Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-03-15T17:13:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 telmamarialararabelo.pdf: 1956520 bytes, checksum: c6675e2d704344eff1445b6eb0c46465 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-19T17:38:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 telmamarialararabelo.pdf: 1956520 bytes, checksum: c6675e2d704344eff1445b6eb0c46465 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T17:38:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 telmamarialararabelo.pdf: 1956520 bytes, checksum: c6675e2d704344eff1445b6eb0c46465 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-12 / PROQUALI (UFJF) / O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar e avaliar os determinantes do intraempreendedorismo, individual e organizacional, presentes na Pró-Reitoria de Recursos Humanos (PRORH) da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), segundo a percepção de seus gestores e servidores. O referencial teórico pautou-se em características do comportamento empreendedor e características organizacionais do intraempreendedorismo, de modo geral, destacando-se as contribuições de McClelland (1987) e Hornsby, Kuratko e Zahra (2002), cujos modelos conceituais foram adotados para fins da pesquisa realizada. A pesquisa realizada adotou o estudo de caso descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Os dados foram tratados e analisados conforme sua natureza (análise uni e bivariada e análise de conteúdo, respectivamente). A partir dos dados coletados na primeira fase da pesquisa, pode-se constatar que o perfil dos servidores pesquisados apresenta um nível mediano de desenvolvimento das características comportamentais empreendedoras. Semelhanças positivas foram identificadas entre os dados das duas fases da pesquisa no que diz respeito às principais características empreendedoras mais e menos desenvolvidas. Quanto aos determinantes organizacionais, a média geral dos fatores estruturais organizacionais do intraempreendedorismo, segundo a percepção dos gestores e servidores foi de 2,87. Uma proximidade com o nível médio de intraempreendedorismo, contudo, ainda não se pode qualificá-lo como tal. Apuraram-se semelhanças positivas entre os dados das duas fases da pesquisa no que se refere ao fator organizacional mais e menos desenvolvido na instituição. A análise comparativa entre os dados qualitativos e os quantitativos demonstra uma consonância entre a percepção dos entrevistados e a dos respondentes dos testes. Também foram identificadas tendências de correlações entre os determinantes individuais e organizacionais do intraempreendedorismo. No que diz respeito aos desafios da atuação intraempreendedora na UFJF, os entrevistados identificaram que a implantar um sistema de recompensas/reforços, gerir por competência e trabalhar o fator motivacional dos servidores deveriam ser os principais mecanismos utilizados para incentivar os funcionários a serem mais criativos, inovadores e proativos. Os entrevistados apresentaram questões políticas, burocracia e hierarquia, ausência de uma cultura intraempreendedora e rigidez estrutural e legal como as principais barreiras impostas ao desenvolvimento da iniciativa intraempreendedora na UFJF. A pesquisa avaliou o nível dos determinantes individuais e organizacionais, permitindo ações mais efetivas com o fim de estimular o intraempreendedorismo. Diante dos resultados do estudo, sugere-se a realização de outros estudos, na mesma instituição, considerando outras pró-reitorias e em outras instituições públicas, com o objetivo de se aprofundar no fenômeno intraempreendedorismo na instituição pública. / The purpose of this paper was to identify and assess organizational and individual determinants of intra-entrepreneurship in the Rectory of Human Resources (PRORH) of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), according to its administrators and personnel. The theoretical references were based upon the entrepreneur behavior and the organizational features of entrepreneurship, in general. There was a highlight on the contributions of McClelland (1987) and Hornsby, Kuratko & Zahra (2002), whose conceptual models were adopted for the research. It used the method of descriptive case study, with quantitative and qualitative approach. Data were dealt with and analyzed according to their nature (uni/bivaried analysis and content analysis, respectfully). From the data collected during the first phase, one could verify that the staff profile presents a medium level in the development of entrepreneurial behavior features. There were positive similarities that could be identified between data from both phases, in relation to the main entrepreneur features more and less developed. As for organizational determinants, the general average was 2.87, according to, which indicates closeness to the entrepreneurship medium level. However, it cannot be qualified as such. Also, the positive similarities between the two phases were searched in terms of the institution‟s organizational factor more and less developed. Comparative analysis of qualitative and quantitative data shows a consonance between the individuals who were interviewed and the ones who answered the tests. Furthermore, tendencies for correlations between individual and organizational determinants were detected. As for the challenges of the intra-entrepreneurial action in UFJF, interviewees showed that at implanting a system for compensations/efforts, managing through competence and dealing with the staff‟s motivational factor should be the main mechanisms towards encouraging staff to become more creative, innovative and pro-active. Interviewees indicated political issues, bureaucracy and hierarchy, lack of an intra- entrepreneurial and structural and legal rigidity, as imposed barriers for the development of intra- entrepreneurial action at UFJF. The research assessed the level of individual and organizational determinants, enabling more effective actions in order to stimulate intra-entrepreneurship. Given the results and the study limitations, a schedule was created for future research, aiming to going deeper into the issue of intra- entrepreneurship in the public institution.

