The 2015 trash crisis in Lebanon resulted in the emergence of movements centered on rights and the state’s responsibility. The protests and outrage were about an entire political structure that had allowed for such a failure in infrastructure to come into existence. After numbers on the street began to fade, the alternative discourses transitioned from the streets to the May 2016 Beirut municipality elections. My research explores how these actors relate to the state as citizens (a term they themselves use) within a political structure that perpetuates a kind of sectarian citizenship, and asks what being a citizen means in such a failed state, and how alternative fronts can push for a reconceptualization of citizenship, on a backdrop of neoliberalism.

Dans ce mémoire de thèse, nous avons étudié le problème de régulation du trafic en considérant les nouvelles technologies dans le cadre des Systèmes de Transport Intelligent (STI). Une nouvelle stratégie de contrôle est introduite afin d’exploiter le potentiel des infrastructures de la circulation à un niveau maximum. Plus précisément, basée sur la technologie VII « Intégration Véhicule-Infrastructure », l'infrastructure routière aux carrefours (considérée aussi comme contrôleur) peut communiquer avec les véhicules autonomes qui arrivent à un carrefour de manière continue. Les données importantes sur les véhicules telles que la vitesse, la position et la destination sont alors reçues par des capteurs avancés et envoyées au contrôleur en temps réel. Par conséquent, il est possible d'élaborer une stratégie de contrôle du trafic en considérant chaque véhicule comme une entité indépendante. En d'autres termes, le droit de passage est attribué à chaque véhicule en fonction de son état et en fonction de l'état global du trafic au carrefour. Seuls les véhicules qui ont reçu le droit de passage peuvent traverser le carrefour. Le contrôle du trafic au niveau d’un carrefour vise donc à déterminer les séquences de passage des véhicules, c’est-à-dire les séquences de distribution des droits de passage.Cependant, la plus grande difficulté pour appliquer cette nouvelle stratégie est la contradiction entre l'optimisation des séquences de passages des véhicules et la complexité temporelle. Pour résoudre cette contradiction, nous avons d’abord formulé mathématiquement la problématique de régulation et nous avons ensuite étudié sa complexité. Nous avons prouvé dans un premier temps que le problème de régulation du trafic formulé à l’intersection isolée est NP-hard sous certaines conditions (nombre arbitraire de groupes de flux compatibles GFC,…) et ceci en se basant sur la réduction au problème de 3-Partition. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons appliqué les méthodes de résolutions exactes sur un carrefour isolé pour proposer des algorithmes exacts (Branch and Bound et Programmation dynamique) permettant de trouver une séquence de passage optimale. Plusieurs propriétés du problème ont été introduites et prouvées et ceci afin qu’elles soient exploitées par ces algorithmes. Ces propriétés ont pour objectif de réduire considérablement l’espace de recherche et par conséquent le temps d’exécution de ces algorithmes exacts.Par ailleurs, nous n’avons pas limité nos recherches sur des carrefours isolées mais nous avons appliqué l’approche de contrôle proposée sur un réseau de carrefours tout en considérant un seul contrôleur. Cependant, un algorithme exact appliqué sur plusieurs carrefours ne peut pas être assez rapide surtout lorsqu’on a besoin de communiquer presque instantanément des informations aux véhicules (en temps réel). Nous avons proposé donc des méthodes de résolutions approchées afin de trouver en un temps raisonnable une séquence de passage satisfaisante pour chaque carrefour. Ces algorithmes (Algorithmes génétiques) ont en effet, besoin de moins de temps de calcul tout en assurant une bonne qualité de solution.Enfin, nous illustrons la mise en œuvre des déférentes approches proposées à travers des résultats de simulation afin d’évaluer leurs performances. / In this thesis, we studied the problem of traffic control by considering the new technologies as part of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). A new control strategy is introduced to exploit the potential of infrastructure traffic at a maximum level. Specifically, based Technology VII "Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration", the road infrastructure at intersections (considered also as a controller) can communicate with autonomous vehicles that arrive at a crossroads on a continuous basis. Important data such as vehicle speed, position and destination are then received by advanced sensors and sent to the controller in real time. Therefore, it is possible to develop a strategy for traffic control by treating each vehicle as an independent entity. In other words, the right of way is assigned to each vehicle based on its status and function of the overall state