Este trabalho investiga as interações entre o grupo carbonílico e enxofre, oxigênio ou dupla olefínica, através do estudo dos seguintes compostos: ciclopentanona (I), 3-tiaciclopentanona (II), 3-oxaciclopentanona (III), ciclohexanona (IV), 3-tiaciclohexanona (V), 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI), cicloheptanona (VII), 3-tiacicloheptanona (VIII), 4-tiaciclohexanona (IX), 4-tiacicloheptanona (X), ciclooctanona (XI), 5-tiaciclooctanona (XII) e 3-ciclohexenona (XIII). É fornecida uma revisão bibliográfica, na qual são apresentados os trabalhos sobre frequência de estiramento e basicidade relativa do grupo carbonílico de cetonas por espectroscopia no infravermelho, sendo destacados alguns aspectos mais intimamente ligados a este trabalho. Entre estes aspectos, podem ser enumerados: ressonância de Fermi na ciclopentanona, efeito de campo, efeito do tamanho do anel sobre a frequência e basicidade da carbonila, e impedimento estérico nas ciclanonas. São descritas as sínteses de algumas das cetonas da série estudada, a saber: 3-tiaciclopentanona (II), 3-tiaciclohexanona (V), 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI), 4-tiaciclohexanona (IX) e 4-tiacicloheptanona (X). São fornecidos os dados das medidas de deslocamentos das frequências de estiramento das hidroxilas de fenol e de p-clorofenol, em associação (1:1) com as treze cetonas cíclicas estudadas, à diluição infinita do doador em tetracloreto de carbono (ΔvoOH). São determinadas as constantes de associação (Kass) dos complexos formados entre p-clorofenol e cetonas (1:T), em tetracloreto de carbono, no infravermelho próximo, para as 3- e 4-tiaciclanonas (II), (V), (VIII), (IX) e (X), 3-oxaciclanonas (III) e (VI) e cetonas não substituidas correspondentes (I), (IV) e (VII). São apresentadas as frequências de estiramento do grupo carbonilico (vCO) das treze cetonas cíclicas estudadas, em tetracloreto de carbono. Os resultados de ΔvoOH e Kass para as ciclanonas substituídas em posições 3 e 4 por enxofre ou oxigênio, em comparação com as ciclanonas não substituídas correspondentes, indicam que: 1) 3-tiaciclanonas (II) , (V) e (VIII) apresentam uma diminuição de basicidade; 2) a ordem de diminuição de basicidade em 3-tiaciclanonas é: 3-tiaciclopentanona (II) > 3-tiaciclohexanona (V) = 3-tiacicloheptanona (VIII); 3) 4-tiaciclohexanona (IX) e 4-tiacicloheptanona (X) mostram uma diminuição de basicidade comparável à das 3-tiaciclanonas correspondentes; 4) 3-oxaciclopentanona (III) e 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI) apresentam uma diminuição de basicidade, que é da mesma ordem de grandeza em ambos os compostos; 5) a diminuição de basicidade em 3-oxaciclopentanona (III) é menor e em 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI) é maior do que nas tiaciclanonas correspondentes. As medidas de frequência de estiramento da carbonila (vCO) para as mesmas ciclanonas demonstram que: 1) não há diferenças significativas entre as frequências da carbonila de tiaciclanonas e ciclanonas não substituidas correspondentes; 2) há um aumento na frequência da carbonila, passando-se das ciclanonas não substituidas (I) e (IV) para as 3-oxaciclanonas correspondentes (III) e (VI). É apresentada uma discussão, em que a existência de possíveis interações é examinada pela interpretação dos dados experimentais, à luz dos efeitos indutivos e de campo, alterações no anel provenientes da introdução de um heteroátomo, e níveis de energia, proximidade e posição geométrica dos orbitais interagentes. É sugerida a ocorrência de uma interação no espaço significativa entre o heteroátomo e o grupo carbonílico em 3-tiaciclopentanona (II), 3-oxaciclopentanona (III) e 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI), e a ausência de uma tal interação Significativa em 3-tiaciclohexanona (V) e 3-tiacicloheptanona (VIII). Não se elimina, porém, a possibilidade da existência de uma fraca interação no espaço nos dois útimos compostos. O estudo de basicidade de 5-tiaciclooctanona (XII) e 3-ciclohexenona (XIII) indica: 1) um aumento na basicidade em relação às cetonas nao substituídas correspondentes; 2) um aumento de basicidade anormal com o aumento de concentração das cetonas em tetracloreto de carbono. Os dados de basicidade, em conjunto com os estudos efetuados paralelamente por Wladislaw e col. e com os resultados de outras medidas da literatura, permitem sugerir para a 5-tiaciclooctanona (XII) e 3-ciclohexenona (XIII): 1) a ocorrência de transferência de carga no estado fundamental; 2) a existência, em solução, de um equilíbrio entre duas conformações, uma em que há transferência de carga de enxofre ou dupla olefínica para a carbonila, e outra em que esta transferência é ausente. / This thesis investigates the interactions between the carbonyl group and sulphur, oxygen or ethylene double bond, in the following compounds: 3-thiacyclopentanone (I), 3-oxacyclopentanone (II), 3-thiacyclohexanone (III), 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV), 3-thiacycloheptanone (V), 4-thiacyclohexanone (VI), 4-thiacycloheptanone (VII), 5-thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX), by comparison with the corresponding unsubstituted compounds. The thesis contains: A literature review on the stretching frequencies and relative basicities of the carbonyl group in ketones, in which some aspects connected with the present work, such as cyclopentanone Fermi ressonance, field effect, ring size influence and steric hindrance are emphasized. The syntheses of 3-thiacyclopentanone (I), 3-thiacyclohexanone (III), 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV), 4-thiacyclohexanone (VI) and 4-thiacycloheptanone (VII). The ΔvoOH data, as measured by i.r. shifts of OH stretching vibration of phenol and p-chlorophenol associated to the ketones studied (1:1), in carbon tetrachloride. The equilibrium constants (Kas.) for the association complexes (1:1) between p-chlorophenol and 3-and 4-thiacyclanones (I), (III), (V), (VI) and (VII) and 3-oxacyclanones (II) and (IV) and the corresponding unsubstituted ketones, in carbon tetrachloride, obtained from near infra-red measurements. The carbonyl stretching frequencies (vCO) for the ketones studied, in carbon tetrachloride. The basicities measurements data indicate that: 3-Thiacyclanones (I), (lII) and (V) are less basic than the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. The basicities decrease order in 3-thiacyclanones is: 3-thiacyclopentanone (I) > 3-thiacyclohexanone (III) = 3-thiacycloheptanone (V). The basicity decrease in the 4-thiacyclohexanone (VI) and 4-thiacycloheptanone (VII) is similar to that obtained for the corresponding 3-thiacyclanones. 3-Oxacyclopentanone (II) and 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV) show similar basicity decrease. The basicities of 3-oxacyclopentanone (II) and 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV) are, respectively lower and higher than those of the corresponding thia analogues. 5-Thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) are more basic than the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. An abnorml raise of basicity occurs in 5-thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) with the increase of concentration in carbon tetrachloride. The carbonyl stretching frequency measurements (vCO) show that: The vCO values for thiacyclanones do not differ significantly from those for the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. 3-Oxacyclanones exhibit higher vCO values than the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. A discussion is presented, in which: The possibility of through-space and through-bond interactions in the 3- and 4-substituted cyclanones is considered by examination of experimental data in the light of the possible effects described in the literature review, energy levels, proximity and geometry of the interacting orbitals. The possibility of a charge transfer from the sulphur atom or ethylene double bond to the carbonyl group in 5-thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) is examined by comparison of the experimental data of the present thesis with those reported in the 1iterature and those obtained by B.Wladislaw et al. The following conclusions are presented: A significant through-space interaction between sulphur or oxygen atoms and carbonyl group takes place in the 3-thiacyclopentanone (I), 3-oxacyclopentanone (II) and 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV). There is no evidence for a sicnificant through-space interaction between sulphur atom and carbonyl group in 3-thiacyclohexanone (III) and 3-thiacycloheptanone (V), though a weak interaction may be present. 5-Thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) exist in solution, as an equilibrium mixture of two conformations, one in which charge transfer occurs and another in which it is absent.

