Avec le développement des bâtiments basse consommation de plus en plus hermétiques, la nécessité de renouveler l’air intérieur à l’aide de système de ventilation mécanique s’est accrue. Or, les concentrations en polluants dans les environnements urbains augmentent continuellement, favorisant ainsi le transfert de polluants atmosphériques dans l’air intérieur. Ces travaux de thèse porte sur l’étude de procédés pour l’élimination combinée des principaux polluants de l’air extérieur urbain entrant dans les logements individuels via les systèmes de ventilation. A l’issue d’un état de l’art des polluants de l’air, des systèmes de ventilation et des procédés de traitement, les procédés de filtration par médias fibreux et d’adsorption ont été choisis pour traiter l’air urbain caractérisé par les PM₁₀, les PM₂ ₅, les aérosols microbiens, les BTEX et les NOₓ. Une méthodologie a été mise en œuvre pour sélectionner parmi différents matériaux étudiés et selon des critères de performances la solution de traitement la mieux adaptée, à savoir un filtre F7-combiné en fibres de verre et contenant des grains de charbon actif. Après étude, une stratégie de chauffage journalier du filtre à 70°C durant 1h30 a été proposée pour régénérer partiellement l’adsorbant afin de prolonger sa durée de vie et pour limiter la croissance microbienne sur le filtre notamment par dessiccation de ce dernier. Une campagne expérimentale en conditions de génération multi-polluants contrôlées a permis de quantifier les performances de traitement du filtre F7-combiné. Le traitement thermique utilisé a permis de maintenir une efficacité d’adsorption du toluène de 40% et de limiter la prolifération microbienne sur le filtre. Des interactions entre les polluants ont été observées, notamment une augmentation de l’efficacité de filtration des PM₁₀ par la présence de PM₂ ₅ qui permettent rapidement le passage à la phase de filtration en surface. En outre, le mélange toluène/NO₂ entraine une diminution de l’adsorption du NO₂ au profit du toluène. Enfin, une campagne expérimentale en conditions réalistes a été menée pendant 3 mois afin notamment d’étudier les performances du traitement thermique. Les niveaux de concentration des polluants dans la zone péri-urbaine de l’étude étaient faibles. Le traitement thermique appliqué au filtre F7-combiné, pour les conditions opératoires étudiées et après 3 mois de suivi, a permis de limiter significativement la croissance fongique sur le filtre mais pas d’améliorer de façon significative l’adsorption des COV et des NOₓ. / The development of low energy buildings, which are more and more hermetic, leads to the necessity of indoor air renewal with mechanical ventilation system. However, the concentration of pollutants in urban environments increases continually, which promotes the pollutant transfer from the outdoor to the indoor air. This PhD thesis consists in the study of processes for the combined purification of the main urban outdoor air pollutants coming in individual dwellings through the ventilation systems.Out of a state of the art of the air pollutants, the ventilation systems and the treatment processes, filtration with fibrous media and adsorption were the two processes chosen to treat the urban air characterized by PM₁₀, PM₂ ₅, microbialaerosol, BTEX and NOₓ. A methodology was setup to select, through the different studied materials and with some performance criterion, the most suitable treatment solution i.e. a combined-F7 filter with glass fiber and granular activated carbon. A daily heating strategy of the combined-F7 filter at 70°C for 1h30 was proposed to partially regenerate the adsorbent in order to improve its lifetime and to limit the microbial growth on the filter, inparticular by desiccation.An experimental campaign in controlled conditions with multi-pollutant generation permitted to quantify the performances of the combined-F7 filter. The thermal treatment permitted to maintain the adsorption efficiency of the toluene at 40% and to limit the microbial proliferation. Competitions within pollutants were observed, in particular an increase of the filtration efficiency of PM₁₀ with the presence of PM₂ ₅ by promoting the cake filtration stage. Moreover the mix toluene/NO₂ leads to a decrease of the NO₂ adsorption in favor of the toluene.Finally, an experimental campaign in realistic conditions was conducted for 3 months in particular to study the performances of the thermal treatment. Concentration levels of the pollutants in the suburban area of the study were low. The thermal treatment applied to the combined-F7 filter, with the operating conditions studied and after 3month of follow-up, permitted to significantly limit the fungal growth on the filter but it did not permit to improve significantly the VOC and NOₓ adsorption.

