The purpose of the current study was to determine the constraints to and opportunities for organising the gendered home-based care sector in post apartheid South Africa. Also the gender aspect of care work has been closely examined and the study has revealed that societal stereotypes that view care work as women work in the private sphere have to a greater extent contributed to the devaluation of care work in both society and as a form of paid care work. Qualitative research methodology was used in the form of documentary analysis, interviews and participant observation. The research findings demonstrate that unions themselves, resources and legislation/ policy issues pose as major barriers to organising these atypical workers. Generally, most unions are not yet ready to embrace informal workers into the mainstream as it entails innovation of new organising strategies that could be out of their comfort zone, the pumping out of a vast amount of resources and the avoidance of the huge obligation of breaking through legal barriers. Grassroot mobilising around gender needs has been proposed as the most appropriate strategy for organising the newly emerging mobile and precarious workforce which comprises principally of women. An undeniable link between the formal and informal economy has also been confirmed as formal institutions such as NGOs, hospital, clinics and private companies through the Expanded Public Works Programme here in South Africa make use of informal labour to execute their obligations in the HBC sector. From a gender perspective, this study argues that female jobs are despised by society let alone trade unions where democracy and gender sensitivity should be practiced. Devaluation of female jobs herein care work could be the reason why NEHAWU has taken too long to organise the HBC sector. Finally, results of the study have demistified the societal stereotypes that female jobs are difficult to organise as HBC workers were more than willing to join NEHAWU.

Magister Legum - LLM / The hospitality industry is one of the largest economic sectors in the world.1 As a result, it is one of the top employment contributors, with its Travel and Tourism sector accounting for an estimated 10.3% of global GDP, translating to a US$8.9 trillion contribution to the world’s GDP and 330 million jobs in 2019.2 In the context of South Africa, the tourism industry also plays a crucial role in economic growth and job creation. Tourism in South Africa accounted for 2.8% of GDP in 2019,3 and employed an estimated 709 000 individuals.4 Therefore, the importance of this colossal industry in economic growth and development, coupled with its potential in poverty reduction cannot be overemphasised.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第24022号 / 地博第301号 / 新制||地||117(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 重田 眞義, 教授 平野(野元) 美佐, 准教授 金子 守恵, 教授 高橋 基樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo_Goncalves_Severo_Dissertacao.pdf: 439387 bytes, checksum: 2ba702f97fe816caf300814fa04c11e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / O presente estudo analisa as relações de trabalho dos catadores de materiais recicláveis da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A atividade da catação de materiais é estudada dentro do cenário atual de desestruturação dos postos de trabalho formais e em uma cidade que há muitos anos apresenta uma economia estagnada, não dando oportunidades de emprego, em especial, para as camadas dos trabalhadores não especializados, caso da maioria dos catadores. Assim, com o aumento da demanda de materiais recicláveis, o que não escapa à lógica de desperdício produtivo, são estudadas as formas de subordinação e trabalho na catação local, quais os vínculos com os atravessadores de materiais, as condições de trabalho e a estrutura local da reciclagem.

Mobility and Pathways to Autonomy of Women: A study of informal workers in fisheries sector in Kerala, India Mobility defined as the freedom and ability to move has intrinsic and instrumental values in promoting human development. Paid work which involves mobility associated with work can be a ‘capability-enhancing’ experience when such mobility improves opportunities and enhances freedoms. However, the existing studies have neither examined nor measured mobility with its multiple domains for women. My thesis fills this gap in research by exploring the multiple domains of gendered mobility by measuring mobility as a single construct and analysing whether mobility is a ‘capability’ for women workers which improves autonomy and agency. It is inter-disciplinary as it is situated at the confluence of development studies, human geography and sociological disciplines. The following features of the thesis make it unique in the development studies discipline. First, the contextual setting is unique as it is based in Kerala, which is a socially progressive state in India. The thesis unearths the underlying structural constraints in the Kerala model of social development for transformation of women workers under patriarchy. It is a comparative study which examines the household autonomy and agency of two types of informal women workers in the post-harvest fisheries, namely ‘peeling workers’ linked to production chains and ‘fish vendors’ who are self-employed. Second, the capability approach provides the theoretical framework for the analysis of mobility of women as capability and it introduces a new concept of ‘transformational mobility’. By examining mobility using the Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM) for the first time in development studies, the thesis operationalises capability measurement by introducing the measurement scale of mobility of women workers which empirically delineates the multiple domains of mobility based on the constraints faced by women. Third, the mixed methods research design using survey data and qualitative interviews of women workers provide better insight and contextual understanding of women’s work. An innovative method, namely, the Crisp set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (CsQCA), explores the causal mechanisms that bring about ‘transformational mobility’ in women workers. The thesis empirically proves the significance of social and human capital factors like caste, low education of spouse and marital status along with the underlying patriarchal structures that determine pathways to transformational mobility and decision making of women. Lastly, the qualitative analysis using classic grounded theory contributes to the emergence of substantive theories for women workers which reflect contrasting agentic behaviour of peeling workers and fish vendors in the context of Kerala. The lack of collective agency among peeling workers questions the claims of Kerala model of development in improving the agency of women. The findings confirm that work mobility associated with informal low paid work is not necessarily a capability for women in fisheries.

