No description available.

The purpose of this research was to explore the potential application of lytic phages to control Cronobacter spp. in infant formula. More than two hundred and fifty phages were isolated from various environmental samples against different strains of Cronobacter spp. Selected phages were characterized by morphology, host range, and cross infectivity. The genomes of five novel Cronobacter phages [vB_CsaM_GAP31 (GAP31), vB_CsaM_GAP32 (GAP32), vB_CsaP_GAP52 (GAP52), vB_CsaM_GAP161 (GAP161), vB_CsaP_GAP227 (GAP227)] were sequenced. Phage GAP32 possess the second largest phage genome sequenced to date, and it is proposed that GAP32 belongs to a new genus of “Gap32likeviruses”. Phages GAP52 and GAP227 are the first C. sakazakii podoviruses whose genomes have been sequenced. None of the sequenced genomes showed homology to virulent or lysogenic genes. In addition, in vivo administration of phage GAP161 in the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella larvae showed no negative effects on the wellbeing of the larvae and could effectively prevent Cronobacter infection in the larvae. A cocktail of five phages was highly effective for biocontrol of three Cronobacter sakazakii strains present as a mixed culture in both broth media and contaminated reconstituted infant formula. This phage cocktail could be potentially used to control C. sakazakii during preparation of infant formula but would first have to be clinically evaluated in mammalian models. / NSERC & DFO

It is the extreme essential that the functions of the modernizing pharmacy stores integrate into the entire community and medical care system. Due to the environment alternation and the constant epoch evolution, however, pharmacy stores have not only been impacted by the national health insurance and the medicine profession categorization, but also affected by the logistic development and the business modernization. Under the circumstances, pharmacy stores have to confront transformation, and pursue the much better solutions in assuring the persistent business management in future. This research focuses on pharmacy stores around the middle of Taiwan, and proceeds with the questionnaire investigations without signature, aiming at four hundreds of their consumers in Taichung, Nantao, Chang Hua and adjacent districts. The contents of questionnaire include four sections: 1) The comparison of both modernizing and traditional pharmacies; 2) Personal daily custom of healthy life style; 3) Perceiving of import infant Milk powder serving by pharmacy stores; 4) Individual base information. Based on the analysis of the questionnaire investigation findings, the purport is to realize whether or not the purchasing custom of ordinary consumers would be changed in the existence of import infant milk powder serving by the modern pharmacy chain stores. This research discovered that: Since infant milk powder is the sole principal food of baby, parents are very much concerned about it. The manufacturers have the respective features for milk powder of their own brands, and babies have quite different physiques. The certain brand of infant milk powder might be suitable for some babies, but against another ones on the other hands. For such instances, more than 80% of consumers are in favor of milk powder serving by pharmacy stores, according to the findings of the research, and agree that they would go there for consults if they need to make a decision about milk powder. Besides, the more often milk powder they purchased from pharmacy stores, the more frequency that they interacted with medicine chemists.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

