Nowadays it is a worldwide trend to transform the government by using information and communications technology. Particularly in keen competition amongst countries in the 21st century, a country which has competitive consciousness uses information and communication technology to reform the government for improving its national competitiveness. If Taiwan intends to remold itself and improve its national competitiveness, it should establish an electronic government to develop governmental Internet service and substantially renovate the effectiveness of administrative operations. The government should break through the traditional thinking frame and redefine the role and function of the government. This is for the purpose of changing and improving the interactive relationship between the government and the public and to help the public accept the convenient service of various Internet applications offered by the government. Taiwan started the online governmental services from 1998 and has been engaged in several types of applications, such as Government to Citizen, Government to Business, and Government to Government applications. Among these applications, the convenient service of Internet application, which is most closely related to the daily life of the public, includes electronic tax filing, electronic motor vehicle & driver information system, electronic public safety, electronic industries and businesses, electronic health care, and electronic utilities, etc, which have been gradually and widely used by the public. By adopting the four phases of NEBIC Theory (Net-Enabled Business Innovation Cycle), this study will examine whether the electronic filing of individual income tax returns, which is introduced by the government, makes tax filing more efficient, lowers the cost and offers a more convenient service or not. In brief, the study is to analyze whether the needs of the public are being more fulfilled. NEBIC Theory mainly defines the four phases of the cycle, which are Choosing Enabling Information Technologies, Matching with Economic Opportunities, Executing Business Innovation for Growth and Assessing Customer Value, to create customer value. By using NEBIC Theory, this study analyzed (1) the first phase that the electronic government was engaged in convenient service of Internet application by using information technology, (2) the second phase that the government offered tax payers the electronic tax filing with a 24-hour filing system and a trial run of auto-selected optimal filing, and (3) the third phase in which the national tax information systems used by five regional National Tax Administrations and the Financial Data Center were integrated and planned anew, which was named ¡§National Tax System Migration¡¨, in which most commonly known by the public was ¡§electronic filing of individual income tax returns¡¨, and was accomplished in 6 years. This study finally analyzed the fourth phase of the value of electronic filing of income tax returns. Voluntarily providing tax payers with annual income data by tax authorities significantly saves the social cost, time cost, and manpower cost of tax withholders, payers and authorities. Tax authorities may save manpower in data recording and processing, save data storage space and improve the government¡¦s administrative effectiveness. Tax payers may save transport costs, extend the tax filing time, save time of trials and lower the possibility of rejection, which offers more convenience to the public. Therefore, electronic filing of individual income tax returns greatly increases satisfaction of the needs of the public.

Preface Public policies are a result of governmental responses in persuit of the best interests for the majority of the people. Policy analysis, on the other hand , emphasizes customer-orientation in making public decesion. It seems that it is the government¡¦s responsibility to make good policies to serve its people. Therefore, Taiwan began to develop itself into a state of e-government in 1998. The government has improved country¡¦s electronic service infrastructures and has the information and communication technology effectively integrated. As a result, government red tape has been significantly reduced. Traditional labor-intense computer operation has been digitalized and has given its way to internet. Government efficiency is improved as well as the quality of service. Using internet to file individual income tax has become a trend. It is not necessary any more to go to the taxing authority to file tax. Internet provides taxpayers much faster and more convenient electronic accesses. Since March 1999, revenue service authorities all over the country have been activily advocating using on-line internet processing to file individual income tax. In May 2003, without going to the tax authority, taxpayers started to use Citizen Digital Certificate or Financial Institution Certificate to file individual income tax. Thereafter, the way in filing individual income tax has become diversified. According to the statistics, in the year of 2006 there were applications using internet to file individual income. This record-high figure represents 47 percent of total applications. Filing individual income tax through internet truly symbolizes an electronic government. This study is based on the theory of public policy and places of marketing to discuss how internet and certificate work in filing individual income tax. Many of my colleagues asked to answer the questionaires on the designed questions. The questionaires were quantitively analyzed. The result shows that using internet to file individual income tax enables the public to enjoy an e-government that works more efficiently and costs much less. This study is summarized as the following : 1.Tax filing applications that claim for standard deduction accounted for nearly 70 percent of all applications from year 1999 to 2006. 2.Internet has become a main public access in filing individual income tax. 3.Internet is not widely used yet in filing individual income tax, but it has the advantages over the other means. By govrrnment¡¦s advocating, internet may become more accessible to the public. 4.The government needs to find a way to systematize the process in filing individual income tax to fit public interests better.

