Thesis (D. Bus. Admin.)--Southern Cross University, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Mar. 11, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-194).

This thesis explores the relationship of collaboration and conflict between France's state-owned oil group, the Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine, and successive governments during the critical decade, 1976-1986, before wide-scale privatisation was initiated. The group's development reflects the broader trend in government - industry relations away from dirigisme to market economics by both senior managers and politicians alike. Created as an instrument of government with a "national interest" mission, the group was expected to work for and with governments. This partnership was conditioned by the international nature of the oil industry. Directly exposed to the impact of the oil crisis, the group suffered from the switch made in France from oil to nuclear energy as the main source of power. This development accelerated not only the diversification of the group's product range and multinationalisation of its activities but also modified its relations with government. It remained in public ownership, but became financially independent and acted increasingly like a private company. Governments were also affected by the economic crises of the 1970s, and by France's closer integration into Europe. While Elf maximised its profits, governments relied on the oil group's wealth. This confusing combination of dependence and governments' use of their powers of ownership produced many conflicts. Yet Elf's leaders could also exploit the state link through grand corps networks to achieve their own goals. These ambiguities were sharpened during the decade because Elf was shifting between two modes of relationship; an instrument of government enjoying privileged links with the state and an independent private multinational. Partial privatisation in 1986 somewhat resolved the contradictions but heralded new challenges. Under the impact of the Single Market programme and GATT agreements, French governments divested themselves of powers they could no longer exercise, French firms shifted partnership with the state to partnership with foreign firms and the development of each individual firm became subject to its performance in the market.

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Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document / Thesis (PhD (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemistry / unrestricted

Knowledge of price responsiveness of energy is important for designing effective price-based controls to curb the GHG emissions in Canada. The translog and logit models are developed in this study to analyze the demand for four types of energy inputs: coal, electricity, natural gas and refined petroleum products in Ontario's pulp and paper industry. The results suggest that the industry is inelastic to price change of energy consumed. Tests indicate that the translog model behaves slightly better than the logit model. The translog model was then applied to study the feasibility of imposing a carbon tax on energy inputs on Ontario's pulp and paper industry, which indicated that this sector does not seem to response to changes in energy inputs prices. Therefore, a carbon tax does not seem to be a good policy option for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in this sector.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993.

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Orientador: Luís Carlos Origa de Oliveira / Banca: Kleiber David Rodrigues / Banca: Jose Carlos Rossi / Resumo: Perturbações no suprimento de eletricidade podem originar mau funcionamento de equipamentos que dependem de atividades elétricas. A hora da ocorrência, a duração, repetição e previsibilidade devem ser consideradas. Em horários de produção máxima pequenas falhas passam a representar grandes prejuízos. Esta pesquisa pretende obter um valor mais pró ximo possível da realidade dos custos decorrentes das falhas no setor industrial, buscando chegar a um valor agregado à economia do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. A análise direta quantifica as perdas econômicas causadas por interrupções e afundamentos de tensão provocados por distú rbios no sistema, principalmente curtos-circuitos. A contabilização das falhas no sistema elétrico foi realizada a partir de medições em pontos de controle da indústria Avanti, instalada no município de Três Lagoas-MS. O mapeamento do ambiente quanto à incidência de afundamento de tensão se baseia na norma americana IEEE Standard 1346, que associa os aspectos técnicos e financeiros na análise da compatibilidade dos equipamentos de processos com a rede elétrica que os alimenta. Os riscos de impactos para os consumidores são analisados a partir das normas sul-africanas NRS-048 e americana IEEE Standard 446. Os indicadores da pesquisa revelam que a operação com carga mais elevada aumenta a incidência dos afundamentos de tensão. Os afundamentos e os curtos-circuitos que os provocam ocorrem em locais e situaçõ es extremamente variáveis. Torna-se importante o conhecimento do ambiente da empresa quanto à incidência de faltas para possibilitar uma análise prévia, por meio da qual seja possível especificar adequadamente os equipamentos a serem instalados propiciando melhorias no desempenho dos sistemas de proteção e controle e no isolamento rápido da área onde houve a falta. O consumidor precisa ser mais bem orientado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Disturbances in power distribution show bad equipment performance that depends of electrical activities. We should consider time occurrence duration, repetition and previsibility. At certain times few consumers are affected although for industrial processes working the whole day this can be a time of full production, since energy rates are lower and small disturbances in power distribution can represent great economic losses. This research intends to access the most real cost value from voltage variation, and to find an aggregated value to the southeastern economy in Mato Grosso do Sul. The direct analysis accounts the economic losses due to interruptions and voltage sags caused by system disturbances, mainly short-circuits. The electric energy system voltage sags considered was based on measurements at the network connection points in Avanti industry, installed in Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul. The consideration of sags incidence was based on the American IEEE Standard 1346, which relates the technical and financial aspects and compatibility analysis of the process equipment with the feeding electrical network. The consumers impact risks are analysed by the South African NR048 and the American IEEE Standard 446. Indicators in the research show that load operation increases sags incidence. Voltage sags and short-circuits that caused them occur in variable places and situations. The environment sags incidence knowledge allows a better project of the new system customers, allowing a previous analysis and adequate specification of the equipment required to be installed. The power supplier offers the protective and control system performance improvement with a quick isolation of the area where the sag is located. The consumer should be well informed on voltage sag vulnerability to avoid equipment economic losses, avoiding also concerning with compatibility analysis in the process equipment... (Complete abstract click electronic address below) / Mestre

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DX204584.