This dissertation undertakes an analysis of the spatial persistence of population in South Africa over the period 1911 to 2011. A comprehensive review is given of the history and development of geographical economics in order to understand the dynamics of the forces of agglomeration. In addition the history of the development of South Africa is discussed and special focus is directed to the geographical, economic and political factors that gave rise to the unequal distribution of population and wealth in the country. In the empirical analysis Zipf’s law was applied and it was found that South Africa’s population was more evenly spread in 1911. With the application of the law to the 2011 data the Pareto exponent of the OLS log-linear regression indicated that urban agglomeration was more persistent. Although this might indicate that apartheid did not influence agglomeration in South Africa it is argued that the nature of the agglomeration was in fact influenced by restrictive measures placed on the urbanisation of the population and industrial decentralisation policies. It is indicated that the apartheid policy altered the equilibrium spatial distribution of population and wealth which lead to a smaller than optimal primate and second largest magisterial districts, too many secondary cities of similar size, and also too many small and uneconomical rural settlements. / MCom (Economics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This dissertation undertakes an analysis of the spatial persistence of population in South Africa over the period 1911 to 2011. A comprehensive review is given of the history and development of geographical economics in order to understand the dynamics of the forces of agglomeration. In addition the history of the development of South Africa is discussed and special focus is directed to the geographical, economic and political factors that gave rise to the unequal distribution of population and wealth in the country. In the empirical analysis Zipf’s law was applied and it was found that South Africa’s population was more evenly spread in 1911. With the application of the law to the 2011 data the Pareto exponent of the OLS log-linear regression indicated that urban agglomeration was more persistent. Although this might indicate that apartheid did not influence agglomeration in South Africa it is argued that the nature of the agglomeration was in fact influenced by restrictive measures placed on the urbanisation of the population and industrial decentralisation policies. It is indicated that the apartheid policy altered the equilibrium spatial distribution of population and wealth which lead to a smaller than optimal primate and second largest magisterial districts, too many secondary cities of similar size, and also too many small and uneconomical rural settlements. / MCom (Economics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Compared to other disciplines, software engineering as of today is still dependent on craftsmanship of highly-skilled workers. However, with constantly increasing complexity and efforts, existing software engineering approaches appear more and more inefficient. A paradigm shift towards industrial production methods seems inevitable. Recent advances in academia and practice have lead to the availability of industrial key principles in software development as well. Specialization is represented in software product lines, standardization and systematic reuse are available with component-based development, and automation has become accessible through model-driven engineering. While each of the above is well researched in theory, only few cases of successful implementation in the industry are known. This becomes even more evident in specialized areas of software engineering such as systems integration. Today’s IT systems need to quickly adapt to new business requirements due to mergers and acquisitions and cooperations between enterprises. This certainly leads to integration efforts, i.e. joining different subsystems into a cohesive whole in order to provide new functionality. In such an environment. the application of industrial methods for software development seems even more important. Unfortunately, software development in this field is a highly complex and heterogeneous undertaking, as IT environments differ from customer to customer. In such settings, existing industrialization concepts would never break even due to one-time projects and thus insufficient economies of scale and scope. This present thesis, therefore, describes a novel approach for a more efficient implementation of prior key principles while considering the characteristics of software development for systems integration. After identifying the characteristics of the field and their affects on currently-known industrialization concepts, an organizational model for industrialized systems integration has thus been developed. It takes software product lines and adapts them in a way feasible for a systems integrator active in several business domains. The result is a three-tiered model consolidating recurring activities and reducing the efforts for individual product lines. For the implementation of component-based development, the present thesis assesses current component approaches and applies an integration metamodel to the most suitable one. This ensures a common understanding of systems integration across different product lines and thus alleviates component reuse, even across product line boundaries. The approach is furthermore aligned with the organizational model to depict in which way component-based development may be applied in industrialized systems integration. Automating software development in systems integration with model-driven engineering was found to be insufficient in its current state. The reason herefore lies in insufficient tool chains and a lack of modelling standards. As an alternative, an XML-based configuration of products within a software product line has been developed. It models a product line and its products with the help of a domain-specific language and utilizes stylesheet transformations to generate compliable artefacts. The approach has been tested for its feasibility within an exemplarily implementation following a real-world scenario. As not all aspects of industrialized systems integration could be simulated in a laboratory environment, the concept was furthermore validated during several expert interviews with industry representatives. Here, it was also possible to assess cultural and economic aspects. The thesis concludes with a detailed summary of the contributions to the field and suggests further areas of research in the context of industrialized systems integration.