This book examines the questions of how Gypsy ethnicity, identity and history are interlinked in the context of examining various contested narratives or origins and migration. The text is itself a series of narratives and counter-narratives that engage in a self-critical, deconstructive analysis of the underlying assumptions hitherto presented in many, if not most of the previous scholarship regarding the origins and identity of the Gypsies, with particular focus on the contextual and radically contingent nature of all such texts. As such, the primary examination is an historiographical and theoretical consideration of the questions surrounding Gypsy ethnicity and identity. The dissertation also considers to what extent the production of historical knowledge is affected by those who produce it from within and without the Gypsy community or communities themselves. Most especially, this survey examines the production of literatures in Turkish scholarship, as related to the underlying conception of the book arguing for a re-examination of Romanī historiography from east to west, rather than the ‘traditional’ Orientalist and Europe-centric perspectives deployed by much of the previous scholarship. Moreover, the dissertation focuses upon the Turkish lands to argue that the historical experiences of Gypsies in this region are of critical importance in understanding the development of both European Romanī histories and in acknowledging the flawed basis for the universalist conceptions of European Roma identity and political mobilisation, as they are now articulated. The importance of Islam in the origins and history of the Gypsies is stressed. This theoretical framework underlies the interweaving narratives that make up the latter sections of the text, a reconsideration of the sources for early Gypsy history that posits an alternative narrative.

In 1994, President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan announced a decision to relocate the capital of the country from the southeast corner to a more centralized location. Various theories have been suggested, both officially and unofficially for the move. The most widely accepted reason centers around concern for possible inter-ethnic tensions in the northern part of the country, where the new capital is. This work analyzes the authenticity of the stated motives: inter-ethnic concerns, as well as centrality, proximity to China and fundamental Islam, earthquakes, pollution, and expansion. Further attention is then given to the influence of the president himself in the decision. Due to the contemporary nature of the topic, numerous internet databases proved to be of particular importance during the research, including Eurasianet and Jamestown Foundation, as well as the works of specific scholars specializing in the region. The multitude of subject areas covered by this topic enhances its relevance: history, politics, geography, economics, international affairs, religion, psychology, Russian studies, Chinese studies, Central Asian studies, and Kazakhstan itself. A thorough understanding of the country and its leader is necessary as various agendas develop, both internally and externally. / A Thesis Submitted to the Interdisciplinary Program in Russian and East European Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts. / Summer Semester, 2005. / July 1, 2005. / Nursultan Nazarbayev, Ethnic Conflict, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Islam, Russia, China / Includes bibliographical references. / Jonathan A. Grant, Professor Directing Thesis; Ljubisa S. Adamovich, Committee Member; Lee Metcalf, Committee Member.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo averiguar como o mito do Oriente aparece na obra poética de Alberto Osório de Castro (1868 1946). Seu eixo central é o diálogo que seus poemas estabelecem com os temas e as formas da tradição oriental, em especial a indiana. Com isso, pretende-se delinear o orientalista que se encontra na obra do poeta português, partindo do pressuposto de que Osório de Castro inventa ali um Oriente. Busca-se averiguar a especificidade dessa invenção, identificando suas estratégias e possíveis intenções. / The present work aims to investigate how the Orient is represented in the poetic works of Alberto Osório de Castro (1868 1946). Its main axis is the dialog established between his poems and the topics and poetic forms found in the eastern tradition, especially in the Indian. This is intended in order to outline the Orientalist that can be found in the works of the Portuguese poet, assuming that Osório de Castro creates his own Orient. We seek to ascertain the specificity of this creation, identifying his strategies and possible intentions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1919. / Bibliography: p. 9.

Habilitationsschrift--Tübingen. / Bibliography: p. [106]-109.

Inaug.-Diss.--Frankfurt am Main. / Bibliography: p. 7-20.