BACKGROUND: Behavioral risk factors are known to co-occur among youth, and to increase risks of chronic diseases morbidity and mortality later in life. However, little is known about determinants of multiple chronic disease behavioral risk factors, particularly among youth. Previous studies have been cross-sectional and carried out without a sound theoretical framework. METHODS: Using longitudinal data (n = 1135) from Cycle 4 (2000-2001), Cycle 5 (2002-2003) and Cycle 6 (2004-2005) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a nationally representative sample of Canadian children who are followed biennially, the present study examines the influence of a set of conceptually-related individual/social distal variables (variables situated at an intermediate distance from behaviors), and individual/social ultimate variables (variables situated at an utmost distance from behaviors) on the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioral risk factors (physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and high body mass index) in a sample of children aged 10-11 years at baseline. Multiple behavioral risk factors were assessed using a multiple risk factor score. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.1, and SUDAAN, version 9.01. RESULTS: Multivariate longitudinal Poisson models showed that social distal variables including parental/peer smoking and peer drinking (Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) = 187.86, degrees of freedom (DF) = 8, p < .001), as well as individual distal variables including low self-esteem (LLR = 76.94, DF = 4, p < .001) increased the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioral risk factors. Individual ultimate variables including age, sex, and anxiety (LLR = 9.34, DF = 3, p < .05), as well as social ultimate variables including family socioeconomic status, and family structure (LLR = 10.93, DF = 5, p = .05) contributed minimally to the rate of co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest targeting individual/social distal variables in prevention programs of multiple chronic disease behavioral risk factors among youth.

Contexte: Les facteurs de risque comportementaux, notamment l’inactivité physique, le comportement sédentaire, le tabagisme, la consommation d’alcool et le surpoids sont les principales causes modifiables de maladies chroniques telles que le cancer, les maladies cardiovasculaires et le diabète. Ces facteurs de risque se manifestent également de façon concomitante chez l’individu et entraînent des risques accrus de morbidité et de mortalité. Bien que les facteurs de risque comportementaux aient été largement étudiés, la distribution, les patrons d’agrégation et les déterminants de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux sont peu connus, surtout chez les enfants et les adolescents. Objectifs: Cette thèse vise 1) à décrire la prévalence et les patrons d’agrégation de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux des maladies chroniques chez les enfants et adolescents canadiens; 2) à explorer les corrélats individuels, sociaux et scolaires de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les enfants et adolescents canadiens; et 3) à évaluer, selon le modèle conceptuel de l’étude, l’influence longitudinale d’un ensemble de variables distales (c’est-à-dire des variables situées à une distance intermédiaire des comportements à risque) de type individuel (estime de soi, sentiment de réussite), social (relations sociales, comportements des parents/pairs) et scolaire (engagement collectif à la réussite, compréhension des règles), ainsi que de variables ultimes (c’est-à-dire des variables situées à une distance éloignée des comportements à risque) de type individuel (traits de personnalité, caractéristiques démographiques), social (caractéristiques socio-économiques des parents) et scolaire (type d’école, environnement favorable, climat disciplinaire) sur le taux d’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les enfants et adolescents canadiens. Méthodes: Des données transversales (n = 4724) à partir du cycle 4 (2000-2001) de l’Enquête longitudinale nationale sur les enfants et les jeunes (ELNEJ) ont été utilisées pour décrire la prévalence et les patrons d’agrégation de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les jeunes canadiens âgés de 10-17 ans. L’agrégation des facteurs