Enzyme dynamics occur on a wide range of length and timescales. This work is focused on understanding enzyme dynamic at the fs-ps timescale as this is the dynamic range at which bonds are typically made and broken during chemical reactions. Our work focuses on enzymes that catalyze hydride transfer between two carbon atoms - a fundamental reaction in biology. Primary kinetic isotope effects and their temperature dependence have implied that fast dynamics of the enzyme are important in facilitating hydride transfer, however these experiments do not measure any such motions directly. We make use of two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D IR), a technique that interrogates the vibrations of molecules to extract dynamic information from the surrounding environment with 100 fs resolution. A model system, formate dehydrogenase (FDH), is an excellent probe of dynamics at the fs-ps timescale. Azide bound to the ternary complex of FDH offers the ability to measure dynamics of an analog structure of the reactive complex using 2D IR, while also studying the reaction directly with and KIE’s and their temperature dependence. By altering various parts of the structure of FDH via mutagenesis and other techniques, we investigate the role of structure and dynamics to determine how fast dynamics of the active site influence the the kinetics of hydride transfer. These experiments are the first means of providing a dynamic interpretation of KIEs and their temperature dependence.

Noninvasive glucose sensing has been studied widely. Near infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy are proposed individually and combined as methods for glucose measurement in a three component sample matrix. In both techniques, the light transmits through human skin and a spectrum is collected. The research described in this thesis is like this. The use of individual NIR spectra data and individual Raman spectra data can give a good prediction ability of the partial least-squares (PLS) calibration model. Since the NIR and Raman spectroscopies have complementary nature of molecular vibrations, the research tried to prove the prediction ability of the PLS calibration model can be improved by combining NIR and Raman spectra data. Two approaches are investigated to ascertain the benefits of combining these spectral methods. First, NIR and Raman spectral data collected from a set of 60 samples concated and used to compute multivariate models based on PLS and net analyte signal (NAS) methods. The performance of models based on concated NIR-Raman spectra are compared to conventional models based on only NIR and only Raman spectra. The second strategy reported in this chapter is the simulated NIR and Raman spectra and computing PLS and NAS models by concating these simulated spectra. Spectral simulation permits systematic variations in noise levels. In both cases, various preprocessing methods are explored to find a suitable way to combine the different spectral types. The result from the real spectra data is that adding low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to high SNR spectra would make the calibration models worse. The result from the simulated spectra data is that with the same SNR and the same magnitude of the two spectra, the prediction ability of the calibration model can be improved.

Thesis (Master of Applied Sciences in Chemistry)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / The high demand of omega-3 fish oil nutraceuticals (dietary supplements) is due to the numerous health benefits contributed by the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA’s). The nutraceutical industry is required to follow good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards in order to ensure label claims and prevent adulteration. It is vital that the quality control (QC) procedures will be able to detect adulterated products. It is thus necessary to ensure the analytical techniques are adequate by using validated methods. The qualification or identification of natural fish oils is a difficult task due to overlapping concentration ranges of PUFA’s and other similar properties. Gas chromatography (GC) is the prescribed technique in the nutraceutical industry for analysis of omega-3 fatty acids, but it is time-consuming and costly. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid and cost-effective technique that can replace the prescribed method if proven equivalent, through validation according to pharmaceutical criteria. In this study, NIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics was considered as an alternative method to GC, to identify various commercial fish oils and to quantify the PUFA’s. Identification methods were developed for nine commercial omega-3 fish oils using spectral libraries. Quantitative NIR methods were developed for arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in fish oils expressed as mg.g-1 as well as percentage (%) area using partial least squares (PLS) regression and independent validation by superimposing datasets with mutual properties. Based on the statistics in terms of SEC, R2, SEP and r of the PUFA models, the NIR method was equivalent to the prescribed GC methods and precision results obtained were within the prescribed criteria. NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics can be used for conclusive identification and quantification of omega-3 fish oils, thereby minimizing the risk of adulteration. The method also complied with the prescribed pharmaceutical method validation criteria; therefore, was demonstrated as an alternative method to GC for the nutraceutical industry.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 200 . / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.