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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

A sustainability strategy development tool for manufacturing enterprises

O'Kennedy, J. N. F. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to develop a tool to enable manufacturing enterprises to develop a sustainability strategy suited to their specific business. In the study, the business reality that faces enterprises is discussed from a systems perspective. The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development are explored. Specific attention is paid to building mental models of what these concepts entail and the application thereof in individual manufacturing enterprises. Specific strategies and concepts, such as the Five Capitals Model, the Natural Step and Industrial Ecology, are highlighted. These tools and strategies are then consolidated into a ―Sustainable Roadmap‖, a tool to facilitate the development of a sustainability strategy. The ―Sustainability Roadmap‖ is tested by applying it to a case study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: maatskappye sal help om ‗n onderneming spesifieke volhoubaarheids strategie te ontwikkel. In die studie word die besigheids realiteit van vervaardigingsmaatskappye bespreek van sistemiese perspektief. Die konsepte van volhoubaarheid en volhoubare ontwikkeling word verken. Spesifieke aandag word gegee aan die bou van modelle van wat hierdie konsepte behels. Spesifieke strategieë en modelle soos die ―Five Capitals Model‖, ―Natural Step‖ en ‖Industrial Ecology‖ word uitgelig. Hierdie konsepte en strategieë word dan saamgevat op ‗n sistematiese manier in ‗n ―Volhoubaarheids Padkaart‖, ‗n padkaart wat maatskappye kan volg om ‗n volhoubaarheids strategie te ontwikkel. Die ―Volhoubaarheids Padkaart‖ word getoets deur dit toe te pas op ‗n gevallestudie.
82

Mouvement coopératif paysan et SYAL au Nicaragua : leviers d'écodéveloppement ? / Nicaraguan peasant cooperative movement and LAFS : a lever for ecodevelopment ?

Metereau, Renaud 21 October 2016 (has links)
L’organisation du système agroalimentaire du Nicaragua est fortement influencée par le Mouvement Coopératif Paysans (MCP) hérité de la révolution sandiniste. Dans un contexte de réaffirmation du rôle des agricultures familiales et paysannes dans les trajectoires de développement, cette thèse en économie politique propose une réflexion prospective sur des leviers potentiels d’accompagnement de stratégies d’écodéveloppement. Fruit d’une recherche qualitative de terrain, l’analyse des entretiens menés auprès de paysans et paysannes dans trois zones rurales du Nicaragua permet de dresser un panorama motivationnel de l’organisation en coopérative. Cette recherche aboutit en premier lieu à l’identification et à la qualification de dynamiques de type « SYAL-Coopérative » (Système Agroalimentaire Localisé de base Coopérative). Rapprochant agroécologie et écologie industrielle radicale, elle permet en second lieu de questionner le rôle de l’idéal-type de l’écosystème dans la structuration des systèmes agroalimentaires ainsi que dans la définition des trajectoires d’écodéveloppement. / The Nicaraguan agrifood system organization is strongly influenced by the Peasant Cooperative Movement (MCP) inherited from the Sandinist Revolution. In a context in which the role of family farming and peasant agriculture in development trajectories tend to be reaffirmed, this thesis in political economics offers a prospective reflexion on potential levers to support Ecodevelopment strategies. As the fruit of a qualitative field research, the analysis of the interviews carried out with peasants in three rural areas of Nicaragua enables us to draw a motivational panorama of cooperative organization. This research results firstly in the identification and qualification of Cooperative-LAFS (Cooperative based Localized Agri-Food Systems) dynamics. Secondly, it enables, while bringing together agroecology and radical industrial ecology, to question the part of the ideal-type ecosystem in structuring agrifood systems, as well as in defining and accompanying Ecodevelopment trajectories.
83

Design for Environment e Lean Manufacturing: uma relação para o ciclo de desenvolvimento do produto / Design for Environment and Lean Manufacturing: a relationship to the product development cycle