The topic of this thesis is comparison of income taxation of companies and their shareholders or partners in Czech republic and other EU countries. For purposes of this thesis Czech legislation is compared to legislation of Slovak republic and Netherlands. The aim of the thesis is to give a complex overview and comparison of different tax legislations. The reason for choosing this topic is that knowledge of tax burden in particular country is important for making a decision where to start a company. The thesis is divided into an introduction, five chapters and a conclusion. First chapter is divided into several subchapters. These subchapters delimitate particular aspects of income tax in Czech republic. This delimitation is important for understanding concepts of individual and corporate taxation. Czech tax legislation on income of general partnership, limited partnership, private limited company and public limited company and on income of their partners and shareholders is analyzed in chapter two. Third chapter examines issue of international double taxation on income. Different types of methods and precautions used as prevention of double taxation are explained in this chapter. One subchapter is dedicated to international tax treaties and their importance on income taxation. Forth chapter...

The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe and analyze legal regulation of individual income tax in the Czech Republic and in the United States, to compare the legal regulation in both countries and to assess the possibility of implementation of certain institutes of American federal tax law in the Czech Republic. The first chapter of this thesis deals with tax issues in general and with basic tax law terminology. The second chapter briefly describes elementary organization of the tax system and the structure of taxes in the Czech Republic and in the United States. The third chapter of this thesis discusses in more detail legal regulation of individual income tax in the Czech Republic according to individual elements of the tax construction. This chapter is divided into five subchapters, which deal with individual elements of the tax construction. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the Czech legal regulation of individual income tax and to underline problematic parts of this legal regulation. The fourth chapter, which is similarly structured as the third chapter, deals with legal regulation of individual income tax in the United States. This chapter is divided into two subchapters, the first of which discusses individual income tax on the federal level and the second one on the level of...

87 Abstract Individual income taxation in selected European Union countries This thesis explores income tax of private individuals in the Czech Republic and draws comparison with tax laws of two other European Union member countries: Federal Republic of Germany and Hungary. German government has managed to operate with balanced budget for several consecutive years, suggesting their tax system is well adjusted. Hungary was chosen for its geographical and demographical similarity to the Czech Republic as well as shared parallels in the history of both countries. Additionally, between the years 2010 and 2013, Hungarian tax system used super-gross income as tax base, which matches the current (2017) Czech tax system. Besides introduction and conclusion, the thesis comprises of six chapters and is structured as follows: Introductory parts aim review theoretical background regarding taxes in general including definitions, development in historical context, functions and individual tax elements. After that comes a breakdown of direct tax treatment at the international level, both in the context of European Union and international treaties. Thesis then follows with analysis of specific treatments of income tax of private individuals. The final section compares tax systems of the three countries and uses the...

本文之主要目的，係探究綜合所得稅收入之預測方法。由於我國過去關於綜合所得稅收入預測之文獻，其估測方法大多是以概括性指標（如GNP水準），或利用趨勢值（如去年稅收水準）等方式進行單一迴歸之估測，如江振南(1973)、林華德(1978)等。針對以上的估計方法，本文乃提出不同之觀點及作法。 　　由賦稅稽徵的基本資料觀察得知，所得級距與納稅單位數之關係曲線所呈現的型態與趨勢相當規律。因此本文嘗試為其尋找分配函數以配適之，並藉由對分配函數參數值的掌握，即可準確預測綜合所得稅的稅收。 　　由本文的配適結果發現，「修正級距應納稅額差異最小化模型」不論是在最高所得級距應納稅額，或是總稅收的預測，皆有極佳的配適，在二十二年的歷史資料中，此一模型的總稅收估計誤差皆低於1000元。 　　因此，只要能掌握「修正級距應納稅額差異最小化模型」中的指數分配參數值與常數項趨勢值，即可精確估計最高所得級距應納稅額與總稅收。

This thesis analyzes the redistributive impact of the individual income tax over the time. The aim is to analyze and compare the tax burden on taxpayers and the degree of progressivity from 2000 to 2010. During those ten years, several significant changes, regarding the components of individual income tax, had occurred. In particular, there was transition from the standard deduction from the tax base to the tax credits in 2005 and 2005, and then in 2008 a change in the tax base as so-called super-gross wage, the introduction of linear 15% tax rate and in the case of the social insurance to the introduction of the maximum assessment base for employees. In this thesis the requirements for personal income tax are described at first, with focus on equity and related redistribution and measurements of the tax progressivity. The second part of this thesis describes the various structural elements of the personal income tax and their changes in individual years. The final section contains both analysis of the impact of these changes on the average tax rate for individual taxpayers and the degree of progressivity and then comparison of the average tax rate and the degree of progressivity in these ten years.

