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A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Architecture, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Science in Building. / During the most recent period of man's transformation, the cultural evolution, man created many things. The latter part of this epoch was dominated by industry, when man created special structures solely for manufacturing purposes. The first stage was the Handicrafts or Eotechnic phase and was charecterlsed by the use of manpower and wind and water power. During the second stage, the Manufacturing or Paleotechnic phase, man made use of steam and electricity. This stage was regarded as functional in Europe and mechanised in the USA. The changes in form In these stages follow the same patterns as the technoloqlcal process, although the patterns are not unilinear, equal or similar in duration, the first stage evolutionary, the second stage more revolutionary. The changes were predominantly the result of technical pressures, but to a minor extent also of economical, aesthetical, philosophical and sociological pressures. Of late managerial pressures have contributed to the changes as well. A causality is thus revealed in that the changes in form are a consequence of holistic changes in these pressures. However, tho nature and essence of the industrial building as an enclosed space where something is produced remains constant, whatever the pressures. / Andrew Chakane 2019

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Architecture, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Science in Building. / During the most recent period of man's transformation, the cultural evolution, man created many things. The latter part of this epoch was dominated by industry, when man created special structures solely for manufacturing purposes. The first stage was the Handicrafts or Eotechnic phase and was charecterlsed by the use of manpower and wind and water power. During the second stage, the Manufacturing or Paleotechnic phase, man made use of steam and electricity. This stage was regarded as functional in Europe and mechanised in the USA. The changes in form. In these stages follow the same patterns as the technological process, although the patterns are not unilinear, equal or similar in duration, the first stage evolutionary, the second stage more revolutionary. The changes were predominantly the result of technical pressures, but to a minor extent also of economical, aesthetlcal, philosophical and sociological pressures. Of late managerial pressures have contributed to the changes as well. A causality is thus revealed in that the changes in form are a consequence of hotlstlc changes in these pressures. However, tho nature and essence of the industrial building as an enclosed space where something is produced remains constant, whatever the pressures. / Andrew Chakane 2019

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This thesis describes the origins of the Scottish architectural iron founding industry. It also investigates the underpinning reasons for the proliferation of the Scottish industry in terms of the technological context and the complex inter–relationships of the key figures and firms involved. The founding of Carron in 1759, combined with the discovery of blackband ironstone and the means to smelt it, prompted the rapid growth of the iron founding industry at the start of the 19th century. The influence of Carron in propagating a broader industry and the evolution of the early architectural specialists are discussed. Accounts are given of the key Scottish firms and projects and structures are considered in detail. The Saracen Foundry of Walter Macfarlane and Co is identified as a firm of international importance. The comparative outputs of the key firms in relation to known structures are considered as well as the decline of the industry towards the end of the 20th century. Significant works of innovation are identified which have not previously been appreciated in early iron façade construction at Perth Waterworks, and possibly the earliest iron glasshouse at Fairfield House in Dalkeith.

During the Second World War science came to play a large role in the British government's plans for postwar reconstruction of industry. The planners sought to improve industry's labour productivity and capacity for RandD. They drew on the consensus which had developed among scientists, industrialists and politicians favouring a great increase in state aid to universities and industrial RandD and increased government direction of research. The postwar Labour government, impressed with scientists' contributions to the war effort and faced with grave economic difficulties, was eager to enlist science in raising industrial output. By 1951, however, it had implemented few new programmes in this area. More money was being spent on the pre-existing Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and industry's co-operative Research Associations; the universities had doubled their output; the National Research and Development Corporation had begun in 1949; some publicity campaigns had raised public awareness of productivity's significance; and the economy, in the postwar boom, was performing much better than prewar. But overall the Attlee government did much less to raise industry's scientific level than it had planned. Almost every new programme was inadequately funded and staffed, and the few which survived had no realistic chance of reaching into individual factories to achieve the scientific renaissance which was necessary to return Britain to the front rank, by international standards, of innovation and industrial performance. The thesis examines that portion of civil science policy which aimed to improve industrial RandD and productivity, from the planning stage during the Coalition through implementation by the Attlee government. After an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 covers the work of wartime ministerial and official reconstruction committees; party differences and business opposition meant that reforms favouring a greater government role in RandD and industry generally were shelved until postwar. Chapter 3 examines the Attlee government's efforts to improve industrial RandD, particularly the formation of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy, a failed attempt to create a British MIT, and several schemes, mostly unavailing, to vitalise DSIR, the RAs and private RandD. Chapter 4 examines postwar productivity policy, particularly the work of the Board of Trade, the scientifically-orientated Committee on Industrial Productivity, various government publicity campaigns, and the Anglo-American Council on Productivity. Chapter 5 briefly sketches post-1951 developments and finds that there has been little basic change in the policies suggested for arresting British industry's technical decline relative to its competitors, despite recurrent disappointment with the results of those policies.