Pinto Junior, Marcos José Alves 22 August 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-14T18:20:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PINTO_JUNIOR_Marcos_2016.pdf: 74569511 bytes, checksum: 32a68b14280a0775bacb90a6092e5223 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-14T18:20:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PINTO_JUNIOR_Marcos_2016.pdf: 74569511 bytes, checksum: 32a68b14280a0775bacb90a6092e5223 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-14T18:20:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PINTO_JUNIOR_Marcos_2016.pdf: 74569511 bytes, checksum: 32a68b14280a0775bacb90a6092e5223 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T18:20:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PINTO_JUNIOR_Marcos_2016.pdf: 74569511 bytes, checksum: 32a68b14280a0775bacb90a6092e5223 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-22 / Não recebi financiamento / This research is an exploratory study presenting the Design for Environment - DfE as one of the environmental management practices in Industrial Ecology in the product development cycle. The DfE should examine the entire life cycle of a product, such as its development, manufacture, use and disposal proposing changes to the project in order to minimize its environmental impact. This product design technique makes it possible to achieve the usual goals in their design, such as performance, reliability and cost of manufacturing. These together with environmental goals, for example to reduce environmental damage, reduced use of resources, increasing energy efficiency and material recycling. Thus, there is need for replacement almost obligatory for some product types. However, the rapid replacement of these products, as well as its disposal can create serious environmental problems, by volume, the material in its composition that take a long time to decompose, such as plastic, glass and metal, but especially because of the heavy metals that can compose, are highly damaging to human health. Not being enough, there are still suitable locations for disposal of many products into disuse. The growth of the contingent of consumers who prefer to buy goods and services that respect the nature is one of the factors that drives the treatment of environmental problems, in addition to the rapid popularization of products and obsolescence of some models. Aspects of reduction of natural resources can be developed into a company that include one Lean Manufacturing environment that aims at a reduction of waste, seeking to improve productivity and quality. This relationship contribute to sustainable development suggesting the existence of an enabling environment for the realization of efforts aimed at reducing or eliminating waste. Through a case study it became clear that DfE practices is related to some Lean tools, as part of its purpose. Also some tools that the company uses environmental exert influence, may be applied in product design to minimize the environmental impact. This work presents the practices observed by a Literature Review Systematic comparison with the case study and the DfE practices that relate to Lean. / Esta pesquisa é um estudo exploratório apresentando o Design for Environment - DfE como sendo uma das práticas de gestão ambiental em Ecologia Industrial no ciclo de desenvolvimento do produto. O DfE deve examinar todo o ciclo de vida de um produto, como seu desenvolvimento, fabricação, uso e disposição final propondo alterações no projeto, de forma a minimizar seu impacto ambiental. Esta técnica de projeto de produto possibilita atingir os objetivos usuais em sua concepção, como desempenho, confiabilidade e custo de manufatura. Estes em conjunto com os objetivos ambientais, por exemplo a redução em danos ambientais, redução do uso de recursos naturais, incremento da eficiência energética e reciclagem de materiais. Desta forma, há necessidade de substituição quase obrigatória para alguns tipos de produto. Todavia, a rápida substituição desses produtos, assim como o seu descarte pode gerar sérios problemas ambientais, pelo volume, pelos materiais em sua composição que demoram muito tempo para se decompor, tais como: o plástico, o vidro e o metal, mas, especialmente, por causa dos metais pesados que pode o compor, são altamente prejudiciais à saúde humana. Não sendo suficiente, ainda faltam locais apropriados para a disposição final de muitos produtos em desuso. O crescimento do contingente de consumidores que preferem comprar produtos e serviços que respeitem a natureza é um dos fatores que impulsiona o tratamento dos problemas ambientais, além da rápida popularização de produtos e obsolescência de alguns modelos. Os aspectos de redução de recursos naturais podem ser desenvolvidos em uma empresa que contemplem um ambiente de Lean Manufacturing que objetiva uma redução de desperdícios, buscando a melhoria da produtividade e da qualidade. Essa relação contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável sugerindo a existência de um ambiente propício para a realização de esforços voltados para a redução ou eliminação de desperdícios. Por meio de um estudo de caso foi possível evidenciar que práticas de DfE tem relação com algumas ferramentas de Lean, sendo parte de seu propósito. Também algumas ferramentas que a empresa utiliza exercem influência ambientais, podendo ser aplicadas na concepção do produto para minimização do impacto ambiental. Assim, este trabalho apresenta as práticas observadas por meio de uma Revisão Bibliográfica Sistemática comparando com o caso estudado e as práticas de DfE que se relacionam com o Lean.
84

Metabolismo de um município brasileiro de pequeno porte : o caso de Feliz, RS / Metabolism of a small Brazilian municipality : Feliz, RS, case study

