<p>More than 26,000 children under the age of 5 die every day on average, mostly in the developing world. Malnutrition accounts for up to half of those deaths, and diarrheal diseases account for another 17 per cent. The concentration of child malnutrition and diarrhea in developing countries should be of particular interest to sociologists because of the potential role of macro, structural and institutional forces in accounting for such cross-national disparities. This study focuses on country-level development, gender inequality, and democracy as three dimensions of structural violence that have important effects on child health in developing countries. In addition, the analysis also incorporates household and maternal characteristics that have already been shown to affect child health at the individual level. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and several other archival sources, I conduct a multi-level analysis of young children nested in a sample of approximately 50 developing countries. Specifically, I estimate a series of hierarchical generalized linear logit models (HGLM) that predict the likelihood that a child is stunted, wasted, underweight, or has had a recent episode of diarrhea, based on a set of country- and individual-level explanatory variables. </p><p>The introduction in Chapter 1 describes the concept of "structural violence," the orienting theoretical framework for the dissertation. Chapter 2 combines several theoretical perspectives to examine the effects of household-level socioeconomic resources as well as country-level economic development, water, sanitation, health care, and education. Household wealth and maternal education are the most important predictors of child health at the individual level; whereas, GDP per capita, secondary school enrollment, and a "capability development" scale have the most robust effects at the country level. Chapter 3 focuses on women's decision-making and resource control by examining 5 aspects of gender inequality: education, employment, political participation, reproductive autonomy, and life expectancy. Taken together, the results demonstrate that child health is likely to be better in countries where women have more education, control over their reproduction, representation in national politics, as well as longer life expectancy. Finally, Chapter 4 explores the link between democracy and child health, paying particular attention to various ways of measuring democracy. Surprisingly, bivariate correlations between democracy and child health are weak, and multivariate models do not yield consistent or robust effects. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates how child health is embedded in social, political, and economic contexts of inequality larger than the individual that partially determine who faces increased health risk factors and who is protected from them.</p> / Dissertation

Earnings inequality had been rising in the United States since the late 1970s. However, at the level of individual states earnings inequality has been rising, stable, and even falling in some states at different points in time. States vary in both the degree and character of change in earnings inequality, the extent to which they have experienced various inequality-increasing developments, and their institutional capacity to mediate these developments. I argue in this dissertation that this variation offers a rich opportunity for comparative analysis and an excellent lens for exploring the dynamics of the recent rise in earnings inequality.In this dissertation I utilize multiple methods and a state-level analysis to explore a number of research questions. What are the major factors driving rising state earnings inequality between 1980 and 2007? To what extent have states taken distinct causal paths to higher levels of inequality? How have states differed in terms of the types of wage growth that have result in rising, stable, or falling inequality? Throughout, special attention is paid to the manner in which state institutional arrangements, such as union strength and minimum wage rates, may mediate various inequality-increasing developments. Additionally, there is a focus on the contribution of industry flows, specifically losses of manufacturing employment and increasing employment in financial, technology and health-related occupations, to regional patterns of change in inequality.Overall, the intensity, timing, and number of factors that have converged upon any particular state vary substantially between regions and over time. A broad finding of this dissertation is that the net impact of many inequality-increasing factors is contingent upon a state's economic condition and institutional character. In particular, state institutional arrangements have powerfully mediated the impact of various inequality-increasing developments. Also, these analyses suggest that industry shifts have substantially impacted state earnings distributions and are critical to understanding regional patterns of change in earnings inequality. In closing, I suggest that much research on rising inequality at the national-level does not fully capture the substantial diversity of state experiences with rising inequality or the complexity of the interactions between the various factors producing those distinct experiences.