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif d'analyser l'engagement des frères Simard, un trio d'industriels canadiens-français, dans la ville de Sorel entre 1909 et 1965. Plus précisément, ce mémoire s’intéresse aux modalités de leur implantation en tant que principaux acteurs économiques dans cette ville ouvrière de taille moyenne. Peu de temps après leur arrivée, les trois frères Simard prennent en charge les principaux leviers économiques de Sorel en raison de sa situation socioéconomique stagnante et de son élite économique et politique manquant de dynamisme et de ressources. Ils effectuent une série de transactions menant à la création d'un empire industriel régional touchant à une multiplicité de secteurs, dont la construction navale. La modernisation de leurs acquisitions et la création de nouvelles industries propulsent ces modestes entrepreneurs parmi les élites économiques canadiennes. Toutefois, leur ascension dépend d'éléments conjoncturels et contextuels, tel que le marasme des années 1930 et la reprise économique engendrée par la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. De plus, cette concentration économique ne se fait pas sans contestation de la part de la population. Afin de consolider leur position, le trio adopte une stratégie claire d'enracinement dans la communauté soreloise à travers divers vecteurs sociaux, tel que la philanthropie. Ainsi il s'engage directement et indirectement autant dans le domaine du divertissement que dans les services essentiels. À travers cette analyse, ce mémoire nuance l'historiographie structurelle et globalisante des grandes transformations socioéconomiques du Québec de la première moitié du 20e siècle. L'étude de la symbiose entre les Simard et Sorel permet d'entrevoir l'existence d'une pluralité de modèles de développement possibles en ce qui a trait aux villes québécoises.

La France s’est engagée à diviser par quatre ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre entre 1990 et 2050. Cela impose une réduction considérable de la consommation d’énergie des bâtiments. En particulier, il faut réaliser des travaux de rénovation énergétique dans 500 000 logements par an. Actuellement, les rénovations sont réalisées de manière artisanale. La plupart des travaux sont effectués manuellement sur chantier avec une qualité de la mise en œuvre souvent insuffisante. Les délais sont rarement respectés et les coûts dérivent au cours du projet. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, ce travail de recherche propose d’industrialiser la rénovation. D’un point de vue technique, l’industrialisation consiste à concevoir et mettre en œuvre des solutions constructives qui s’adaptent à chaque bâtiment et assurent la maîtrise de la qualité. D’un point de vue organisationnel, elle vise à définir un processus de rénovation complet ainsi que les acteurs, outils et méthodes associés. Cette thèse présente à la fois le produit (système constructif) et le processus d’industrialisation. Le système constructif est basé sur des panneaux multifonctionnels de grandes dimensions qui sont préfabriqués en usine et fixés sur les façades extérieures des bâtiments. Il réduit fortement le temps de mise en œuvre sur chantier, mais il impose de connaître précisément la géométrie des façades existantes. Pour cela, une technique de relevé tridimensionnel sans contact peut être utilisée pour créer rapidement une maquette numérique des bâtiments existants. Celle-ci servira pour les études énergétiques, structurelles, et architecturales et pour la configuration. Ensuite, un configurateur est proposé pour aider l’utilisateur à choisir les options des panneaux et réaliser leur calepinage (choix de leurs dimensions et positionnement sur les façades). Il permet d’éditer la gamme de montage des panneaux et un devis précis. D’autre part, un outil d’estimation est proposé pour établir les devis et planning initiaux d’après les études préliminaires. Cet outil sera alimenté par le retour d’expérience du configurateur. Enfin, un outil d’optimisation est présenté pour planifier le chantier en fonction du plan de charge des fabricants de panneaux et des ressources nécessaires pour la mise en œuvre. La fonction objectif peut comporter plusieurs critères, dont la minimisation de la durée du chantier, des stocks et de la durée de location des engins de levage. / Divide by four its greenhouse gas emissions between 1990 and 2050 is one of the France’s commitments. A significant reduction in the energy consumption of buildings is therefore required. In particular, 500,000 dwellings per year must be energetically renovated. Currently, renovations are carried out with traditional methods. Most of the work is done manually on-site, often with a poor implementation quality. The deadlines are rarely met and the costs deviate during the project. To solve these problems, this research work puts forward to industrialize the renovation. From a technical point of view, industrialization consists in designing and implementing constructive solutions, which suit each building and ensure quality control. From an organizational point of view, it consists in defining a complete renovation process as well as the associated actors, tools and methods. This thesis presents both the product (construction system) and the industrialisation process. The construction system is based on large multifunctional panels that are prefabricated and fixed outside the buildings’ façades. It greatly reduces the on-site implementation time. However, a precise geometry of the existing façades is needed. To do so, a three-dimensional remote survey can be used to create quickly the building information modelling of the existing buildings. This one will be used for the energetic, structural and architectural studies and for the configuration. Then, a configurator is proposed to assist the user to choose the panel options and to make their layout plan (determination of their dimensions and position on the façades). It edits the panels’ assembly plan and an accurate quotation. Besides, an estimation tool is proposed to provide the initial estimate and work schedule based on the preliminary studies. This tool will be supplied with the configurator’s feedback. Finally, an optimization tool is presented to plan the renovation works according to the workload schedule of the panel’s manufacturers and the implementation resources. The objective function can have several criteria, including the minimization of the works duration, the stock and the duration of the lifting equipments rental.