of traffic at the intersection. Only vehicles that have received the right of way may cross the junction. Traffic control at an intersection is therefore to determine the sequence of passage of vehicles, that is to say the sequences distribution rights passage.Cependant, the greatest difficulty to implement this new strategy is the contradiction between the optimization of sequences of passes of vehicles and time complexity. To resolve this contradiction, we first mathematically formulated the problem of regulation and we then studied its complexity. We proved initially that the problem of traffic control at the intersection isolated formulated is NP-hard under certain conditions (arbitrary number of groups CFA compliant streams, ...) and this is based on reducing the problem of 3-Partition. In a second step, we applied the methods of accurate resolutions on an isolated intersection to propose exact algorithms (Branch and Bound and Dynamic Programming) for finding an optimal sequence of passage. Several properties of the problem have been introduced and this proved and so they are exploited by these algorithms. These properties are intended to significantly reduce the search space and consequently the execution time of these algorithms exacts.Par Moreover, we have not limited our research on isolated intersections but we applied the approach control proposed a network of nodes while considering a single controller. However, an exact algorithm applied to several intersections can not be fast enough especially when you need to communicate information almost instantaneously to vehicles (real time). So we proposed methods to find approximate resolutions in a reasonable time a sequence of way satisfactory to each intersection. These algorithms (Genetic Algorithms) have indeed require less computation time while maintaining a good quality of solution.Enfin, we illustrate the implementation of deferential proposed approaches through simulation results to evaluate their performance .

Šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje vykstant globalizacijai, informacinių sistemų panaudojimas apima vis daugiau, sparčiai, su naujomis technologijomis žengiančios įmonės verslo procesų. Didėjant įmonės verslo priklausomybei nuo naujų technologijų yra būtina optimaliai koordinuoti įmonėje vykstančius IT procesus. Yra nemažai tarptautiniu mastu pripažįstamų standartų, tačiau labai svarbu juos tinkamai pasirinkti bei taikyti. Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti lyderiaujančius IT paslaugų kokybės valdymo standartus ITIL, CobiT bei ISO ir pasiūlyti optimalų sprendimą IT ūkio priežiūros problemai spręsti. Darbe nuosekliai aprašomi IT paslaugų valdymo metodologijos standartai, jų poreikiai ir galimybės. Apžvelgiama ITIL realizacija populiariausiuose programinės įrangos paketuose, pateikiama jų stipriųjų bei silpnųjų pusių analizė, rekomendacijos naujoms rinkoms. Pasiūlytos rekomendacijos lengvai gali būti pritaikomos pagal konkretaus verslo poreikius, tiek organizacijoms, kurios pačios prižiūri savo IT ūkį, tiek kompanijoms teikiančioms IT priežiūros paslaugas. / In the modern world Information Technologies are one of the most important parts of enterprise, even if IT is not key business. It‘s critical to support company‘s IT infrastucture in order to obtain as high effectiveness as it is possible. The goal of our Master thesis is to review leading IT quality management standarts and to propose IT support recommendations for companies. This work presents IT support stages and required software to establish best practice approaches for IT service management, based on ITIL. Proposed recommendations are not related to core business and organization‘s IT. They can be applied by organizations with support their IT themselves and by IT support outsourcing companies.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-19T15:40:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Augusto Martins.pdf: 5700123 bytes, checksum: 4789112a51c3fa9b5a888aa5987298e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-19T15:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Augusto Martins.pdf: 5700123 bytes, checksum: 4789112a51c3fa9b5a888aa5987298e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / Sistemas centralizados de medição de energia são atualmente uma escolha para automatizar redes e garantir o funcionamento do complexo sistema de distribuidoras de energia elétrica. Atualmente, estes sistemas compõem as chamadas smart grids, redes inteligentes de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia, dotadas de dispositivos de comunicação de dados, possibilitando a aplicação de sistemas distribuídos, com base na troca de informações entre equipamentos, formando uma nova rede, também de alta complexidade, para interligação e controle de dados. No Brasil, um trabalho inédito vem sendo desenvolvido na criação deste tipo de rede: a utilização de uma infraestrutura avançada de medição, baseada em