La question de l’accès financier des personnes socialement défavorisées aux soins de santé est aujourd’hui un enjeu éthique de grande importance dans de nombreux pays à faible revenu ou en voie d’émergence. On peut se demander comment l’équité dans l’accès aux soins peut être rendue effective puisque l’égalité des chances pour tous et la santé sont des pré-requis aux choix de vie et à la réalisation de soi. Les soins de santé sont donc d’une importance éthique particulière du fait qu’ils contribuent à préserver notre statut comme citoyens pleinement fonctionnels. Au Cameroun, bien que des efforts considérables soient consentis par les pouvoirs publics et leurs partenaires extérieurs pour favoriser l’accès aux soins des personnes défavorisées, le secteur de la santé reste encore très marqué par l’inégalité dans l’accès financier aux prestations sanitaires. Les médicaments les plus essentiels ne sont pas financièrement à la portée de tous et les coûts d’accès aux soins ambulatoires et hospitaliers dans les formations sanitaires sont manifestement prohibitifs pour une large frange de la population. Lors des épisodes de maladie, l’accès aux soins se fait par le paiement direct au point d’accès, et la pratique de l’automédication s’est répandue du fait de l’incapacité des personnes socialement défavorisées à payer leurs soins sans courir le risque de perdre l’essentiel de leur revenu. Les mesures de prise en charge sociale ou des systèmes de financement qui garantissent la réduction des inégalités entre les classes sociales sont fortement limitées par les faibles capacités d’une économie qui repose essentiellement sur l’informel. Sur la base de cette réalité, cette thèse analyse à partir du cas des travailleurs vulnérables du secteur informel urbain, la pertinence du choix politique de la couverture universelle santé au Cameroun à travers les principes de responsabilité et de solidarité. La population d’étude choisie est celle des travailleurs vulnérables du secteur informel en considération des problématiques liées à leur accès aux soins de santé, de l’importance de leur apport dans l’économie du pays ( 90 % des travailleurs) et du rôle qu’elle pourrait jouer dans l’atteinte de l’objectif de la couverture universelle santé. La thèse analyse donc, d’une part, les conditions et les modalités de répartition des biens sociaux qui répondent à la nécessaire redistribution équitable des ressources, en l’occurrence l’accès aux soins de qualité. Après avoir montré les préoccupations d’ordre politique, social, économique et éthique liées au problème d’accès universel aux soins, la thèse propose des stratégies opérationnelles susceptibles de conduire à l’amélioration de la qualité des soins et à un assainissement de la gestion du secteur des services de soins (éthique du care et éthique de bonne gouvernance). Aussi, dans la perspective de la recherche d’un financement local soutenable et durable de l’accès de tous aux soins, la thèse propose une approche participative. L’exploration de cette perspective aboutit au résultat qu’une approche inclusive et intégrée de promotion de l’économie informelle (dynamisation de ses activités et potentialisation de ses acteurs) pourrait faire de ce secteur un véritable levier de développement économique et social. Un développement social et solidaire durable et susceptible, sur le long terme, de réaliser l’objectif de la couverture universelle santé. En d’autres termes, elle propose des stratégies de capabilisation et de responsabilisation des travailleurs du secteur informel, en vue d’une société plus impliquée, plus responsable et plus solidaire. Une approche susceptible de matérialiser le droit à la santé, de construire l’autonomie des travailleurs en situation de vulnérabilité et de renforcer leurs capacités contributives à travers une opérationnalisation adaptée au contexte des principes de responsabilité et de solidarité. / Financial access to health services for socially disadvantaged groups is an important ethical stake in many low-income countries or in process of emergence. Equity achievement in the healthcare system, equal opportunities and good health are prerequisite to wellbeing. Thus, access to healthcare represents a key ethical issue for people to keep their full functional citizens status. In Cameroon, efforts have been made by public authorities and their foreign partners to favour access to healthcare for the disadvantaged groups. However the incentives fall short to guarantee a sufficient healthcare access level. Basics medicines still are not affordable. Furthermore, the high financial costs of ambulatory and hospitals care do not help. In case of sickness, access to health service occurs unless a cash payment before the service, leading to a situation of health care non-affordability. Hence, self-medication is a direct outcome. The economy is mostly informal in the country, so it is not have the capacity to finance welfare and social systems, which are tools usually used to reduce disparities. This thesis analyzes the relevance of the political choice of universal health coverage in Cameroon through the principles of social responsibility and solidarity. The analysis was performed using the case of vulnerable urban workers of the informal sector, who represent 90% of all the workers in the country. The population of study is the vulnerable workers of the informal sector, who faced issues in accessing healthcare. This thesis analyzes the conditions and modalities of distribution of social goods (access to quality care) in order to establish equity in resources redistribution. Lickewise, political, social, economic and ethical issues related to the universal problem of access to care have been assessed. The operational strategies that lead to improved quality of care and a better management of the healthcare services (good care and ethics of good governance in the system) come forward. Furthermore, a participatory approach