Kuhn, Eugenia Aumond January 2014 (has links)
Estudos relacionados ao consumo de recursos e à emissão de resíduos na escala territorial local se originaram nas pioneiras pesquisas associadas ao conceito de metabolismo urbano. Nos últimos 15 anos, observa-se um crescimento do número de estudos aplicados a cidades, municípios ou regiões metropolitanas. A Análise dos Fluxos de Materiais - AFM (Material Flow Analysis) vem se consolidando como a abordagem metodológica predominante para esse tipo de investigação, a qual objetiva prover informações sobre fluxos de materiais e de energia, usualmente em unidades de massa, entrando e deixando uma sociedade. No entanto, todos os casos estudados na literatura prévia correspondem a capitais nacionais ou a municípios com centralidade econômica e de gestão do território na região as quais pertencem. Adicionalmente, não há estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil. Em face dessas lacunas, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é a caracterização dos fluxos de materiais associados ao metabolismo de um município brasileiro de pequeno porte (MBPP). Para tanto se adotou como estudo de caso o município de Feliz-RS. Como objetivos intermediários da pesquisa estabeleceram-se: a) Identificação dos métodos existentes para caracterização de fluxos de materiais na escala local e análise das possibilidades de aplicação no contexto dos MBPP; b) Desenvolvimento de um detalhamento metodológico da AFM, para a caracterização dos fluxos de materiais de MBPP; c) Análise das limitações e oportunidades para uso da AFM, na avaliação de sustentabilidade ambiental de municípios. Como resultados, avalia-se que o detalhamento metodológico desenvolvido é funcional e replicável para municípios brasileiros com o mesmo perfil, além de fornecer informações bastante detalhadas acerca dos fluxos ocorrentes no município adotado como caso. Assim, é possível realizar análises com diferentes níveis de desagregação. Quanto aos fluxos de materiais de Feliz, encontrou-se que o consumo doméstico de materiais per capita (DMC/ per capita) do município é alto, se comparado àqueles já caracterizados na literatura. Essa constatação corrobora com a proposição de que municípios com produção primária e secundária tendem a demandar, proporcionalmente, mais recursos do que aqueles que são consumidores finais. Quanto ao uso da AFM, na avaliação de sustentabilidade ambiental, verifica-se um alto potencial, com vantagens, em relação a outros métodos correntemente adotados. Entretanto, essas oportunidades ainda são pouco exploradas no contexto internacional e ignoradas no Brasil, ao se analisar a literatura existente. / Studies related to resources consumption and wastes emissions in a local territorial scale were originated from pioneering researches related to the urban metabolism concept. Over the past 15 years, there was a growth in the number of such studies applied to cities, municipalities and metropolitan areas. At the same time, Material Flow Analysis - MFA was consolidated as the predominant methodological approach for this type of research. However, it must be pointed out that all studied cases have been related to national capitals or counties, with economics centrality and land management in their own area. Besides, no studies of this nature were found as being developed in Brazil. Thus, the main goal of the research presented in this paper was to characterize material flows associated with the metabolism of a small Brazilian municipality and for this purpose the municipality of Feliz was adopted as a case study. Three intermediate objectives were established: a) To identify existing methods for material flows characterization on the local scale and to analyse the possibilities of applying them in the context of small Brazilian municipalities; b) to develop a MFA methodological detailing for the characterization of material flows of small Brazilian municipalities; c) to analyse constraints and opportunities for the use of MFA in the assessment of municipalities environmental sustainability. As results, it is considered that the methodological detailing developed raises the possibility of replicating the procedures applied in Feliz to other Brazilian municipalities, being this research a first and referential step in this direction. Besides, it provides very detailed information on flows occurring in the municipality adopted as the case study. Thus, it is possible ti further develop of analyses considering different levels of disaggregation. Concerning the material flows associated with the metabolism of Feliz, it was found that the studied municipality presents a DMC per capita comparable or superior to that of larger municipalities already analyzed by previous researches. This finding corroborates the hypothesis that municipalities with primary and secondary production tend to demand proportionately more resources than those who are the final consumers. Regarding the use of the MFA in the assessment of municipalities environmental sustainability, it was verified that it presents a high potential, with advantages over other methods currently adopted. However, when analyzing the existing literature it was noticed that these opportunities are still little explored in the international context and ignored in Brazil.
85

Avaliação da relação entre certificação ISO 14001 e ecologia industrial: survey no setor automotivo brasileiro / An assessment of relationship between ISO 14001 certification and industrial ecology: survey in the Brazilian automotive sector