de risque a été examinée en utilisant une méthode du ratio de cas observés sur les cas attendus. La régression logistique ordinale a été utilisée pour explorer les corrélats de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux dans un échantillon transversal (n = 1747) de jeunes canadiens âgés de 10-15 ans du cycle 4 (2000-2001) de l’ELNEJ. Des données prospectives (n = 1135) à partir des cycle 4 (2000-2001), cycle 5 (2002-2003) et cycle 6 (2004-2005) de l’ELNEJ ont été utilisées pour évaluer l’influence longitudinale des variables distales et ultimes (tel que décrit ci-haut dans les objectifs) sur le taux d’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les jeunes canadiens âgés de 10-15 ans; cette analyse a été effectuée à l’aide des modèles de Poisson longitudinaux. Résultats: Soixante-cinq pour cent des jeunes canadiens ont rapporté avoir deux ou plus de facteurs de risque comportementaux, comparativement à seulement 10% des jeunes avec aucun facteur de risque. Les facteurs de risque comportementaux se sont agrégés en de multiples combinaisons. Plus précisément, l’occurrence simultanée des cinq facteurs de risque était 120% plus élevée chez les garçons (ratio observé/attendu (O/E) = 2.20, intervalle de confiance (IC) 95%: 1.31-3.09) et 94% plus élevée chez les filles (ratio O/E = 1.94, IC 95%: 1.24-2.64) qu’attendu. L’âge (rapport de cotes (RC) = 1.95, IC 95%: 1.21-3.13), ayant un parent fumeur (RC = 1.49, IC 95%: 1.09-2.03), ayant rapporté que la majorité/tous de ses pairs consommaient du tabac (RC = 7.31, IC 95%: 4.00-13.35) ou buvaient de l’alcool (RC = 3.77, IC 95%: 2.18-6.53), et vivant dans une famille monoparentale (RC = 1.94, IC 95%: 1.31-2.88) ont été positivement associés aux multiples comportements à risque. Les jeunes ayant une forte estime de soi (RC = 0.92, IC 95%: 0.85-0.99) ainsi que les jeunes dont un des parents avait un niveau d’éducation postsecondaire (RC = 0.58, IC 95%: 0.41-0.82) étaient moins susceptibles d’avoir de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux. Enfin, les variables de type social distal (tabagisme des parents et des pairs, consommation d’alcool par les pairs) (Log du rapport de vraisemblance (LLR) = 187.86, degrés de liberté = 8, P < 0,001) et individuel distal (estime de soi) (LLR = 76.94, degrés de liberté = 4, P < 0,001) ont significativement influencé le taux d’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux. Les variables de type individuel ultime (âge, sexe, anxiété) et social ultime (niveau d’éducation du parent, revenu du ménage, structure de la famille) ont eu une influence moins prononcée sur le taux de cooccurrence des facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les jeunes. Conclusion: Les résultats suggèrent que les interventions de santé publique devraient principalement cibler les déterminants de type individuel distal (tel que l’estime de soi) ainsi que social distal (tels que le tabagisme des parents et des pairs et la consommation d’alcool par les pairs) pour prévenir et/ou réduire l’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les enfants et les adolescents. Cependant, puisque les variables de type distal (telles que les caractéristiques psychosociales des jeunes et comportements des parents/pairs) peuvent être influencées par des variables de type ultime (telles que les caractéristiques démographiques et socioéconomiques), les programmes et politiques de prévention devraient également viser à améliorer les conditions socioéconomiques des jeunes, particulièrement celles des enfants et des adolescents des familles les plus démunies. / Background: Behavioural risk factors including physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and being overweight are major modifiable causes of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. These lifestyle risk factors also co-occur in individuals and lead to increased risks of chronic diseases morbidity and mortality. Although single behavioural risk factors have been extensively studied, little is known about the distribution, clustering patterns and potential determinants of multiple behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases, particularly in children and adolescents. Objectives: This thesis aims 1) to describe the prevalence and clustering patterns of multiple chronic disease behavioural risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents; 