Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-10-09T19:25:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kellyoliveiradoamaral.pdf: 690402 bytes, checksum: 02a13f617ac774ee60200d796a881dcd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T20:03:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kellyoliveiradoamaral.pdf: 690402 bytes, checksum: 02a13f617ac774ee60200d796a881dcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T20:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kellyoliveiradoamaral.pdf: 690402 bytes, checksum: 02a13f617ac774ee60200d796a881dcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / As operárias de formigas cortadeiras coletam fragmentos vegetais frescos, os quais são utilizados como substrato para o cultivo do fungo simbionte. A dieta alimentar das operárias de formigas cortadeiras, sobretudo da prole, consiste no consumo do fungo simbionte, o que torna o forrageamento uma atividade primordial para o sucesso de suas colônias. Desse modo, a massa do fragmento vegetal transportado a colônia está diretamente relacionada ao sucesso do forrageamento, pois esta interfere na velocidade de deslocamento das operárias e no aporte de alimento para a colônia. Buscando identificar os fatores que podem modular a determinação da carga transportada em formigas cortadeiras, foi avaliado como o feromônio de trilha influencia na determinação do fragmento vegetal transportado por operárias de Acromyrmex subterraneus. Paralelamente, verificou-se a interferência do sinal químico no fluxo de operárias, bem como da carga transportada na velocidade de deslocamento. Utilizando uma trilha com marcação química prévia no início do forrageamento, não se registrou variação da massa vegetal transportada, no entanto, houve redução do fluxo de operárias que saem da colônia e das que retornavam sem transportar carga, bem como da velocidade de deslocamento das operárias com carga. Uma vez que a pista química feromonal interferiu no fluxo de operárias ao longo da trilha de forrageamento, supõe-se que a determinação da carga transportada pode estar relacionada com as interações entre as operárias. No segundo experimento, foi investigado se a atividade individual da forrageira de Acromyrmex subterraneus influencia na determinação do fragmento vegetal transportado. Observando forrageiras individualmente marcadas durante um mesmo evento de forrageamento, foi registrado o número de viagens realizadas transportando fragmento vegetal, no qual verificou-se que a atividade individual da forrageira não interferiu na massa foliar transportada, isto é, a massa do fragmento vegetal transportado foi a mesma independente do número de viagens realizado por uma mesma operária. Registrou-se ainda que maioria das operárias realizou até três viagens, sendo, portanto, a maior parte do transporte de folhas realizado por operárias que não desempenham exclusivamente a atividade de forrageamento, as quais são denominadas de operárias não elite. Sugerindo um esforço coletivo da colônia em garantir o sucesso do forrageamento. Deste modo, inclui-se junto aos fatores físicos, por exemplo, a relação entre tamanho da operária e fragmento e aos mecanismos de coleta e obtenção de recurso, as interações entre os indivíduos da colônia, que se mostram fundamentais para modulação da carga vegetal transportada pelas operárias. / Cutting ant workers collect fresh plant fragments, which are used as substrate for the cultivation of the symbiotic fungus. The diet of cutter ant workers, especially offspring, consists of the consumption of the fungus symbiont, which makes foraging a prime activity for the success of their colonies. Thus, the mass of the plant fragment transported to the colony is directly related to the success of the foraging, since this interferes in the speed of the workers' movement and in the feeding of the colony. To identify the factors that can modulate the determination of the load carried in leaf cutting ants, it was evaluated how the trail pheromone influences the determination of the vegetal fragment carried by the workers of Acromyrmex subterraneus. At the same time, there was interference of the chemical signal in the flow of workers, as well as the load carried in the displacement speed. Using a trail with prior chemical marking at the beginning of foraging, no variation of the transported vegetable mass was recorded, however, there was a reduction in the flow of workers leaving the colony and those returning without carrying cargo, as well as the speed of movement of workers with load. Since the pheromonal chemical track interfered with the flow of workers along the foraging trail, it is assumed that the determination of the transported load may be related to the interactions between the workers. In the second experiment, it was investigated whether the individual activity of the forage of Acromyrmex subterraneus influences the determination of the transported plant fragment. By observing individually tagged forages during the same foraging event, the number of trips carried out carrying vegetable fragment was recorded, in which it was verified that the individual activity of the forage did not interfere in the transported foliar mass, that is, the mass of the transported vegetable fragment was the same independent of the number of trips made by the same worker. It was also recorded that most of the workers had carried out up to three trips, being therefore most of the transport of leaves realized by workers who do not exclusively perform the foraging activity, which are denominated of non-elite workers. Suggesting a colony's collective effort to ensure foraging success. In this way, the physical factors, for example, the relation between worker size and fragment and the mechanisms of collection and obtaining of resources are included, the interactions between the individuals of the colony, which are fundamental for modulation of the transported vegetal load by the workers.

In the 2005 year the companies of the small and average business amounted up to 99,4 percentage of the all Lithuanian companies, they were engaged the 69,7 percentage of all Lithuanian staff and produced about 68,2 percentage of all Lithuanian surplus value. All the companies dependent on the market’s competition, taxes, technological advances, quality’s and environment’s rules, the changes of the laws, but the small and average companies differ from the gross companies, because they cannot reach these effects, similar to gross companies, and the small and average companies usually can only work in the market as gross companies’ partners. The main aim of the master work is to analyze the theoretical aspects of the activity of the small and average companies, besides to analize the main indicators of the small and average companies in Lithuania in the period of 2001 -2004 years (their structure, wages, size, financial rates and so on) and to analyze their taxation in 2005 year.