This essay concerns the temperance movements Blue Ribbon and White Ribbon inNorrbotten, Sweden. Their ideas about alcohol, industrialisation, family, humanity andproductivity. The period examined is 1905-1985, which nearly covers the whole of themovements history. Swedish and international research on the subject reveals temperancemovements had a negative view on the industrial society during the late 19th and early 20thcentury. The perceived problems were alcoholism and predatory capitalism. The family wasvalued highly both in itself and through its importance for the future well-being of the nation.The same results applies to Blue Ribbon and White Ribbon in Norrbotten. In addition greedwas seen as problematic, as well as lost productivity due to alcohol consumption. Humanitywas seen as very important, both within and between countries.

Haiphong, ville portuaire située au bord du fleuve Cửa Cấm et de la rivière Tam Bạc, faisait partie du réseau de la protection de la côtière du Nord-Est du Tonkin depuis le début du XIXe siècle. Par la conquête du Tonkin, grâce à la découverte de la voie fluviale, les Français ont identifié une porte d’entrée pour pénétrer en Chine méridionale. Ils y construisirent un centre économique à la fin du XIXe siècle, qu’ils développèrent dans la première moitié du XXe siècle. La liaison ferroviaire du port de Haiphong avec l’arrière-pays et ses nombreux gisements, a permis de confirmer sa position de grand port au Tonkin où, à l’époque coloniale, les agences commerciales exportaient et importaient la plupart des marchandises du Vietnam. Profitant des infrastructures prévues pour le commerce, les industriels français ont implanté leurs usines à Haiphong sur la base de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles et de la main-d’œuvre locale, et ont pu bénéficier des privilèges que le gouvernement du Protectorat leur accordait. Ayant commencé par les ateliers de constructions navales et mécaniques, la fabrique d’huilerie et savonnerie, les sociétés françaises ont ensuite installé de grandes usines de ciments, de coton, à la fin du XIXe siècle. Les deux mises en valeur des colonies françaises en Indochine, de 1897 à 1929, ont impulsé la création d’usines à Haiphong dans divers domaines : industrie de constructions navales et mécaniques, industrie chimique, industrie de transformation de produits minéraux et matériaux, etc., par des industriels français, chinois et aussi vietnamiens. En 1929, Haiphong était devenu un grand centre industriel et commercial du Tonkin. / Haiphong, a port city located along the Cửa Cấm and Tam Bạc river, was part of the network of coastal Northeast Tonkin from the early nineteenth century. Through the conquest of Tonkin, with the discovery of the waterway, the French have identified a gateway to penetrate southern China. They built a European city, an economic center during three last decades of the nineteenth century, they developed in the first half of the twentieth century. The railway connection from the port of Haiphong with the hinterland and its many deposits, allowed confirm its position as the great port of Tonkin where, in colonial times, commercial agencies exported and imported the majority of goods of Vietnam. Taking advantage of the planned infrastructure for trade, French manufactures have located their factories in Haiphong based on the exploitation of natural resources and the local workforce, and were able to benefit from the privileges that the protectorate government accorded them. Having begun by the workshops of naval and mechanical constructions, the manufacture of oil mill and soap, the French companies were subsequently installed the large factory of cement, of cotton, in the late nineteenth century. Two highlighted from the French colonies in Indochina, from 1897 to 1929, have encouraged the creation of factories in various domain in Haiphong: industry of naval and mechanical construction, chemical industry, processing industry of minerals and materials products, etc., by French manufacturers, Chinese and Vietnam also. In 1929, Haiphong had become a great industrial and commercial center of Tonkin.