2) to explore potential individual, social and school correlates of multiple chronic disease behavioural risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents; and 3) to assess, based on the conceptual framework of this study, the longitudinal influence of selected individual (sense of self, sense of achievement), social (social relations, others’ behaviours) and school (collective commitment to success, comprehension of rules) distal variables (variables situated at an intermediate distance from behaviours), as well as selected individual (demographics and personality traits), social (parental socioeconomic characteristics) and school (type of school, supportive environment, disciplinary climate) ultimate variables (variables situated at an utmost distance from behaviours) on the rate of occurrence of multiple chronic disease behavioural risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional data (n = 4724) from Cycle 4 (2000-2001) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) were used to describe the prevalence and clustering patterns of multiple behavioural risk factors in Canadian youth aged 10-17 years. Clustering was assessed using an observed to expected ratio method. Ordinal logistic regression was used to explore correlates of multiple behavioural risk factors in a cross-sectional sample (n = 1747) of Canadian youth aged 10-15 years from Cycle 4 (2000-2001) of the NLSCY. Prospective data (n = 1135) from Cycle 4 (2000-2001), Cycle 5 (2002-2003) and Cycle 6 (2004-2005) of the NLSCY were used to assess the longitudinal influence of selected distal and ultimate variables (as described above in the objectives) on the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioural risk factors in Canadian youth aged 10-15 years; this analysis was performed using longitudinal Poisson models. Results: Sixty-five percent of Canadian youth had two or more behavioural risk factors compared to only 10% with no risk factor. Behavioural risk factors clustered in multiple combinations. Specifically, the simultaneous occurrence of all five risk factors was 120% greater in males (observed/expected (O/E) ratio = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31-3.09) and 94% greater in females (O/E ratio = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.24-2.64) than expected by chance. Older age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.21-3.13), caregiver smoking (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.09-2.03), reporting that most/all of one’s peers smoked (OR = 7.31, 95% CI: 4.00-13.35) or drank alcohol (OR = 3.77, 95% CI: 2.18-6.53), and living in a lone-parent family (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.31-2.88) increased the likelihood of having multiple health risk behaviours. Youth with high self-esteem (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85-0.99) and youth from families with post-secondary education (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.41-0.82) were less likely to have a higher number of behavioural risk factors. Finally, social distal variables (caregiver smoking, peer smoking, peer drinking) (Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) = 187.86, degrees of freedom = 8, P < 0.001) and individual distal variables (such as self-esteem) (LLR = 76.94, degrees of freedom = 4, P < 0.001) significantly influenced the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioural risk factors. Individual ultimate variables (age, sex, anxiety) and social ultimate variables (parental education, household income, family structure) exerted a less pronounced influence on the rate of co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors among youth. Conclusion: The results suggest that public health interventions should primarily target the individual distal (such as self-esteem) and social distal variables (such as parental smoking, peer smoking and peer drinking) to reduce or prevent the occurrence of multiple behavioural risk factors among youth. However, since distal variables (such as psychosocial characteristics and others’ behaviours) may be influenced by ultimate variables (such as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics), prevention programs and policies should also aim to improve the socioeconomic conditions of children and adolescents, particularly those of youth from less affluent families.