Les bâtiments à très basse consommation d’énergie bénéficient d’une isolation thermique performante et d’une bonne étanchéité à l’air, souvent couplées à une conception bioclimatique du bâtiment. L’apport d’énergie nécessaire au chauffage et au rafraîchissement de l’ambiance s’en trouve considérablement réduit. Dans ce contexte, il devient possible d’utiliser l’air comme unique vecteur d’énergie, à des débits suffisamment faibles pour permettre son intégration dans le système de ventilation sanitaire, et avec un écart de température réduit entre l’air soufflé et l’ambiance. Une unité terminale de soufflage, ou diffuseur d’air, a alors pour rôle d’assurer un mélange optimal de l’air neuf avec l’air ambiant, de façon à obtenir une répartition homogène de température et de vitesse dans les pièces d’habitation, et un bon renouvellement de l’air intérieur. Ce travail de thèse propose une étude du confort thermique et de l’efficacité de ventilation dans une cellule climatique à échelle 1 en conditions contrôlées, dans le contexte d’utilisation d’un système combiné de ventilation, chauffage et rafraîchissement. Une stratégie de ventilation par mélange est mise en œuvre à l’aide d’un diffuseur d’air composé de douze buses lobées de géométrie complexe, et l’occupation est prise en compte par des mannequins cylindriques, qui constituent des sources de chaleur sensible et de dioxyde de carbone. La vitesse d’air, la concentration en CO2 ainsi que les températures d’air, de globe noir et des parois de la cellule sont suivies expérimentalement pour différentes conditions de soufflage d’air chaud et froid. Les mesures expérimentales sont complétées par des simulations numériques de mécanique des fluides (CFD), qui visent à caractériser l’écoulement dans la cellule. Cette approche fait intervenir une méthode de modélisation en deux temps afin d’intégrer correctement la géométrie complexe du diffuseur d’air dans les simulations. Des études paramétriques sont ensuite proposées pour des conditions non testées expérimentalement. Celles-ci visent à mettre en évidence l’impact des conditions de soufflage et des charges internes sur l’écoulement et sur le confort, pour les conditions spécifiques aux bâtiments à très basse consommation d’énergie. / Low-energy buildings benefit from a good thermal insulation and air tightness, associated with a smart integration of the building in its environment. Consequently, the required power for heating and cooling of the building is reduced to a great extent. This allows the use of conditioned ventilation air as the only energy vector: the air is supplied into the rooms at a low-velocity and with a low temperature difference with the indoor air. Air terminal devices are used, whose aim is to provide a homogeneous distribution of temperature and velocity inside of the rooms, and an efficient disposal of the indoor air pollutants. In this prospect, the thermal comfort and ventilation effectiveness in a test room (scale 1) resulting from an integrated heating, cooling and ventilation system is assessed both experimentally and numerically. The air is supplied close to the ceiling through a wall-mounted diffuser of complex geometry composed of twelve lobed nozzles, and the occupancy is modeled by two cylindrical manikins releasing sensible heat and carbon dioxide. Experimentally, the air velocity, CO2 concentration, indoor air, wall and black globe temperatures are monitored in order to assess the Predicted Mean Vote and draught rate in the occupied zone as well as the ventilation efficiency. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are then performed in order to provide valuable information on the airflow patterns in the room. The air diffuser’s geometry being too complex for a direct simulation, a two-step modeling approach is adopted in order to take it into account in the simulations and to accurately represent the heat and mass transfers in the room. Furthermore, parametric studies are performed in order to investigate the influence of the supplying conditions and the internal heat gains on the airflow and on the resulting comfort, for particular conditions corresponding to those of low-energy buildings.

