Three main projects are included in this dissertation. Though seemingly broad in scope, this research afforded a unique opportunity for comprehensive study of urban and rural environmental inhalation exposures to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide LPS) and the associated immune response. In the LA PM10 Endotoxin Study, ambient concentration of LPS in PM (particulate matter) was quantified through analysis of air samples collected in Southern California. Endotoxin concentrations measured were lower than recognized thresholds for adverse health effects in occupational exposures, but in the same range as for indoor effects. This study provides the first extensive characterization of endotoxin concentration across a large metropolitan area in relation to PM10 and other pollutant monitoring, and supports the need for studies of the role of endotoxin in childhood asthma in urban settings. The Mouse Whole Blood Assay (WBA) Study replicated LPS-induced airway inflammation in a laboratory model. Presently, there is a need for less invasive options for evaluating pulmonary responses to occupational exposures. The whole blood assay (WBA), which measures cytokine production of leukocytes after ex vivo stimulation with LPS, may be one such option. This study used an endotoxin-tolerance model to demonstrate the efficacy of the WBA as a biomarker of inhalation exposure to swine concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) dust and showed the utility of the WBA for assessing susceptibility to organic dust-induced lung inflammation. Finally, The Human WBA Study applied the WBA outside the controlled environment of the laboratory. This study utilized pulmonary function testing (PFT), symptom questionnaires and the WBA to evaluate inflammatory responses following an inhalation exposure to purified LPS in CAFO workers and controls. Subjects were stratified into response groups for analysis of WBA results based on PFT response. All subjects demonstrated significant WBA LPS-stimulant dose-responses for all 3 cytokines measured. This study demonstrated that LPS-induced pulmonary and WBA responses are variable among individuals and offered insight into the use of the WBA in future studies. Information gained from these studies provides much insight into urban endotoxin concentrations, the use of the WBA as a biomarker of pulmonary exposure in the rural environment, and offers possibilities for further research.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 36-37.

The target of the thesis was to evaluate the risk of chemical harmful substances and dust in the working air of metal production. Four research questions were asked: {\clqq}What harmful substances are fixed in the working environment of the metal production?`` {\clqq}Are the hygienic limits of chemical substances and dust in the working environment of metal production observed?``, {\clqq}What measures were taken by the employer for the purpose of the health protection of employees?`` and {\clqq}Are the measures taken by the employer for the purpose of the health protection of employees effective?`` The thesis was treated as qualitative research. The followed file consisted of three South Bohemian companies dealing with metal production. The method of the direct, non participating and clear observation was applied for the data collection, moreover the study of documents {--} testing reports. The secondary analysis of data was performed. The results of measuring were compared with the hygienic limits fixed by the Directive of government No. 361/2007 Coll.. The evaluated professions were divided in categories pursuant the Directive No. 432/2003 Coll. In the working air of metal production, the concentration of the total dust, chromium, hexavalent chromium, carbon monoxide and ozone were followed. The last measuring in the monitored workshops proved that the hygienic limits were observed, except for two cases when the highest acceptable concentration determined for chromium and the chromium (II,III) compounds as Cr, and of the hygienic limit for welding fumes were exceeded. The most important protective measure applied by the employers on their workplaces was the reconstruction of air-conditioning, or installation of local exhausting. In view of the gradual decrease of the harmful substance in the working air in connection to the taken measures may be stated that the given measures were effective. The hypothesis {\clqq}Modernisation of operations in metal production improves the working environment of employees and in the modern operations no above-the-limit values of the most monitored harmful substances were found out. ``

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Introdução: Em ambientes urbanos, a exaustão dos carros a diesel é uma importante fonte de partículas e gases que afetam diretamente a saúde das pessoas. Como a adição do biodiesel ao diesel é recente, torna-se necessário avaliar o perfil toxicológico dessas emissões e os possíveis efeitos adversos a saúde. Além do mais, a concentração dos poluentes atmosféricos e sua composição físico-química sofrem influências diretas das condições meteorológicas. Esse estudo tem como foco avaliar o perfil toxicológico dos poluentes primários (emitidos diretamente da fonte) e secundários (gerados a partir das condições atmosféricas) por meio de dois estudos. Objetivos: (Estudo I) Avaliar a exposição aguda da exaustão do diesel e biodiesel no perfil inflamatório pulmonar e sistêmico; (Estudo II) Avaliar se a exposição aguda a baixos níveis de partículas ambientais concentradas (PACs) promovem efeitos cardiopulmonares e sistêmicos; e se a magnitude dessas alterações observadas é influenciada pelos períodos (frio/seco e quente/úmido). Métodos: (Estudo I) Camundongos Balb/C foram expostos ao ar filtrado (AF) e a duas concentrações de MP2,5 (600 e 1200 ?g/m3) tanto da exaustão do combustível diesel (D) quanto do biodiesel (BD). As emissões dos poluentes (MP2,5, NO e NO2), temperatura e umidade foram monitorados em tempo real. Os registros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), frequência cardíaca (FC) e da pressão arterial (PA) foram obtidas 30 minutos após a exposição. Após 24 horas os animais foram eutanasiados e foram coletados o lavado broncoalveolar (LBA), o