Proefschrift--Utrecht.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo averiguar como o mito do Oriente aparece na obra poética de Alberto Osório de Castro (1868 1946). Seu eixo central é o diálogo que seus poemas estabelecem com os temas e as formas da tradição oriental, em especial a indiana. Com isso, pretende-se delinear o orientalista que se encontra na obra do poeta português, partindo do pressuposto de que Osório de Castro inventa ali um Oriente. Busca-se averiguar a especificidade dessa invenção, identificando suas estratégias e possíveis intenções. / The present work aims to investigate how the Orient is represented in the poetic works of Alberto Osório de Castro (1868 1946). Its main axis is the dialog established between his poems and the topics and poetic forms found in the eastern tradition, especially in the Indian. This is intended in order to outline the Orientalist that can be found in the works of the Portuguese poet, assuming that Osório de Castro creates his own Orient. We seek to ascertain the specificity of this creation, identifying his strategies and possible intentions.

In the last three decades, Speech Act Theory has been displaced from the spotlight of pragmatic research and relegated to the back seat of this field. This has been the case despite the potential this theory still has to serve pragmatic research. This study is an attempt to revive and develop speech act theory by means of applying it to interactive naturally-occurring discourse proposing a number of different types of speech act and incorporating into analysis a wider range of pragmatic IFIDs. The main purpose of the study is to: (1) investigate speech acts in interaction and find out which 'illocutionary force indicating devices (IFIDs) are used to identify speech acts in an interactive context, and (2) compare the investigated speech acts and IFIDs cross-culturally between English and Arabic. Regarding data, the study investigated 12 English and Arabic short news interviews (six each). Some of these were video-recorded live from BBC and Sky news channels (English dataset) and Al-Arabiya, Sky news Arabia and Al-Wataniya channels (Arabic dataset). Other interviews were downloaded from YouTube. Two topics were the focus of these interviews: (1) the immigration crisis in 2015 (six English and Arabic interviews), and (2) the Iranian nuclear deal in 2015 (six English and Arabic interviews). The study investigated the two datasets to find which speech acts are used in short news interviews and what interactional IFIDs are used to identify them. Results show that many different speech acts are used in news interviews — the study counted 48 individual speech acts in the analysed interviews. However, it was found that a mere itemizing and classification of speech acts in the classical sense (Austin‘s and Searle‘s classifications) was not enough. In addition, the study identifies various new types of speech acts according to the role they play in the ongoing discourse. The first type is termed turn speech acts‘. These are speech acts which have special status in the turn they occur in and are of two subtypes: 'main act' and 'overall speech act'. The second type is 'interactional acts'. These are speech acts which are named in relation to other speech acts in the same exchange. The third type is ̳superior speech acts‘. These are superordinate speech acts with the performance of which other subordinate (inferior) speech acts are performed as well. The study also found three different types of utterances vis-à-vis the speech acts they perform. These are 'single utterance' (which performs a single speech act only), 'double-edged utterance' (which performs two speech acts concurrently) and 'Fala utterance' (which performs three speech acts together). As for IFIDs, the study found that several already-established pragmatic concepts can help identify speech acts in interaction. These are Adjacency Pair, Activity Type, Cooperative Principle, Politeness Principle, Facework, Context (Co-utterance and Pragmalinguistic cues). These devices are new additions to Searle‘s original list of IFIDs. Furthermore, they are expanding this concept as they include a type of IFID different from the original ones. Finally, the study has found no significant differences between English and Arabic news interviews as regards speech acts (types), utterance types and the analysed IFIDs. The study attracts attention to Speech Act Theory and encourages further involvement of this theory in other genres of interactive discourse (e.g., long interviews, chat shows, written internet chat, etc.). It also encourages further exploration of the different types of speech acts and utterances discussed in this study as well as probing the currently-investigated and other IFIDs. It is hoped that by returning to the core insight of SAT (i.e., that language-in-use does things) and at the same time freeing it from its pragmalinguistic shackles, its value can be seen more clearly.

Th. Ph. D.--Near Eastern languages and cultures--Amsterdam--University of Amsterdam, 1996. / Bibliogr. p. 179-189. Index.