Nessa dissertação tratamos da formação das primeiras favelas paulistanas e em especial da favela do Vergueiro (~1949-1969), como particularidade de um estudo sobre a constituição do capitalismo no Brasil em seu momento desenvolvimentista. Tomando o capitalismo como uma socialização crítica, considera-se a realização da acumulação como momento conceitual que nega a si mesmo, expresso pelo movimento de expulsão da fonte originadora do capital - o trabalho - através do desenvolvimento das forças produtivas. No Brasil, teria se dado uma industrialização sem ruptura completa da forma social, refletindo-se num processo posto em grande parte pelas necessidades de venda de mercadorias do departamento de bens de capital global. A periferia capitalista se expressaria por uma formação negativa do trabalho, expropriando trabalhadores/as e forçando sua mobilização para o trabalho, sem sua necessária incorporação como polo negativo do capital. Sem dispor de base de valorização produtiva, muitos investimentos capitalistas concentram-se na propriedade da terra através do mercado imobiliário, expresso na retenção de terras na cidade de São Paulo. No período analisado - meados de 1930 a 1970 - as favelas não eram tão significativas comparativamente à magnitude que o fenômeno viria a assumir a partir dos anos 1970; entretanto, são igualmente representativas das particularidades das contradições postas pela modernização brasileira. A contradição entre expropriação, industrialização periférica e mercado imobiliário culminaria na profusão de favelas, identificando a princípio o próprio Estado como agente formador de favelas, vindo o processo a assumir maior expressão face aos movimentos migratórios e dificuldades do acesso à terra para moradia. Por último, analisamos as políticas de desfavelamento, aqui entendidas como formadoras para o trabalho e para garantir a liberação da propriedade privada. / The object of this dissertation is the Vergueiro favela (shantytown), ~1949-1969, one among the first of São Paulo\'s favelas. At the time covered by the study, they had not yet grown to their later large sizes, but they are nevertheless representatives of the phenomena yilding from Brazilian modernisation. Capitalism is taken as critical socialisation, whose conceptual carrying out is its own negation, expressed by the eviction of capital\'s originating source (labour) by means of the development of the productive forces. Industrialisation in Brazil has taken place largely as posed by the need for the sale of goods from the global capital assets department. The periphery of capitalism is expressed by the negative formation of labour, expropriating workers and forcing their mobilisation, without its incorporation as the negative pole of capital. As a basis of productive valorisation was unavailable, many capitalist investments concentrated in land tenure within the real estate market, expressed by the holding of land in the city of São Paulo. The contradiction between expropriation, peripheral industrialisation and real estate market culminated in the profusion of favelas throughout the city. Such favelas had to face removal policies (defavelisation) aiming at the formation of labour and the liberation of private property.

Depuis l’adoption de la politique « Doimoi », le Vietnam a connu un développement économique rapide, conduisant à des transformations de façon significative des paysages dans des toutes les régions du pays. Les aspects du changement des paysages dans les zones urbaines n’ont pas reçu suffisamment l'attention, bien que le Vietnam soit classé un rang élevé en termes de la croissance de la population urbaine et de l'expansion spatiale urbaine en Asie de l'Est au cours de la période 2000-2010. Cette étude vise à analyser la dynamique du paysage et les conséquences environnementales du développement industriel et de l'urbanisation à la zone de la baie d'Ha Long, nord-est du Vietnam. Les principaux objectifs de ce travail sont les suivants: 1) d'analyser les tendances de l'urbanisation et du développement industriel, ainsi que identifier la liaison entre eux dans le contexte régional; 2) de quantifier l'évolution du paysage dans la période de 40 ans (1973-2013) en utilisant les données de la télédétection; 3) de développer une approche holistique pour expliquer les causes fondamentales du changement du paysage; 4) d’analyser les conséquences environnementales du changement du paysage. En conséquence, nous avons développé une méthode intégrée qui est basée sur la combinaison des données du changement du paysage et des données de l'enquête sociale en utilisant une combinaison des méthodes d’analyse multivariée. Cette approche est ouverte et peut être utilisée pour différentes variables à différentes échelles de la recherche. / Since the adoption of Doimoi policy in 1986, Vietnam has experienced a fast economic development, leading to rapid land transformations in the whole regions of the country. Land change aspects of urban areas have not been given adequate attention although Vietnam ranked top of urban population growth and urban spatial expansion in East Asia during the period 2000-2010. This study aims to analyze the landscape dynamics and the environmental consequences of industrial development and urbanization in the Ha Long bay area, Vietnam northeast coast. The principal objectives of the research are: 1) to analyze the trends of urbanization and industrial development, as well as identify the relation between then in the regional context; 2) to quantify the evolution of the landscape in the 40-year period (1973-2013) by using the remote sensing data; 3) to develop a holistic approach to explain the driving forces of the landscape change; 4) to analyze the environmental consequences of landscape change. As result, we have developed an integrated method based on the combination of landscape change data and social survey data using multivariate analysis. This approach is open and can be employed for different variables at various scales of research.