Contexte: Les facteurs de risque comportementaux, notamment l’inactivité physique, le comportement sédentaire, le tabagisme, la consommation d’alcool et le surpoids sont les principales causes modifiables de maladies chroniques telles que le cancer, les maladies cardiovasculaires et le diabète. Ces facteurs de risque se manifestent également de façon concomitante chez l’individu et entraînent des risques accrus de morbidité et de mortalité. Bien que les facteurs de risque comportementaux aient été largement étudiés, la distribution, les patrons d’agrégation et les déterminants de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux sont peu connus, surtout chez les enfants et les adolescents. Objectifs: Cette thèse vise 1) à décrire la prévalence et les patrons d’agrégation de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux des maladies chroniques chez les enfants et adolescents canadiens; 2) à explorer les corrélats individuels, sociaux et scolaires de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les enfants et adolescents canadiens; et 3) à évaluer, selon le modèle conceptuel de l’étude, l’influence longitudinale d’un ensemble de variables distales (c’est-à-dire des variables situées à une distance intermédiaire des comportements à risque) de type individuel (estime de soi, sentiment de réussite), social (relations sociales, comportements des parents/pairs) et scolaire (engagement collectif à la réussite, compréhension des règles), ainsi que de variables ultimes (c’est-à-dire des variables situées à une distance éloignée des comportements à risque) de type individuel (traits de personnalité, caractéristiques démographiques), social (caractéristiques socio-économiques des parents) et scolaire (type d’école, environnement favorable, climat disciplinaire) sur le taux d’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les enfants et adolescents canadiens. Méthodes: Des données transversales (n = 4724) à partir du cycle 4 (2000-2001) de l’Enquête longitudinale nationale sur les enfants et les jeunes (ELNEJ) ont été utilisées pour décrire la prévalence et les patrons d’agrégation de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les jeunes canadiens âgés de 10-17 ans. L’agrégation des facteurs de risque a été examinée en utilisant une méthode du ratio de cas observés sur les cas attendus. La régression logistique ordinale a été utilisée pour explorer les corrélats de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux dans un échantillon transversal (n = 1747) de jeunes canadiens âgés de 10-15 ans du cycle 4 (2000-2001) de l’ELNEJ. Des données prospectives (n = 1135) à partir des cycle 4 (2000-2001), cycle 5 (2002-2003) et cycle 6 (2004-2005) de l’ELNEJ ont été utilisées pour évaluer l’influence longitudinale des variables distales et ultimes (tel que décrit ci-haut dans les objectifs) sur le taux d’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les jeunes canadiens âgés de 10-15 ans; cette analyse a été effectuée à l’aide des modèles de Poisson longitudinaux. Résultats: Soixante-cinq pour cent des jeunes canadiens ont rapporté avoir deux ou plus de facteurs de risque comportementaux, comparativement à seulement 10% des jeunes avec aucun facteur de risque. Les facteurs de risque comportementaux se sont agrégés en de multiples combinaisons. Plus précisément, l’occurrence simultanée des cinq facteurs de risque était 120% plus élevée chez les garçons (ratio observé/attendu (O/E) = 2.20, intervalle de confiance (IC) 95%: 1.31-3.09) et 94% plus élevée chez les filles (ratio O/E = 1.94, IC 95%: 1.24-2.64) qu’attendu. L’âge (rapport de cotes (RC) = 1.95, IC 95%: 1.21-3.13), ayant un parent fumeur (RC = 1.49, IC 95%: 1.09-2.03), ayant rapporté que la majorité/tous de ses pairs consommaient du tabac (RC = 7.31, IC 95%: 4.00-13.35) ou buvaient de l’alcool (RC = 3.77, IC 95%: 2.18-6.53), et vivant dans une famille monoparentale (RC = 1.94, IC 95%: 1.31-2.88) ont été positivement associés aux multiples comportements à risque. Les jeunes ayant une forte estime de soi (RC = 0.92, IC 95%: 0.85-0.99) ainsi que les jeunes dont un des parents avait un niveau d’éducation postsecondaire (RC = 0.58, IC 95%: 0.41-0.82) étaient moins susceptibles d’avoir de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux. Enfin, les variables de type social distal (tabagisme des parents et des pairs, consommation d’alcool par les pairs) (Log du rapport de vraisemblance (LLR) = 187.86, degrés de liberté = 8, P < 0,001) et individuel distal (estime de soi) (LLR = 76.94, degrés de liberté = 4, P < 0,001) ont significativement influencé le taux d’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux. Les variables de type individuel ultime (âge, sexe, anxiété) et social ultime (niveau d’éducation du parent, revenu du ménage, structure de la famille) ont eu une influence moins prononcée sur le taux de cooccurrence des facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les jeunes. Conclusion: Les résultats suggèrent que les interventions de santé publique devraient principalement cibler les déterminants de type individuel distal (tel que l’estime de soi) ainsi que social distal (tels que le tabagisme des parents et des pairs et la consommation d’alcool par les pairs) pour prévenir et/ou réduire l’occurrence de multiples facteurs de risque comportementaux chez les enfants et les adolescents. Cependant, puisque les variables de type distal (telles que les caractéristiques psychosociales des jeunes et comportements des parents/pairs) peuvent