is advocated here under the form of the mobilisation of a sustainable local funding of universal access to care. The exploration of this perspective leads to the result that an inclusive and integrated approach to promoting the informal economy (boosting its activities and potentiating its actors) could make this sector a real social and economic development lever. A social and inclusive sustainable development over the long term, might lead to the goal of universal health coverage. This thesis recommends the accountability of the informal sector`s workers for a more involved, responsible and caring society. Hence, this approach is likely to materialize the right to health, to build the autonomy of workers in vulnerable situations and strengthen their ability to contribute through an adapted operationalization to the principles of responsibility and solidarity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maisa Aparecida Requena.pdf: 549716 bytes, checksum: e7b3be3f691c87503a9602bc20bdcfdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study of diversities of creative manifestations in Brazilian people has allowed us to find out personages who discovered an alternative of work to face the unemployment: to produce publicity and selling products inside the Metropolitan trains of São Paulo. It is about the discourses produced by the informal worker whose advertising does not appear in magazines, newspaper, pamphlets, outdoors etc., but have the same goals, which are to publicize, spread ideas and, mainly, to sell products. In this sense, this research has as its objective to analyze the discursive mechanism that characterize the speeches of these informal workers. The research conforms to the theoretical field developed by Dominique Maingueneau, more specifically in the conceptions of Interdiscourse, Scenography and Ethos. From the methodological point of view, we have followed these steps: (i) the observation of the work activities of the workers the discourses produced by them, (ii) field notes about the activity in work circumstances and about the discourses transmitted by the workers and (iii) transcription of some of their speech. The analysis has revealed two groups of discourse: the slogan-discourses and the advertisement-discourse. The first one has showed an enunciative scene compatible with the street market conditions, while in the second one, the developed scene was similar to the auction situation. From the scenography analysis, it has emerged the Ethos of the enunciators of both groups. In the slogan-discourse, the presented Ethos is from an agile, discreet and invisible enunciator, while in the advertisement-discourse, the presented Ethos is from a good-tempered, calm, sympathetic, agile and considerate enunciator. Thus, the workers mobilize many mechanisms in order to create a new model of publicity that aims to legitimate its discourses, generating scenographies and presenting an Ethos / A observação das diversas maneiras de manifestações criativas do povo brasileiro nos permitiu localizar pessoas que encontraram um meio diferente de trabalho para enfrentar o problema da falta de emprego: produzir publicidade e vender produtos no interior dos trens metropolitanos de São Paulo. Trata-se de discursos produzidos pelos vendedores informais cuja publicidade não aparece em revistas, jornais, panfletos, outdoors etc., mas que apresentam os mesmos objetivos, o de divulgar, de propagar idéias e, principalmente, o de vender seus produtos. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar os mecanismos discursivos que caracterizam a fala do vendedor informal. A investigação se enquadra na perspectiva desenvolvida por Dominique Maingueneau, mais precisamente, nas noções de interdiscurso, cenografia e ethos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, foram seguidas as seguintes etapas: (i) observação da atividade de trabalho dos vendedores e dos discursos produzidos por eles, (ii) anotações de campo sobre a atividade em situação de trabalho e sobre os discursos veiculados pelos vendedores e (iii) transcrição de algumas de suas falas. A análise revelou dois grupos de discursos: os discursos-slogans e os discursos-anúncios. Os primeiros apresentam uma cena de enunciação compatível com à de feira livre e os segundos, são semelhantes à cenografia de um leilão. A partir da análise da cenografia, emergiu o ethos dos enunciadores dos dois grupos. No discurso-slogan, o ethos é o de um enunciador ágil, discreto, invisível, enquanto no discursoanúncio, a imagem discursiva é o de um enunciador bem-humorado, calmo, simpático, ágil e atento aos chamados dos clientes

In the academic field the informal economy is vaguely represented and most of the research is focused on developing countries with many socio-economic issues. The informal economy in the developed world, mainly the European Union and the United States of America, has a minor share in the world's informal economy, as such it is not commonly discussed among academics. Some countries around the world are actively trying to battle this sector to minimalize it and thus minimalize its impact on the state economy and on the individual communities. To implement more effective policies it is important to know which factors are most conducive to the prevalence of the informal economy. Finding those factors became the aim of this paper. Owing to the fact that there is a lack of research conducted in the developed countries about the informal economy the main focus of the thesis is the geographical area of San Diego County, predominantly for its diverse demographics. The factors are identified and analyzed in detail in chapter 4. In "Discussion" the factors are evaluated to reveal the most conducive ones. It has been determined that the most conducive factors are "burdensome regulation" and "individual preferences". Additionally factors that influence the informal economy in San Diego County are "low...