing the understanding on tourism in the economical, political, cultural and environmental senses. The emissive indigenous tourism can be defined as the one where the natives of the different ethnic groups travel to the local, regional, national and international cities to take part in events (Indigenous Games, etc.). The tourism in indigenous territories is defined as the one taking place within the indigenous territories (Krahô Fair of Traditional Seeds, etc.). The territories of the autochthonous populations in Brazil are acquiring sense of discontinuous territories and network-territories, because all the ethnic groups can move from their territories to other territories. Therefore, both emissive indigenous tourism as well as the receptive tourism in indigenous territories contribute for elevating the self-esteem of the Indians, for selling handicraft and, for last, for constituting new multi-territory tourism.

Esta tese tem a finalidade de apresentar estudos sobre o turismo, o território e a modernidade. Para isto, realiza-se um debate teórico e metodológico sobre os usos dos diferentes conceitos de território. Dentro desta lógica, insere-se o turismo como alavanca do desenvolvimento com base local. De uma parte, analisa-se o turismo indígena e, de outra, estuda-se o turismo em territórios indígenas. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa de campo divide-se entre os estudos etnológicos, etnográficos, pesquisa-ação, pesquisa-participante e a literatura sobre turismo e desenvolvimento com base local. O trabalho de campo entre os Krahô ocorreu entre os anos de 2004, 2005 e 2006, permitindo levantar informações sobre a ocorrência do turismo nas comunidades e associações indígenas, assim como propor o entendimento sobre o turismo nos sentidos econômico, político, cultural e ambiental. O turismo emissivo indígena pode ser definido como aquele em que os indígenas das várias etnias viajam para as cidades locais, regionais, nacionais e internacionais para participarem de eventos (Jogos Indígenas, etc.). O turismo em territórios indígenas se define como aquele que ocorre no interior dos territórios indígenas (Feira Krahô de Sementes Tradicionais, etc.). Os territórios das populações autóctones no Brasil estão adquirindo sentido de territórios descontínuos e de territórios-rede, pois todas as etnias possuem mobilidades de seus territórios para outras territorialidades. Portanto, tanto o turismo emissivo indígena quanto o turismo receptivo em territórios indígenas contribuem para a construção da elevação da auto-estima dos índios, para a venda do artesanato e, por último, para a constituição de novas multiterritorialidades turísticas. / This thesis aims at submitting studies about tourism, territory and modernity. For such, a theoretical and methodological debate on the uses of the different territory concepts takes place. Within this logic, tourism is inserted as development with local base. On the one hand, we analyze indigenous tourism, and on the other hand, we study tourism in indigenous territories. The methodology used in the field research is divided among ethnologic, ethnographic studies, research-action, research-participant and the literature on tourism and development with local base. The field work among the Krahô took place between the years 2004, 2005 and 2006, allowing to survey information on the occurrence of tourism in the indigenous communities and associations, as well as proposing the understanding on tourism in the economical, political, cultural and environmental senses. The emissive indigenous tourism can be defined as the one where the natives of the different ethnic groups travel to the local, regional, national and international cities to take part in events (Indigenous Games, etc.). The tourism in indigenous territories is defined as the one taking place within the indigenous territories (Krahô Fair of Traditional Seeds, etc.). The territories of the autochthonous populations in Brazil are acquiring sense of discontinuous territories and network-territories, because all the ethnic groups can move from their territories to other territories. Therefore, both emissive indigenous tourism as well as the receptive tourism in indigenous territories contribute for elevating the self-esteem of the Indians, for selling handicraft and, for last, for constituting new multi-territory tourism.