Pinto, Luiz Fernando Rodrigues 30 November 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-02-22T21:30:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Fernando Rodrigues Pinto.pdf: 1161647 bytes, checksum: 3d06b04d5495e820cae1a590d3e7d7ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T21:30:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Fernando Rodrigues Pinto.pdf: 1161647 bytes, checksum: 3d06b04d5495e820cae1a590d3e7d7ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-30 / The automotive industry is known to develop methodologies and practices that, subsequent, they are adopted by companies of other sectors. The growing concern about environmental preservation has encouraged vehicle manufactures to extend environmental practices to their suppliers, among them the Environmental Management System. Such mobilization suggests that companies would be in the right way to achieve high level of Industrial Ecology. This research objective is to analyze Industrial Ecology in the Brazilian automotive sector, through the compliance with the Environmental Management System requirements. Specifically aims: to identify types of Industrial Ecology and its variables; to assess the use of Industrial Ecology resources and compliance for each Environmental Management System requirement and; to verify the relation of Environmental Management System with the evolutive levels of Industrial Ecology. The method adopted to reach this objective was a survey in companies of Brazilian automotive sector. The results have shown signs that companies are at initial level in the evolutive scale of Industrial Ecology. The main contribution of this research consists in developing a relation model of constructs, Environmental Management System and types of Industrial Ecology that can measure the contributions and relations of the respective constructs for companies inside and outside the automotive sector. / A indústria automotiva é conhecida por desenvolver metodologias que, posteriormente, são adotadas por empresas de outros setores. A crescente preocupação com a preservação do meio ambiente tem estimulado as grandes montadoras a disseminar, para seus fornecedores, a importância da adoção de práticas ambientais, entre elas o Sistema de Gestão Ambiental. Tal mobilização sugere que as empresas estejam no caminho certo para alcançar um elevado nível de Ecologia Industrial. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar a Ecologia Industrial no setor automotivo brasileiro, por meio do atendimento aos requisitos do Sistema de Gestão Ambiental. Em específico visa: identificar os tipos de Ecologia Industrial e suas variáveis; avaliar a utilização de recursos da Ecologia Industrial e o atendimento a cada requisito de Sistema de Gestão Ambiental e; verificar a relação entre Sistema de Gestão Ambiental com os níveis evolutivos de Ecologia Industrial. A metodologia de pesquisa adotada para alcançar esse objetivo foi a survey em empresas do setor automotivo brasileiro, com certificação ISO 14001. Os resultados apontaram indícios de que as empresas estão posicionadas no estágio inicial da escala evolutiva da Ecologia Industrial. A principal contribuição dessa pesquisa reside na elaboração do modelo das relações dos constructos, Sistema de Gestão Ambiental e tipos de Ecologia Industrial que podem medir as contribuições e as relações dos respectivos constructos, para empresas certificadas ISO 14001 do setor automotivo ou mesmo fora dele.
86

Melhoria da sustentabilidade pela aplicação do conceito de ecologia industrial: estudo de caso no setor eletro-eletrônico / Sustainability Improvements through industrial Ecology: Case study in the electronic sector

Janaina Gameiro Arbucias 21 December 2007 (has links)
O intenso crescimento industrial associado às pressões de todos os setores da sociedade por processos, produtos e serviços mais ambientalmente corretos, levou ao surgimento de novos paradigmas de desenvolvimento que assegurem a perpetuação de recursos para as futuras gerações, alicerçada no tripé da sustentabilidade. Nesse contexto, para o setor produtivo, é nítida a necessidade de que os sistemas humanos devam ser considerados como parte dos sistemas naturais e se aproximar ao máximo das características destes. Essa concepção de sistemas industriais similares aos ecossistemas naturais, onde pouquíssimas perdas são verificadas, é a base do conceito de Ecologia Industrial, principal conceito usado no desenvolvimento desse trabalho para melhoria da sustentabilidade de uma empresa no setor eletroeletrônico, o que até o presente momento ainda não havia sido estudado. A metodologia adotada seguiu as premissas principais da Ecologia Industrial integradas ao Sistema Integrado de Gestão, a saber: o estabelecimento de ecossistemas industriais, a medição de desempenho através dos graus de sustentabilidade, e o amplo acesso à informação, via criação de um software customizado de Ecologia Industrial, que considera inclusive a comparação de produtos, com metodologia similar ao início de Análise do Ciclo de Vida simplificado, no que concerne ao desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Neste trabalho, o estudo de caso considerou uma empresa de grande porte e uma das características mais importantes observadas neste trabalho foram as similaridades, no país e no exterior, para implantação de sistemas de prevenção de poluição na área de microeletrônica. No que tange à área de Surface Mouting Technology, o estudo mostrou que, ao contrário dos setores de base, o maior impacto ambiental está relacionado à geração de resíduos sólidos e significativas perdas ambientais e econômicas são percebidas devido à Gestão de Fim de Tubo. A análise da área de Printed Circuit Board mostrou que ecossistemas industriais incipientes existem, tanto para água como para resíduos sólidos. 