The main aim of my dissertation was to evaluate the development of the individual income tax. To compare single years and to show, what the differences between them are. There are always changes in the individual income tax. The aim of these changes is to improve the individual income tax so that it would be better for the taxpayer. The basic changes in the individual income tax are tax discounts, preferential tax for a child and common taxation for married couples. I analysed single assessment bases and compared them in the years 1997-2007. With the paid employment income, I gave an example of the development of the tax when the gross pay was 10 000, 15 000 and 20 000,-crowns. With the enterprise income, I gave an example of the minimal assessment base and of lump-sum expenses. With the hire income, I gave an example of the yearly income of 165 000 and 220 000,-crowns. The individual income tax is always decreasing for the taxpayers, every year people pay less the individual income tax.

The issue of taxes, especially individual income tax is a very often discussed. This is a demanding and time-consuming issue when it comes to theoretical preparation as well as data processing. Taxpayers' efforts are to optimize tax bases so that they pay as little tax as possible. Taxpayers apply non-taxable parts of the tax base and tax deductibles, such as providing free benefits (donations). The behavior of taxpayers in donating is influenced by their solidarity. In conclusion, behavior of payers of individual income tax is highly unpredictable and very individual. One of the options to achieving a more equitable income taxation would be to reintroduce a progressive tax rate.