by Nancy Cheung. / Abstract in Chinese. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1980. / Bibliography: leaves 84-87.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Orientadores: José Luiz Pereira, Valéria Christina Amstalden Junqueira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T21:41:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_RosanaFranciscoSiqueirados_D.pdf: 687405 bytes, checksum: a60c63628979fe94b8cd83acd31712df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii) é uma bactéria patogênica oportunista, que tem sido associada a surtos e casos esporádicos de meningite, enterocolite necrosante e sepse em recém nascidos. Em 2008 as cepas dessa espécie foram divididas em várias novas espécies e transferidas para o novo gênero Cronobacter spp. Um dos métodos mais recentes para sua detecção é o da ISO 22964 (2006), que inclui duas etapas de enriquecimento, o isolamento de colônias típicas (alfa-glicosidase positivas) no meio seletivo diferencial ESIA (Enterobacter sakazakii Isolation Agar) e a confirmação das culturas através de testes bioquímicos. Há, entretanto, necessidade de métodos e meios de cultura alternativos para o isolamento de Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii), objetivo desse trabalho. Para isso, 83 amostras foram analisadas usando a técnica de PCR através do sistema BAX® (Dupont Qualicon), em comparação com o método cultural ISO/TS 22964:2006. Dois meios de cultura seletivos diferenciais foram usados para isolamento de culturas típicas: o Ágar de Isolamento de E.sakazakii (ESIA) e o Ágar Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI). Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii) foi isolado em 13,25% das amostras analisadas, sendo mais freqüente em amostras de soja em grãos (destinada à preparação de bebidas à base de soja), em leite em pó e em amido de milho. Nas fórmulas infantis em pó o micro-organismo foi encontrado em 6% das amostras. A unidade analítica de 25g não se mostrou adequada para o isolamento das cepas, porque a contagem encontrada nas amostras positivas (unidade analítica de 500g) foi muito baixa (variando de <0,22 a >1,61NMP/100g). Em 27% das amostras positivas, Cronobacter spp só foi isolado de colônias atípicas (alfa-glicosidase negativas) no ESIA e/ou no DFI. Em 9% das amostras as cepas isoladas também não apresentaram pigmentação amarela no TSA. Os resultados mostraram desempenho equivalente do ESIA e do DFI, no protocolo de ensaio da ISO/TS 22964 (2006). O método do Sistema BAX® apresentou desempenho inferior ao método ISO/TS 22964 (2006), com uma alta porcentagem de resultados falsos positivos no PCR (73,33%) e uma porcentagem significativa de resultados falsos negativos na confirmação cultural (53,85%). Os resultados indicaram que, a pesquisa de Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii) em produtos destinados à alimentação de recém nascidos, deve ser feito com unidade analítica de pelo menos 500g, preferencialmente maior, porque a contagem encontrada nas amostras positivas foi muito baixa / Abstract: Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii) is an opportunist pathogenic bacterium, which has been associated to outbreaks and sporadically cases of meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepses in newborns. In 2008, strains of this species was divided in some new species and transferred to the new genus Cronobacter spp. One of the most recent method used to determine the microorganisms is ISO 22964 (2006), that includes two stages of enrichment, isolation of typical colonies (positive a- glycosidase) in the differential media selective ESIA (Enterobacter sakazakii Isolation Agar) and biochemical tests for confirmation. However, it already exists alternative and rapid methods for the isolation of Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii), which were the aim of this study. For this, 83 samples were analyzed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction method (PCR) by BAX® System (DuPont Qualicon), in comparison with ISO/TS 22964:2006 method. Two differential selective media were used to isolation of typical colonies: Agar of Isolation for E. sakazakii (ESIA) and Agar Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI). Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii) was isolated in 13.25% of the analyzed samples being more frequent in bean (designated to prepare soy base drink), powered milk and corn flour samples. In powered infantile formula, 6% of the samples were contaminated. The analytical unit of 25g was not adequate for the isolation this microorganism, where the count detected in the positive samples (analytical unit of 500g) was very low (among of <0.22 and >1,61MPN/100g). In 27% of positive samples, Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii) was only isolated from atypical colonies (alpha-glycosidase negative) in ESIA and/or DFI. Nine per cent (9%) of the strains isolated from samples did not show yellow pigment in the TSA. Results showed equivalent performance of both ESIA and DFI medias, following the of ISO/TS 22964 (2006) assay protocol. The PCR method (BAX® System) showed lower performance when compared with ISO/TS 22964 (2006) method. A high percentage of false positive results (73.33%) and a significant percentage of false negative results in the cultural confirmation (53.85%) were observed with PCR method. The results indicated that the research of Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii) in products destined to the feeding of just born, must be made with analytical unit of at least 500g (or major quantity) due to the counting found in the positive samples was very low / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Appropriate and adequate infant feeding practices are an important factor in achieving optimal health in infants. Inappropriate and inadequate infant feeding practices contribute significantly to ill-health in infants. Both WHO and UNICEF recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months both in the context of HIV and otherwise unless exclusiv formula feeding can meet each of five conditions: acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe (AFASS). The modes of infant feeding include exclusive breastfeeding, formula feeding and mixed feeding. Medical recommendations and social pressures related to infant feeding in high HIV-prevalence low-income communities may have shifted infant feeding practices. The aim of this study was to explore factors influencing infant feeding practices and decision making among women in one such community, Kabwata Township, in Lusaka, Zambia. Method: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted at Kabwata Health Centre in Kabwata Township in Lusaka, Zambia. Convenient sampling was used to recruit 32 women for focus group discussions and three key informants (two nurses and one social worker) for individual interviews. Verbal consent was received from all participants. Semi-structured interview guides were used to elicit discussion by all participants. Discussions were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic data analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Most FGD participants reported that they themselves initiated breastfeeding soon after giving birth, but not all of them breastfed exclusively for the first six months, as is currently recommended. The major factors influencing infant feeding included; influence from family and friends, stigma and discrimination, influence from health care providers, practical realities such as maternal employment and poverty, and cultural/traditional practices. Conclusion: While breastfeeding is valued and accepted, most women do not or cannot exclusively breastfeed for six (6) months for various reasons. Paradoxically, the social value of breastfeeding and the knowledge that breast milk can transmit HIV reinforce mixed feeding as the predominant feeding practice. Key informants reported that women attending health care services at Kabwata health centre were encouraged and taught to breastfeed their infants exclusively for six months. There is a need to re-look at the way the women are being encouraged, taught and supported so that the apparent knowledge and acceptance of breastfeeding can translate into improved infant feeding practices. Awareness campaigns need to include all stakeholders including family members, the community, employers and the women themselves in order to make exclusive breastfeeding easier for the women.

This master's thesis deals with inbound marketing of Nestlé in the area of infant formula. Its aim is to determine whether inbound marketing is a suitable tool for infant formula promotion which is strongly regulated. The thesis is based on a comprehensive analysis of the area of infant formula and analysis of inbound marketing strategy of one of the most dominant companies on the market, Nestlé. In the beginning, attention is focused on important milestones of the development of infant formula and on a case which caused an important change in the promotion of infant formula, Nestlé boycott. The following section deals with the supervision and marketing regulation both in international and the European law. The final chapter of the first part emphasizes on philosophy of inbound marketing. The second part is introduced by outlining the current situation both on global and the Czech market of infant formula. Then, attention is focused on Nestlé. Its introduction is followed by analysis of company's inbound marketing strategy which is then evaluated. For this purpose, analysis of the effectiveness of marketing tools is made with regard to strategic goals of the company.