6 Através dos estudos de caso interno a essa empresa, foi possível concluir que no setor produtivo, mesmo em empresas de grande porte, que apresentam princípios, políticas e sistemas de gestão claramente definidos, a questão da sustentabilidade não é compreendida e aplicada em seu sentido mais amplo. Quanto aos ecossistemas industriais internos, ferramenta fundamental da Ecologia Industrial, a formação é muito difícil em função de tamanha distinção dos processos existentes em cada planta industrial. Notou-se a viabilidade, com ganhos expressivos, da formação de ecossistemas externos principalmente para dois tipos de co-produtos da empresa, metais nobres e óleos. Assim, conclui-se que as ferramentas da Ecologia Industrial adotadas para melhorar a sustentabilidade empresarial propiciam maior eficiência a partir da adoção de métricas, atingem, em geral, a maioria dos envolvidos e operações, permitem melhor formatação e padronização de processos, favorecem a visão sistêmica da organização, tornando a tomada de decisão um processo factual e por fim, permite a implantação de métodos e/ou procedimentos para mudança estratégica, incluindo a mudança cultural, fator essencial para o desenvolvimento. Deste modo, foi possível observar que a formação de tais ecossistemas industriais, em geral, promove uma melhora ambiental, econômica e social. Estas ferramentas, muito provavelmente, podem ser rapidamente aplicadas, seguindo-se a metodologia proposta, em qualquer empreendimento, independente de seu porte ou processo de produção. / The industrial development and the increasing pressure for more environmentally friendly processes, products and services led to new development paradigms, based on the three sustainability pillars, that essentially assure resource availability for the next generations. The need for making human systems part of the natural ecosystems and similar to natural environment is clearly stated. This approach, which is the basis of Industrial Ecology, aims to enhance industrial symbiosis cooperating to mitigate process or material loss. Industrial Ecology was the main concept used to improve sustainability at an electronic company, first applied to the industrial area in Brazil. The defined methodology followed the most important premises of Industrial Ecology aligned to the Integrated Management Systems which consists in the establishment of industrial ecosystems, performance evaluation through sustainability levers and the spread of information to stakeholders, by the development of a customized Industrial Ecology software, which also compares products with the simplified Life Cycle Assessment methodology, when it comes to the development of new products. Indeed, the case study has been conducted at a big enterprise and the similarities for Pollution Prevention implementation between the Brazilian facility and the European one were the most important features related to the microelectronics area. Regarding the Surface Mouting Technology area, this study has shown that unlike other segments, the end of pipe is still applied. The most relevant environmental impact is the generation of solid waste and therefore significant economic and environmental loss is easily observed. The Printed Circuit Board sector was also analyzed and the results showed that industrial ecosystems are not formalized but do exist for water and solid waste. Important issues were concluded such as the idea that even though big enterprises present principles, policy and sound management systems, the sustainability concept is not fully comprehensive and applied. The development of industrial ecosystems is considered one of the fundamental tools of industrial ecology. It is hard to establish them within the facilities 8 once the processes differ significantly. However, the creation of external ecosystems for metals and oils, leads to great benefit. It was possible to conclude that the Industrial Ecology concept tools used in the company did benefit its industrial sustainability because it allowed more efficient processes through the use of metrics, involved most of the employees and operations, favored better process standardization, enhance the systemic approach making the decision process easier once it is based on real time facts and it finally contributed to the adoption of methods, systems and procedures that enabled deep strategic change and as a consequence improved cultural change, which is one of the essential aspects of the sound sustainable development. Finally, it is suggested that Industrial Ecology be used as a fruitful metaphor for facilitating the improvement of sustainability. The tools developed in this study might be easily applied to any enterprise, independently of the level or production processes. Ecosystems
87