婦女的勞動供給行為，一直是勞動經濟學的主要課題。就長期趨勢來看，女性勞動供給有不斷增加的情形，其中尤以有偶婦女為然，她們對各國的經濟發展實功不可沒。另外，因應景氣變化的短期波動，有偶婦女的勞動參與率呈現了可觀的多變性。由於，這些異於其它勞動力的特性，吸引了許多經濟學家的研究興趣，並設法探討影響有偶婦女勞動行為的決定因素。 在影響有偶婦女勞動行為的決定因素中，所得稅是個不能忽視的重要因子。一般認為高稅率會打擊個人的工作意願，特別是在採行合併申報制的國家，所得稅常被稱為對婚姻的懲罰。註一我國在78年度以前所申報的個人綜合所得稅都是採行夫妻合併申報制度來申報，而在78年12月30日修法通過納稅義務人在申報79年度以後的個人綜合所得稅時，准許納稅義務人之配偶得就其薪資所得分開計算稅負，再由納稅義務人合併報繳，以減輕薪資所得者稅負及避免現行稅制對夫妻形成婚前婚後稅負不同之不合理現象。 本文的研究目的即在探討此項稅制改革對有偶婦女勞動供給是否有上述立法理由的實證效果，以彌補目前國內研究所得稅對婦女勞動供給影響的文獻所未及的課題(如單驥，1988；梁正德，1987)。 第二節 研究方法與資料的限制 傳統的勞動供給理論，主要是透過個體經濟學〝極大化個人效用函數〞之分析模式，來引申個人的勞動供給函數。由於該理論僅將勞動者的時間配置分成工作和休閒兩種型態，所以對於擁有繁重家務工作的已婚婦女來說，該理論是不適合來分析已婚婦女的勞動行為。註二 因此，本研究沿用Gustafsson(1992)中的新古典勞動供給模型，來修改上述傳統的勞動供給理論，並加入所得稅因素於預算限制之中，藉由極大化修正後的個人效用函數，以求得已婚婦女的勞動供給函數。然後將實證資料代入本研究所設定的實證模式中，進行驗證分析。 在實證資料方面，因為本研究探討租稅改革對已婚婦女勞動供給的影響，所以我們利用租稅改革前後各兩年(78至80年)的人力運用調查資料(由行政院主計處於每年5月所舉辦)以估計已婚婦女勞動供給函數。在操作方法上，我們分成4部份，首先我們分別設算租稅改革前後的婦女稅後薪資，接著運用Heckman的二階段分析法，針對前述的實證資料作必須的調整，以克服所謂的樣本選擇偏誤問題(Heckman 1980)，再來將經過上述調整後婦女的稅後薪資，配合相關的變數，針對已婚婦女的勞動供給，做一般性迴歸分析與勞動參與率的logit分析，並且檢定78、79年的已婚婦女勞動供給線性迴歸式是否有結構性變動，最後進行78、79兩年的交叉預測分析。 研究結果，獲致下列幾點發現： (一)、稅改前後儘管設算的平均邊際稅率已大幅降低，但影響已婚婦女勞動供給的因素仍呈現一致的結果： 1、就未滿6歲子女數(CH6)一項而言，它具有顯著的負向影響，會妨礙已婚婦女外出工作。 2、就已婚婦女的工作身份是雇主(B2)、自營作業者(S2)或受私人雇用者(P2)三項而言，它們均正面、顯著地影響已婚婦女的勞動工時，換另一個角度來看，這表示已婚婦女的工時均較受僱於公營事業者為長。 3、就稅後工資一項而言，它的增加將顯著地增加已婚婦女本身的勞動工時。但是增加的工作時數(即稅後工資項的係數)卻有逐年下降的趨勢，這表示雖然平均邊際稅率降低了，但稅後工資的邊際效果也在降低，因此最終的勞動工時變量有可能會呈現穩定的態勢。 (二)、78、79兩年的勞動供給與勞動參與的交叉預測分析： 不論是勞動供給(時數)或是勞動參與(%)，兩者在分開計稅制度下的數值幾乎都比在合併計稅制度下的數值要高，而且兩數值差距的變動趨勢也會隨著已婚婦女不同的分類而有不同的變動方向。如以未滿6歲子女數為分類標準，則隨子女數增加，變動趨勢是逐漸上升的；若是改以年齡為分類標準，則變動趨勢是先上升後下降，符合生命週期的特性；如果換成以教育年限來區分，則變動趨勢大體上呈現上升的現象，符合一般的預期。 就整體樣本來看，則有下列的重要結果： (一)、分開計稅的新制的確有增加已婚婦女的勞動工時與勞動參與率的政策效果。其中在勞動工時方面：年齡介於30到35歲、教育年限為18年、有1個未滿6歲子女、主要工作身份為自營作業者的已婚婦女對78年租稅改革(稅制由合併課稅變成分開課稅)的反應為最大(ΔW=6.699、eC=4.08、ΔLC=27.33)，至於對78年租稅改革反應最小的則為年齡介於25到30歲、教育年限為6年、沒有未滿6歲的子女、主要工作身份為私人雇用的已婚婦女(ΔW=0.092、eC=0.46、ΔLC=0.042)。而對79年租稅改革(稅制由分開課稅變成合併課稅)之反應最大者為年齡介於25到30歲、教育年限16年、有3個未滿6歲子女、主要工作身份為私人雇用的已婚婦女(ΔW= -1.809、eC=1.66、ΔLC=-3)。至於稅改反應最小者則是年齡介於35到40歲、未受教育、無未滿6歲子女、主要工作身份為自營作業者的已婚婦女(ΔW= -0.007、eC=0.48、ΔLC=-0.003)。在勞動參與率方面：其中以年齡介於35到40歲、教育年限6年、有4個未滿6歲子女、主要工作身份為自營作業者的已婚婦女對78年租稅改改革的反應最大(勞動參與率由0.2936上升到0.6240，增加了33%)。而反應最小的，則大致是教育年限為18年、受雇於政府機關的已婚婦女，其勞動參與率幾乎不變。對79年租稅改改革反應最大的則是年齡介於30到35歲、教育年限6年、有4個未滿6歲子女、主要工作身份為私人雇用者的已婚婦女 (勞動參與率由0.6606下降到0.5682，減少了9%)。至於反應最小的，則與78年的結果大致相同，也是教育年限為18年、受雇於政府機關的已婚婦女。由於78年的平均邊際稅率大於79年的平均邊際稅率及78年的稅後工資邊際效果大於79年的稅後工資邊際效果可看出，一旦在78年適用會減輕稅負的新制時，它所造成的減稅效果是明顯大於79年的減稅效果。 (二)、但就政策效果的大小來看，此與Gustafsson (1992)的研究結果相比，卻是小巫見大巫，深究其原因，乃是瑞典採行的是已婚婦女獨立計算其所得稅負，而非我國僅允許薪資所得一項可分開計稅而已。因此，就提升我國已婚婦女勞動供給時數、勞動參與率的租稅工具來看，還有很大的發揮空間。 所得稅申報制度變動對已婚婦女勞動供給之影響 目錄 第一章 緒論…………………………1 第一節 研究動機與目的…………1 第二節 研究方法與資料的限制…1 第三節 本文分析架構……………2 第二章 相關文獻回顧………………4 第三章 理論模型與實證設定………17 第一節 理論模型…………………17 第二節 實證模式設定……………17 第四章 實證資料與結果說明………21 第一節 資料的說明與限制………21 第二節 實證結果說明……………26 第三節 交叉預測分析結果………37 第五章 結論與建議…………………55 參考文獻……………………………58