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Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διπλωματική εργασία με θέμα «Αντιλήψεις των εκπαιδευτικών Π.Ε. Αχαρνών Αττικής σχετικά με τον τρόπο αντιμετώπισης από τους ίδιους τους εκπαιδευτικούς, των παιδιών που προέρχονται από διαφορετικά κοινωνικά στρώματα γενικά και ειδικότερα στα σχολεία που υπηρετούν» διενεργήθηκε στο πλαίσιο του Π.Μ.Σ. «Λόγος, Τέχνη και Πολιτισμός στην Εκπαίδευση» του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός ήταν να μελετηθεί η συμβολή των εκπαιδευτικών Π.Ε. στην αναπαραγωγή του φαινομένου των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων μέσα στο σχολείο. Προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση διενεργήθηκε έρευνα με τη χρήση ερωτηματολογίου σε δείγμα το οποίο αποτελεί μικρογραφία του πληθυσμού των εκπαιδευτικών Π.Ε. του Δ. Αχαρνών. / This present postgraduate study is titled: ''Believes of kindergarten teachers in public schools of the Municipality of Acharnes in Attica, relatively to the ways that teachers themselves affront in general children from different social classes and in particular in the schools that they work'' and has been held in the limits of the Postgraduate Program Studies ''Utterance, Art and Culture'' of the University of Patras. The main aim was to be studied how and if infant school teachers contribute to the phenomenon of inequality reproduction in schools. For this reason, a research was carried out by questionnaire in a miniature sample of teacher population of Acharnes

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第20654号 / 経博第554号 / 新制||経||282(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 小佐野 広, 教授 柴田 章久, 准教授 敦賀 貴之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

This dissertation is geared toward a deeper understanding of the complexity of the multiple positions of women in the "Third World," and on how these positions create, sustain, and reproduce inequalities. I examine class inequality among employed women in the Philippines in the context of mistress-maid employment relationship. Using feminist fieldwork approaches, my gatekeeper, Merly, and I conducted extensive interviews and focus groups with thirty-one maids and ten mistresses between May and August 2000 in a medium-sized city in the Philippines. Recorded interviews were transcribed and processed using QSR NUD*IST N4. Domestic workers, who started as child laborers, live in their mistresses' homes where they perform household chores and carework. Aside from their "job description," they carry out additional tasks within and outside the household. The maids' relationship with their mistresses is based on maternalism, in which the mistresses integrate them into the family, engage in gift giving, provide educational support, but at the same time, control their bodies, times, spaces, and relationships. Except in cases where maternalist behavior becomes violent, both maids and mistresses approve of maternalism. In looking at the factors that may contribute to the mistresses' maternalist behavior, this study found that mistresses who are subordinate relative to their spouses and their workplaces are more likely than those who are not subordinate to engage in maternalist behavior with their maids. As maids prefer maternalist relationship with their mistresses, they accommodate their mistresses' dominating tendencies. When reprimanded, they respond through culture-specific rituals of subordination. However, when their threshold of tolerance is breached, they apply a combination of subtle and blatant resisting strategies. Younger maids perceive domestic work as a stepping-stone toward a more comfortable future, while older maids view it as a dead-end occupation. From a global standpoint, class mobility is examined based on the domestic workers dialectic positions within the international division of reproductive labor. Throughout this dissertation, women's inequality in the context of mistress-maid relations were analyzed from various angles, shifting the analysis from micro to macro dynamics; from class to the intersection of gender, ethnicity, age, and class; and from local to global. In addition to providing a sociological understanding of this phenomenon, I put the varied voices of "Third World women" at the forefront of this study. / Ph. D.

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The following paper assesses a statistical relationship between Economic Inequality and Voting Participation among a sizable amount of nations across the world representing all continents. With an deductive approach, three theoretical standpoints of interest are presented: one that describes a negative, another inconclusive, and one with a positive relationship between the variables of interest. Through panel data analysis the study finds support in favour of a negative relationship in that as economic inequality rises, voting participation in parliamentary elections decreases.

The aim of this study was to examine women in management positions in the Brazilian labor market, focusing on perception of their working condition but also challenges in a culture dominated by machismo and stereotypes. The data was conducted from a qualitative approach with a mix of snowball and convenience sample, by interviewing eight women with staff responsibilities in a wide range of sectors and branches. The result section revealed that the Brazilian society is characterized by a conservative approach and machismo, which create barriers for women to enter higher positions such as management.The combination of women being associated with household, caregiving and motherhood together with being submissive to men, reduces the chances to establish themselves in the labor market. However, the majority of the female leaders stated differences between male and female leadership, based on traditional ways of being leaders due to stereotypes.Although there are several aspects that create obstacles for women, there was one that stood out from the others, the sector they were employers in. Half of the participants worked in the private sector and the remaining half in the public one. Wishing for a life with family and improved working conditions could be achieved in the public sector and was highly unlikely in the private sector. These obstacles that women have to face and overcome make it hard to balance a career with a personal life.