Les champignons sont des biocontaminants courants des environnements intérieurs. De nombreuses études ont démontré leur rôle dans la dégradation des supports que ces microorganismes colonisent tels que les matériaux de construction, les ouvrages ou les œuvres d'art. De plus, ces biocontaminants sont susceptibles d'induire des allergies, des infections, des toxi-infections ou encore des irritations. Depuis 2005, une technique de détection de la croissance fongique, basée sur la recherche de traceurs chimiques spécifiques dans l'air, et un indice de contamination fongique (ICF), ont été développés et validés au cours de différentes campagnes de mesures dans l'habitat, les bureaux, les écoles, les crèches… L'objectivation d'une croissance fongique dans un environnement s'appuie sur des prélèvements par adsorption, une analyse chromatographique au laboratoire (GC/MS) et le calcul de l'ICF. Dans le cadre de la surveillance de la qualité microbiologique de l'air des environnements intérieurs, cette thèse a pour ambition de prolonger ces travaux en développant notamment un système de microcapteurs chimiques adapté à la mesure in situ. Cette recherche repose à la fois sur la méthode de détection fongique développée au CSTB et sur l'expertise scientifique et technique de l'ESIEE en matière de miniaturisation d'instruments de mesure, grâce à l'apport des microtechnologies. Le premier axe de cette étude a consisté à identifier expérimentalement les COV du métabolisme fongique spécifiques d'un développement sur des matériaux du patrimoine. Ces molécules ont permis de consolider l'ICF et de définir deux indices spécifiques à la problématique des sites patrimoniaux, validés dans des châteaux, musées, bibliothèques, grottes ornées… Le second axe porte, d'une part, sur la conception la réalisation et la caractérisation des briques élémentaires du microsystème d'analyse, à savoir un module de préconcentration (adsorption TENAX), un module de séparation (microGC) et un module de détection (capteurs polymères) et d'autre part sur les intégrations et pilotage de ces briques / Fungi are common microbial contaminants of indoor environments. Many studies have demonstrated their role in the partial or total degradation of materials they colonize such as building materials, or works of art. Moreover, those microbial contaminants are likely to lead to allergies, infections, poisoning or irritation. Since 2005, a new technique based on researching specific chemical tracers in the air, was developed and validated during different measurement campaigns. This approach is now applied to various indoor environments (houses, offices, schools, child care centers…) and allows the detection of recent and/or hidden contamination. The purpose of this work is to study and characterize a rapid and continuous air analysing microsystem for detection of fungal contamination in closed spaces. This study falls within the field of monitoring air microbiological quality in indoor environments. In addition to the time saved by the absence of any laboratory analysis, this system must provide a permanent monitoring of environments frequented by people, such as museums, schools, hospitals... This research is based both on the fungal detection method developed by CSTB and on scientific and technical expertise of ESIEE : specialised in design and manufacturing of miniaturized analysis systems obtained using microtechnology. The first step of this study was to define the compounds' nature to be detected for different cases of contamination along with the sampling strategy for the system. The second step focuses on the microstructures design and fabrication to be used in microanalytical system based on gas chromatography and the development of a miniaturised analysis system. So the first part of the study consisted in defining specific fungal contamination tracers for heritage conservation sites. This list allowed to reinforce a fungal contamination index for indoor environments and to define two specific indexes designed for heritage conservation sites. The validation of these different indexes allowed checking their compliance with those types of environments (castles, museums, libraries, decorated caves...) by detecting all cases of contamination, along with the control remediation of former contaminated environments. The second part of the study enabled the design and validation of three main modules constitutive of the microanalytical system based on gas chromatography. A miniaturised analysis system based on three modules has been developed

With the need for excellent living standards to escalate day by day, the need to breathe good quality air remains of paramount importance for a prosperous, happy life. The indoor air quality picture is improving decade by decade. However, the importance of maintaining good indoor air quality remains unsatisfactory. Indoor air quality is one of the world’s most significant environmental problems. Statistics states that as of 2017, approximately 1.6 million premature deaths are caused by bad indoor air quality. The majority of these deaths result from the presence of Volatile Organic compounds in the air. VOCs are the common pollutants that are found indoors, which are not only toxic but also dangerous to health on long exposures. Even though several norms are put in place, why is the picture still persistent even after many technological advancements in the industry? This notion of this idea inspired the authors to conduct the current thesis. The thesis is based on a case study at a Swedish Air-cleantech company, Company-X, that developed efficient air filtration technologies to eliminate VOCs from the indoor air. However, for efficient diffusion of the technology, studying the market is of utmost importance. For this, the study is done by qualitative interviewing of professionals from the Swedish air filtration market. The interactions helped the authors to comprehend the more in-depth picture of influencing facets in persistent VOC issues in the indoor airs. Secondly,the meetings guided the authors with the industry choice for efficient technologies to eliminate VOCs from the indoor air. The collected data led to the conclusions that, various actors like awareness and buying decision factors, technologies are involved for VOCs still being a persistent issue in indoor airs. The industry’s awareness regarding Volatile Organic Compounds has been mediocre, and the significant factor for the buying decision is the price. Speaking of the technology, it has been reckoned that Activated Carbon filters are the best and economically efficient technology to eliminated VOCs from the air.