De la distribution aux synergies ? : Circulations locales d’énergie et transformations des processus de mise en réseau de la ville / From distribution to synergies? : Local energy circulations and transformation of the networked city

Hampikian, Zélia 11 January 2017 (has links)
Au sein des discours accompagnant les volontés de transition énergétique, apparaît de manière grandissante une promotion de circulations d’énergie à des échelles infra-urbaines entre des activités diverses. Des acteurs locaux, nationaux ou transnationaux proposent par exemple de valoriser la chaleur dite « fatale », produite par de multiples activités (industries, data centers, eaux usées …). Parallèlement, on promeut le partage de productions d’énergie décentralisées entre différentes fonctions (résidentiel, tertiaire, commercial …) à des échelles allant de l’îlot au quartier. En somme, des formes de connexion entre activités urbaines pour échanger de l’énergie sont promues et les exemples de mise en œuvre se multiplient.Cette thèse propose de saisir ces connexions comme des nouvelles formes de réseaux urbains, qui se substituent ou se superposent à un modèle de grand réseau centralisé plus que centenaire, fondé sur l’efficacité technico-économique, la solidarisation du territoire et la croissance des consommations. Elle vise à comprendre ce que change l’émergence de ces circulations locales à la co-construction de la ville et des réseaux d’énergie.Pour saisir ces transformations, la thèse combine les apports de deux ensembles de travaux. D’un côté, les recherches urbaines et sociotechniques sur les réseaux permettent de saisir les reconfigurations de ces infrastructures. D’un autre, le champ de l’écologie industrielle et territoriale analyse les dynamiques qui mènent à des échanges de flux matériels entre activités humaines. La combinaison de leurs résultats permet ainsi de saisir l’objet considéré dans ses dimensions sociale, technique et métabolique, c’est-à-dire dans une perspective sociomatérielle.L’analyse se fonde principalement sur trois études de cas dont on s’attache à comprendre l’émergence, le fonctionnement et l’évolution : l’approvisionnement du réseau de chaleur de Dunkerque par une source de chaleur industrielle, la récupération de chaleur sur un data center pour approvisionner un quartier de Marne-la-Vallée et la mutualisation des productions d’énergie dans le quartier de La Confluence à Lyon. Plus largement, un regard est porté sur les reconfigurations concrètes ou proposées de l’organisation de la chaîne d’approvisionnement énergétique à la ville.Les résultats de la thèse sont de trois ordres. En premier lieu, ces mises en réseau ne sont plus motivées par la seule efficacité technico-économique de la forme réticulaire pour l’approvisionnement du territoire. Les intérêts des différents acteurs impliqués ont tous à voir avec un objectif d’optimisation de l’usage des flux : on passe ainsi d’une recherche d’efficacité technico-économique à celle d’une efficacité métabolique. En second lieu, les réseaux qui émergent de ces échanges sont instables, tout particulièrement en raison des incertitudes quant à l’évolution à court et à long terme des flux disponibles. Ainsi, ils ne reproduisent pas l’effet solidarisant permis par la stabilité des grands réseaux conventionnels. Enfin, face à ces instabilités, les acteurs proposent des évolutions qui visent à réduire les dépendances à des flux incertains. Ces évolutions ont pour caractéristique de s’appuyer sur une croissance du réseau qui ne suit plus un objectif d’universalisation. Au contraire, une forte sélection spatiale de l’extension du réseau est opérée, en fonction de la matérialité des flux perçue par les acteurs. Plutôt que d’engendrer de nouvelles consommations dans une logique d’offre, il s’agit ainsi d’intégrer de nouveaux flux déjà présents sur le territoire.En somme, la thèse montre un certain « tournant métabolique » dans le processus de mise en réseau de la ville par l’énergie. Alors que l’extension des infrastructures est pendant longtemps restée au centre des problématiques de construction des réseaux, les flux produits et consommés qui préexistent sur le territoire peuvent à présent être la motivation première de la création de connexions / Within the framework of the ongoing energy transition objectives, energy circulations at the infra-urban level are increasingly promoted. For instance, local, national and transnational stakeholders suggest the reuse of heat currently being wasted by diverse human activities (industries, data centres, wastewaters …). Alternatively, distributed energy sharing between different urban functions (residential, services, retail …) at the urban block or district scale is promoted. In short, several forms of connections through energy exchange between urban activities are encouraged and examples of those are multiplying.The thesis offers to capture those connections as new forms of urban networks that supersede or overlap a century-old network model based on techno-economic efficiency, socio-economic and socio-spatial solidarity and consumptions growth. It aims at understanding what these local circulations change to the co-construction of cities and energy networks.To do so, the approach combines the results of two different strands of work. On the one side, urban and sociotechnical studies of networked infrastructures allow to understand the reconfigurations of those systems. On the other side, industrial ecology works analyse the dynamics that lead to material circulations between human activities. The articulation of their results makes it possible to grasp the considered object in its social, technical and metabolic dimensions, that is, in a sociomaterial perspective.The analysis is mainly based on three French case studies of which the emergence, running and evolution are investigated: industrial waste heat reuse in the heat network of the city of Dunkirk, heat extraction from a data center to be distributes the in a district of Marne-la-Vallée and energy sharing in the La Confluence district in Lyon. More broadly, suggested or implemented reconfigurations of the organisation of energy provision are reviewed.The results of the study are threefold. First, these new forms of urban network are not solely motivated by techno-economic efficiency. The interests of the stakeholders all come into alignment with an objective of optimization of energy flows uses: from techno-economic efficiency, the goal becomes metabolic efficiency. Second, the networks formed by those circulations are unstable, in particular because of the uncertainties that regard short and long term availability of energy flows. Hence, they do not reproduce the solidarities that emerge from conventional large and stable networks. Third, to reduce those instabilities, actors suggest evolutions that aim at reducing their dependencies on uncertain flows. These evolutions all result in the growth of the network, but do not follow an objective of universalisation. On the contrary, an important spatial selection is operated, according to the perceived materiality of flows by actors. Instead of leading to new consumptions in a supply rationale, the logic becomes one of existing flows integration.To sum up, the thesis shows a “metabolic turn” in the process of networking the urban through energy circulations. While infrastructures extension has long been at the centre of networks construction, pre-existing produced and consumed flows can now become the primary motivation of building connections
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Machinarium

Van Eeden, Heidi 09 December 2013 (has links)
Machinarium is an exploration of industrial bio-mechanical hybridity as part of the 21st Century paradigm. The dissertation investigates the potential of industry as urban catalyst - a mechanism with which to regenerate urban environments and re-integrate socio-ecological systems. In an attempt to redefine modern concepts of waste and mitigate the flood of pollution emanating from 20th century industrialisation, the investigation is contextually based in an ‘urban wasteland’ - which is re-programmed as part of a new industrial ecology. The dissertation therefore blurs present-day distinctions between ‘social’, ‘productive’ and ‘natural’ space, while at the same time placing focus on the global cultural dependence on waste. If humankind is to survive the predicted crises of the our time, a 21st-century approach to design must shift the modern understanding of architecture as ‘machines for living in’ towards that of architecture as living machines. Machinarium alludes to new ways of architectural place-making in a rapidly changing world. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted
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Metabolismo de um município brasileiro de pequeno porte : o caso de Feliz, RS / Metabolism of a small Brazilian municipality : Feliz, RS, case study