être influencées par des variables de type ultime (telles que les caractéristiques démographiques et socioéconomiques), les programmes et politiques de prévention devraient également viser à améliorer les conditions socioéconomiques des jeunes, particulièrement celles des enfants et des adolescents des familles les plus démunies. / Background: Behavioural risk factors including physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and being overweight are major modifiable causes of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. These lifestyle risk factors also co-occur in individuals and lead to increased risks of chronic diseases morbidity and mortality. Although single behavioural risk factors have been extensively studied, little is known about the distribution, clustering patterns and potential determinants of multiple behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases, particularly in children and adolescents. Objectives: This thesis aims 1) to describe the prevalence and clustering patterns of multiple chronic disease behavioural risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents; 2) to explore potential individual, social and school correlates of multiple chronic disease behavioural risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents; and 3) to assess, based on the conceptual framework of this study, the longitudinal influence of selected individual (sense of self, sense of achievement), social (social relations, others’ behaviours) and school (collective commitment to success, comprehension of rules) distal variables (variables situated at an intermediate distance from behaviours), as well as selected individual (demographics and personality traits), social (parental socioeconomic characteristics) and school (type of school, supportive environment, disciplinary climate) ultimate variables (variables situated at an utmost distance from behaviours) on the rate of occurrence of multiple chronic disease behavioural risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional data (n = 4724) from Cycle 4 (2000-2001) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) were used to describe the prevalence and clustering patterns of multiple behavioural risk factors in Canadian youth aged 10-17 years. Clustering was assessed using an observed to expected ratio method. Ordinal logistic regression was used to explore correlates of multiple behavioural risk factors in a cross-sectional sample (n = 1747) of Canadian youth aged 10-15 years from Cycle 4 (2000-2001) of the NLSCY. Prospective data (n = 1135) from Cycle 4 (2000-2001), Cycle 5 (2002-2003) and Cycle 6 (2004-2005) of the NLSCY were used to assess the longitudinal influence of selected distal and ultimate variables (as described above in the objectives) on the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioural risk factors in Canadian youth aged 10-15 years; this analysis was performed using longitudinal Poisson models. Results: Sixty-five percent of Canadian youth had two or more behavioural risk factors compared to only 10% with no risk factor. Behavioural risk factors clustered in multiple combinations. Specifically, the simultaneous occurrence of all five risk factors was 120% greater in males (observed/expected (O/E) ratio = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31-3.09) and 94% greater in females (O/E ratio = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.24-2.64) than expected by chance. Older age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.21-3.13), caregiver smoking (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.09-2.03), reporting that most/all of one’s peers smoked (OR = 7.31, 95% CI: 4.00-13.35) or drank alcohol (OR = 3.77, 95% CI: 2.18-6.53), and living in a lone-parent family (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.31-2.88) increased the likelihood of having multiple health risk behaviours. Youth with high self-esteem (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85-0.99) and youth from families with post-secondary education (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.41-0.82) were less likely to have a higher number of behavioural risk factors. Finally, social distal variables (caregiver smoking, peer smoking, peer drinking) (Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) = 187.86, degrees of freedom = 8, P < 0.001) and individual distal variables (such as self-esteem) (LLR = 76.94, degrees of freedom = 4, P < 0.001) significantly influenced the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioural risk factors. Individual ultimate variables (age, sex, anxiety) and social ultimate variables (parental education, household income, family structure) exerted a less pronounced influence on the rate of co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors among youth. Conclusion: The results suggest that public health interventions should primarily target the individual distal (such as self-esteem) and social distal variables (such as parental smoking, peer smoking and peer drinking) to reduce or prevent the occurrence of multiple behavioural risk factors among youth. However, since distal variables (such as psychosocial characteristics and others’ behaviours) may be influenced by ultimate variables (such as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics), prevention programs and policies should also aim to improve the socioeconomic conditions of children and adolescents, particularly those of youth from less affluent families.