The diploma thesis deals with automated measurement of humidity and CO2 concentration inside buildings. Results of this measurement form the input parameters for the effective management of technologies reducing the energy performance of buildings. In the introduction, the issue of indoor air quality of buildings and indicators characterizing this quality are approached. The technical part of the thesis consists of making a measuring device which contains two prototype sensors provided by Teco Inc. with online access to measured data. The measurement of relative humidity, CO2 concentration and temperature in the interior of the building with the made device is compared with commercially available devices for measuring selected parameters. For unambiguous interpretation of online data, the virtual machine with an online database is configured for the created measuring device. The possibilities of using the prepared measuring device to achieve a reduction in the energy performance of buildings are discussed in the final part.

The work deals with indoor air quality and ventilation control based on indoor air quality. Based on the analysis of the concentration of CO2, heat and moisture gains can suggest the optimal way to reduce excessive ventilation

The thesis analyses heat loss caused by ventilation for various volumes of ventilated air. Number of model cases were analyzed (class room, fit center, auditorium in the cinema and an apartment). Every scenario was analyzed with the heat recuperation and without it. Annual energetic balance and influence of heat recuperation was evaluated for every model case thereafter. Simulations of ventilation energy consumption were carried out in the TRNSYS 16 program.

This thesis deals with the influence of the location of exhaust outlets on the air quality. The study examines the performance of the hybrid ventilation system installed in an experimental house. The central point of this work is a numerical model of a bedroom with heat and carbon dioxide sources. The temperature, speed and concentration fields have been solved for, from which further quantities of thermal comfort PMV, PPD and DR were evaluated. Finally, the impact of changes in the quality of the microclimate using these quantities and in the energy efficiency ventilation is assessed.

A real-world study was undertaken of the indoor air quality in a recently-built single family home in central Sweden, to establish whether demand controlled ventilation provided superior interior conditions, when compared with other air supply strategies, including the standard used by the Swedish buildings regulator. The property was highly airtight, with ventilation achieved using a forced exhaust system. Extraction was possible from all rooms of the house, and using a Renson Healthbox air handling unit, the rates of air flow from each room could be adjusted either according to a time schedule, or under demand control according to the unit’s sensing of the air quality in individual rooms. Five ventilation modes were evaluated, each for a period of 24 hours. Occupancy of the house was standardised, with test participants. Two separate air quality monitors were deployed to verify whether measurements made at the air handling unit were representative of the conditions that occupants experienced. Key measurements were the stable level of carbon dioxide overnight in an occupied double bedroom and the time taken for that room to refresh to background CO2 level the following day. The time taken for a kitchen/living room to similarly refresh was also examined. The study found that demand controlled ventilation achieved indoor air quality – assessed on carbon dioxide concentration – comparable with rates of fixed ventilation far greater than the regulated standard. In doing so, the air volume exchanged over a representative day was 33 % less than that standard, providing for significant energy savings. The parallel monitoring of air quality inside the room and via the air exhaust duct showed noticeable variation, but indicated the air handling unit under demand control would never ventilate insufficiently, based on its internal CO2 sensors.

This study has been motivated by an understanding of the twin needs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and increase the access to have complete control of the ventilation system available in the buildings. In consideration of the increasing utilization of fossil fuels, there is an extensive threat of increased global warming conditions associated. To ensure sustainable development, improvement of social welfare and wealth creation, energy is an essential factor. The consumption of electricity and energy delivered per floor area in Sweden has been considerably rising since 2014. The aim of this study is twofold where the authors have mapped and defined the specific customer needs for choosing an “add-on energy optimization module” for the existing HVAC systems in Sweden’s commercial market. Secondly, the study has also focussed to identify the acceptance of the complementary good technology from the perspective of a customer’s experience of value creation. It is a case study carried out in collaboration with a Swedish cleantech company, that will be named “Company-X” in the further part of the study. This company utilises a part of space technology to secure a healthy indoor air climate and at the same time save energy in buildings. The thesis has been carried out qualitatively. Since there is a preunderstanding of this theory where an abductive approach with semi-structured interviews has been followed to perceive the current market situation. The study further underlines the importance and need of making investments for a cleaning module combined with an optimization algorithm which can be easily mounted on current ventilation systems like Lego pieces. Under this module, the air quality is monitored, and the system adapts to current conditions concerning time. The results designate that it is possible to maintain a predefined indoor air quality to the lowest possible energy consumption by real-time monitoring with this cleaning module at facilities that are equipped with single or multiple-split HVAC systems. The best results towards attaining greater energy savings can be obtained from the association of Building energy management system and Air-handling unit with this cleaning module.