Kuhn, Eugenia Aumond January 2014 (has links)
Estudos relacionados ao consumo de recursos e à emissão de resíduos na escala territorial local se originaram nas pioneiras pesquisas associadas ao conceito de metabolismo urbano. Nos últimos 15 anos, observa-se um crescimento do número de estudos aplicados a cidades, municípios ou regiões metropolitanas. A Análise dos Fluxos de Materiais - AFM (Material Flow Analysis) vem se consolidando como a abordagem metodológica predominante para esse tipo de investigação, a qual objetiva prover informações sobre fluxos de materiais e de energia, usualmente em unidades de massa, entrando e deixando uma sociedade. No entanto, todos os casos estudados na literatura prévia correspondem a capitais nacionais ou a municípios com centralidade econômica e de gestão do território na região as quais pertencem. Adicionalmente, não há estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil. Em face dessas lacunas, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é a caracterização dos fluxos de materiais associados ao metabolismo de um município brasileiro de pequeno porte (MBPP). Para tanto se adotou como estudo de caso o município de Feliz-RS. Como objetivos intermediários da pesquisa estabeleceram-se: a) Identificação dos métodos existentes para caracterização de fluxos de materiais na escala local e análise das possibilidades de aplicação no contexto dos MBPP; b) Desenvolvimento de um detalhamento metodológico da AFM, para a caracterização dos fluxos de materiais de MBPP; c) Análise das limitações e oportunidades para uso da AFM, na avaliação de sustentabilidade ambiental de municípios. Como resultados, avalia-se que o detalhamento metodológico desenvolvido é funcional e replicável para municípios brasileiros com o mesmo perfil, além de fornecer informações bastante detalhadas acerca dos fluxos ocorrentes no município adotado como caso. Assim, é possível realizar análises com diferentes níveis de desagregação. Quanto aos fluxos de materiais de Feliz, encontrou-se que o consumo doméstico de materiais per capita (DMC/ per capita) do município é alto, se comparado àqueles já caracterizados na literatura. Essa constatação corrobora com a proposição de que municípios com produção primária e secundária tendem a demandar, proporcionalmente, mais recursos do que aqueles que são consumidores finais. Quanto ao uso da AFM, na avaliação de sustentabilidade ambiental, verifica-se um alto potencial, com vantagens, em relação a outros métodos correntemente adotados. Entretanto, essas oportunidades ainda são pouco exploradas no contexto internacional e ignoradas no Brasil, ao se analisar a literatura existente. / Studies related to resources consumption and wastes emissions in a local territorial scale were originated from pioneering researches related to the urban metabolism concept. Over the past 15 years, there was a growth in the number of such studies applied to cities, municipalities and metropolitan areas. At the same time, Material Flow Analysis - MFA was consolidated as the predominant methodological approach for this type of research. However, it must be pointed out that all studied cases have been related to national capitals or counties, with economics centrality and land management in their own area. Besides, no studies of this nature were found as being developed in Brazil. Thus, the main goal of the research presented in this paper was to characterize material flows associated with the metabolism of a small Brazilian municipality and for this purpose the municipality of Feliz was adopted as a case study. Three intermediate objectives were established: a) To identify existing methods for material flows characterization on the local scale and to analyse the possibilities of applying them in the context of small Brazilian municipalities; b) to develop a MFA methodological detailing for the characterization of material flows of small Brazilian municipalities; c) to analyse constraints and opportunities for the use of MFA in the assessment of municipalities environmental sustainability. As results, it is considered that the methodological detailing developed raises the possibility of replicating the procedures applied in Feliz to other Brazilian municipalities, being this research a first and referential step in this direction. Besides, it provides very detailed information on flows occurring in the municipality adopted as the case study. Thus, it is possible ti further develop of analyses considering different levels of disaggregation. Concerning the material flows associated with the metabolism of Feliz, it was found that the studied municipality presents a DMC per capita comparable or superior to that of larger municipalities already analyzed by previous researches. This finding corroborates the hypothesis that municipalities with primary and secondary production tend to demand proportionately more resources than those who are the final consumers. Regarding the use of the MFA in the assessment of municipalities environmental sustainability, it was verified that it presents a high potential, with advantages over other methods currently adopted. However, when analyzing the existing literature it was noticed that these opportunities are still little explored in the international context and ignored in Brazil.
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Prevenção de resíduos: um estudo de caso na indústria calçadista brasileira / Waste prevention: a case study in the Brazilian footwear industry