Thesis (MTech (Interior Design))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town,1996 / This research project has endeavoured to analyse the extent to which craft ideas and techniques are combining with technological skills in order to formulate an identity for Western Cape furniture design. This identity has been shown to be strongly linked to the determinants of style". which include the national striving for a South African zeitgeist. a sense of unified spirit. The problems of eclecticism are discussed in the light of superficial ethnic cooption. The new craft of the Western Cape (and more specifically Cape Town) of South Africa. is represented against the background of the old craft of the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain at the turn of the century. Those old methods and ideas influenced the Cape Colony especially when it was under British rule. This dissertation shows that the new craft ideas and methods are synonymous with the new ideology of South Africa. a new craft for a new South Africa. The designers and practical work selected to be part of this research all share a common approach in their positive attitude towards experimenting with new techniques and using available resources to produce quality furniture which is accessible to most consumers. The work of four design groups: Greenspace. Metropolis. Flying Cow and the Montebel70 Smithy are discussed in terms of the objectives of this research which are essentially linked to the unravelling of the determinants of style and their relation to the concept identity in the South Africa which has succeeded the first free and fair general elections of April 1994.

In this study two spa-hotels with an industrial history have been studied. The purpose of the study is to examine how industrial cool-hotels use social media marketing to reach out to their customers and what kind of information/advertising is communicated. The study was conducted as a qualitative content analysis with a deductive coding scheme. In the content analysis, 383 posts on Instagram and Facebook belonging to the spa hotels Steam Hotel and Sunlight were analyzed. The posts were analyzed based on a coding scheme with six different themes. The results of this study show that both hotels use social media marketing in the same way when it comes to advertising messages, imagery, interaction with customers and unique offers. There is a significant difference between these two hotels when it comes to their industrial heritage where one hotel more frequently pushes the unique selling point  (USP) while the other hotel overlooks this. One hotel has created a significant network in social media, which clearly shows that their marketing strategy in this area is successful, while the smaller hotel does not manage to reach as large a customer group through the same channels. / I denna studie har två spa-hotell med en industriell historia undersökts. Syftet med denna undersökning är att undersöka hur industrial cool-hotell använder marknadsföring i sociala medier för att nå ut till kunder och vad det är för information/reklam som kommuniceras ut. Undersökningen genomfördes som en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med ett deduktivt kodningsschema. I innehållsanalysen analyserades 383 inlägg på Instagram och Facebook, tillhörande spa-hotellen Steam Hotel och Sunlight. Inläggen analyserades utifrån ett kodningsschema med sex olika teman. Resultatet av denna undersökning visar att hotellen använder marknadsföring i sociala medier på samma sätt när det kommer till reklambudskap, bildretorik, interaktion med kunder samt unika erbjudanden. Det finns dock en skillnad mellan hotellen när det kommer till deras industriella arv där ett hotell mer frekvent trycker på den unika försäljningspunkten (USP)  medan det andra hotellet förbiser detta. Det ena hotellet har skapat ett betydande nätverk inom sociala medier, vilket tydligt visar att deras marknadsföringsstrategi inom detta område är framgångsrik, medan det mindre hotellet inte lyckas nå ut till en lika stor kundgrupp genom samma kanaler.

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