sistemas de medição centralizada, alocadas em áreas de grandes concentrações urbanas, com objetivos de diminuição, ou até mesmo eliminação de perdas comerciais de distribuição de energia, emerge como novidade na aplicação de redes inteligentes de distribuição de energia elétrica no país. Este trabalho tem por objetivo a descrição do desenvolvimento de uma solução computacional, baseada em um método de busca metaheurística conhecido como Simulated Annealing para apoio à formulação de projetos de redes otimizadas de infraestrutura avançada de medição que utilizam equipamentos de sistemas de medição centralizados em uma rede de distribuição de energia elétrica, garantindo máxima cobertura da rede, atendimento a todos os clientes geograficamente localizados na região de projeto, minimizando custos de instalação dos sistemas. Na busca deste objetivo, este trabalho apresenta a redução do problema de otimização para o Problema do Recobrimento, a construção do modelo matemático, a implementação computacional e as aplicações na forma de simulações e resultados. A metodologia proposta, aplicada ao sistema computacional como forma de simulação, permite uma análise muito rápida e dinâmica de topologias de rede a serem projetadas para utilização em projetos de redes de comunicações, onde se utilizam sistemas de medição centralizados. O sistema computacional permite a alteração das características de simulação e das características das redes, dependendo das restrições impostas pela área geográfica em estudo. A estratégia apresenta bons resultados na formação de topologias de redes de comunicação para sistemas de medição centralizada, bem como otimização na utilização de equipamentos, reduzindo custos de instalação na rede. / Centralized systems of energy measurement are actually a choice for automating networks and ensure the operation of the complex system of electricity distribution. Currently, these systems comprise the so-called smart grid generation, transmission and distribution of energy, equipped with data communication devices, enabling the implementation of distributed systems, based on the exchange of information between devices, forming a new network, of high complexity, and for interconnection data control. In Brazil, a new work is being developed for creating this type of network: the use of an advanced infrastructure for measurement, centralized measurement systems allocation in areas of large urban concentrations, with goals of reducing, or even eliminating, commercial losses of power distribution, that emerges as a novelty in applying smart grid distribution of electricity in the country. This work aims at describing the development of a computational solution, based on a metaheuristic search method known as Simulated Annealing to support the design of optimized network for advanced metering infrastructure using equipment measurement systems on a centralized network of power distribution, ensuring maximum coverage, service to all customers geographically located in the area and minimizing installation costs of the systems. In pursuit of this goal, the work presents the reduction of the optimization problem to the covering problem, the mathematical model construction, computational implementation and application in the form of simulations and results. The methodology applied to the computing system like a simulation, allows an very fast and dynamic analysis of the network topologies to be designed for use in projects where communication networks are used in centralized measurement systems. The computing system allows modification of simulation features and characteristics of networks, depending on the constraints imposed by the geographical area under consideration. The strategy presents good results in the formation of network topologies communication systems for centralized measurement and optimizing the use of equipment, reducing installation costs in the network.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor in Technology: Civil Engineering at Technikon Natal, 1998. / The Government of South Africa has recognised transport as one of its five main priority areas for socia-economic development. One of the Governments strategic objectives, as reflected in the white paper on National Transport Policy, is to promote the use of public transport with the goal of achieving a ratio of 80:20 between public transport and private car usage, as a long term vision. This is no easy task and in order to achieve this goal, an in depth analysis of the current transport situation is required. The structure and land-use patterns of most of the South African cities have forced the residents to be predominantly dependent on private transport, resulting in high car ownerships. Over the years, this has caused the traffic on the major links connecting the suburban areas leading to the city centres to be very high and some of them have already approached forced flow conditions during morning and evening peak periods / D