Gabriela Amorozo Francisco 30 September 2016 (has links)
A indústria calçadista faz intenso uso de recursos naturais e gera grande volume e diversidade de resíduos ao longo da produção; muitos deles são perigosos, oferecendo riscos ao ambiente e à saúde humana. Nos produtos, é utilizada ampla variedade de materiais, o que dificulta o seu tratamento ao fim da vida útil, tornando o resíduos pós-consumo um agravante para a questão dos resíduos nessa indústria. A abordagem da prevenção de resíduos busca, de maneira proativa, diminuir ou evitar o ingresso de materiais ou substâncias no fluxo dos resíduos, prevenindo assim os impactos causados por eles no ambiente. A adoção de práticas preventivas na indústria de calçados pode contribuir para mitigar impactos oriundos de todo o ciclo de vida desse produto. Assim, esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar o fenômeno da prevenção de resíduos na indústria calçadista brasileira, buscando sistematizar iniciativas e práticas já existentes e discuti-las à luz da literatura, de modo a encontrar desafios e oportunidades para expansão dessas atividades. Para a análise dos achados, adotou-se o viés conceitual da Ecologia Industrial. Foi realizado um estudo de caso descritivo-exploratório de caso único a indústria calçadista brasileira com múltiplas unidades de análise, buscando responder às seguintes perguntas: i) Como vem ocorrendo a prevenção de resíduos na produção de calçados?; ii) Quais são os desafios e oportunidades para avanços da prevenção nesse setor? A pesquisa revelou que a adoção de atividades de prevenção na indústria calçadista ainda ocorre de maneira tímida, e foca principalmente a escolha por materiais com menor toxicidade ou reciclados, e a eficiência no uso de matérias-primas. Esta última está muito ligada à redução de custos; no setor de componentes ocorre principalmente na indústria química, com o reaproveitamento interno dos subprodutos, e na manufatura, ocorre na otimização do corte das partes do calçado. De modo geral, a produção calçadista brasileira se caracteriza por intensa competitividade, com a busca por redução de custos e maximização de ganhos. Isso apresenta desafios para a implementação das atividades de prevenção de resíduos por colocar como prioridade a busca por preços baixos, geralmente obtidos pela externalização de custos socioambientais; além disso, prejudica o interesse em colaborações entre empresas. As cadeias de produção são extensas e pouco articuladas, o que dificulta a circulação de informações e materiais entre empresas. Com relação aos materiais, a pesquisa revelou possibilidades de ciclagem dentro do ambiente produtivo para diversos deles, embora não sejam colocadas em prática. O caso da indústria calçadista brasileira se apresentou como emblemático para a crise do sistema econômico nos moldes do paradigma técnico-científico, (segundo o qual o desenvolvimento significa crescimento econômico), evidenciando a necessidade de uma mudança de paradigma e uma nova racionalidade material. / The footwear industry is characterized by intense natural resources input and large and diverse waste generation, many of which are hazardous, offering risks to the environment as well as human health. A wide variety of materials are used in the products, which hampers the treatment of post-consumption waste, worsening the scenario for the issue of waste in the footwear industry. Waste prevention aims at preventing or reducing both quantitative and qualitatively the waste flows, and thus, the environmental impacts caused by them. The adoption of prevention activities in the footwear industry contributes to the mitigation of several impacts associated with this products life cycle. This research had the objective of studying waste prevention in the Brazilian footwear industry, as to unveil and systematize existing initiatives and practices, discussing them in light of the literature on the subject and identifying the challenges and opportunities for their progress. The conceptual basis of Industrial Ecology was used to analyze the findings. A descriptive-exploratory single case study with multiple analysis units was conducted aiming at answering the research questions: i) How have waste prevention activities been occurring in the footwear production?; ii) What are the challenges and opportunities for the progress of waste prevention in this area? The research found that waste prevention activities in the footwear industry are still timid, focusing mainly the selection of less toxic or recycled materials, as well as efficiency in the use of raw materials. The last is connected to cost reduction, taking place in the component sector mainly in the chemical industry through the internal reutilization of byproducts and in the manufacture sector, through efficient cutting of the parts. In general, the Brazilian footwear production is characterized by high competitiveness, pursuing cost reduction and gain maximization. That presents challenges for the implementation of waste prevention activities for setting low prices as priority, usually obtained by the externalization of social and environmental costs. It also harms the interest in collaboration between organizations. The supply chains are wide and lack articulation, which hinders information and materials circulation between organizations. Regarding the materials, the research found cycling possibilities within the productive environment for several of them, although these are not put into practice. The case of the Brazilian footwear industry is emblematic for the crisis in the economic system based in the technical-scientific paradigm (according to which, development is equal to economic growth). It underlines the need for a paradigm shift, as well as a new material rationality.

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