pulmão, o sangue e a medula óssea para avaliar a inflamação pulmonar e sistêmica. A expressão das citocinas (ET-Ar, ET-Br, INOs, ISO, VCAM, IL-8) foram analisadas nos vasos peribronquiolares e no epitélio brônquico. (Estudo II) Camundongos Balb/C foram expostos ao ar filtrado e as PACs na concentração de 200 ?g/m3 geradas no período frio/seco e quente/úmido. A hiperresponsividade pulmonar, VFC, FC, PA foram mensurados 30 minutos após a exposição. Após 24 horas, os animais foram eutanasiados e foram coletados o pulmão e o sangue para avaliar a inflamação pulmonar e sistêmica. Resultados: (Estudo I) As emissões do NO e NO2 foram maiores na exaustão do biodiesel comparado ao diesel. Houve aumento da VFC no BD600, D600 e D1200 comparado ao AF, já a PA reduziu no D1200 comparado ao AF. Houve aumento dos eritrócitos, hematócrito, RDW-SD e reticulócitos no BD1200 e D1200 comparado ao AF; aumento dos eritrócitos, RDW-SD e linfócitos no D600 comparado ao AF; e redução do MCHC no BD1200 e D1200 comparado ao AF. No LBA e na histologia pulmonar foram evidenciados aumento dos neutrófilos no BD600 comparado ao AF. Nos vasos peribronquiolares, houve aumento da expressão da ET-Ar e ET-Br no BD600 comparado ao AF. No epitélio brônquico, houve aumento da expressão da ET-Br no BD600, BD1200, D600 e D1200 comparado ao AF, aumento do VCAM no BD1200 e D600 comparado ao AF. (Estudo II) As PACs geradas nos períodos frio/seco e quente/úmido, induziram alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos e inflamação pulmonar. PACs geradas no período frio/seco reduziram o volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e elevaram os eritrócitos, hemoglobina, MCHC e o RDW-CV comparado ao AF, no parênquima pulmonar houve um influxo de neutrófilos. Similarmente, as PACs geradas no período quente/úmido reduziram o VCM e elevaram os eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito e RDW-CV comparado ao AF. Conclusão: A exposição ao biodiesel causou inflamação pulmonar, broncoconstrição dos vasos peribronquiolares e do epitélio brônquico; já a exposição ao diesel desencadeou uma inflamação sistêmica, aumento do estímulo parassimpático e broncoconstrição do epitélio brônquico. Curtas exposições a baixos níveis de PACs induziram modesta, porém, significante inflamação pulmonar e alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos. Em adição, nossos dados suportam o conceito de que alterações nas condições climáticas modificam levemente a toxicidade das partículas, já que a dose administrada de PACs geradas durante o período frio/seco produziram uma resposta mais exacerbada / Background: In urban environments, the exhaust of diesel cars is an important source of particles and gases that directly affect people\'s health. As the addition of biodiesel to diesel is recent, it is necessary to evaluate the toxicological profile of these emissions and the possible adverse health effects. Moreover, the concentration of air pollutants and their physico-chemical composition suffer direct influences of weather conditions. This study aims to evaluate the toxicological profile of primary pollutants (emitted directly from the source) and secondary (generated from the weather conditions) through two studies. Objectives: (Study I) Evaluate the acute exposure of diesel and biodiesel exhaust in pulmonary and systemic inflammatory profile. (Study II) Evaluated whether acute exposure to low levels of concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) promotes cardiopulmonary and systemic effects; and whether the magnitude of these observed changes is influenced by periods (cold/dry and warm/humid). Methods: (Study I) Balb/C mice were exposed for two hours to filtered air (FA) and two doses (600 and 1200 ?g/m3) of both diesel (D) and biodiesel (BD) fuels. The PM2.5, NO, and NO2 concentrations, air temperature and humidity were monitored in real time. HRV (time and frequency domain), HR and BP parameters were collected after 30 minutes of exposure. After 24 hours were available the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALf), lung histology, blood and bone marrow for pulmonar and systemic inflammation analysis. The cytokines expression (ET-Ar, ET-Br, INOs, ISO, VCAM, IL-8) were available on peribronchiolar vessels and bronchial epithelium. (Study II) Balb/C mice were exposed to 200 ?g/m3 to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) and filtered air (FA) in cold/dry and warm/humid periods. Lung hyper-responsiveness, heart rate, heart rate variability and blood pressure were evaluated 30 minutes after the exposures. After 24 hours, blood and tissue sampling were performed. Results: (Study I) Emissions of NO and NO2 were higher in the biodiesel compared to diesel oil exhaust. There was an increase in HRV for the BD600, D600 and D1200 compared to FA, already BP reduced the D1200 compared to FA. There was an increase on the erythrocytes, hematocrit, RDW-SD and reticulocytes in BD1200 and D1200 compared to FA; increase in erythrocytes, lymphocytes and RDW-SD on D600 compared to FA; and reduction of MCHC in BD1200 and D1200 compared to FA. BAL and lung histology was evidenced an increase on the neutrophils BD600 compared to FA. In peribronchiolar vessels there was increased of the expression on ET-Ar and ET-Br on the BD600 compared to FA. In the bronchial epithelium there was increased expression of ET-Br in BD600, BD1200, D600 and D1200 compared to FA, increased VCAM on the BD1200 and D600 compared to FA. (Study II) CAPs generated during both periods (warm/humid and cold/dry) induced alterations in red blood cells and lung inflammation. CAPs during the cold/dry period reduced the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels and increased erythrocytes, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red cell distribution width coefficient variation (RDW-CV) levels compared to the FA group. Similarly, CAPs during the warm/humid period decreased MCV levels and increased erythrocytes, hemoglobin, haematocrit and RDW-CV levels compared to the FA group. CAPs during the cold/dry period increased the influx of neutrophils in the alveolar parenchyma. No differences were obtained on vasoconstrictors of pulmonary vessels. Conclusion: The exposure to biodiesel caused lung inflammation, bronchoconstriction of the peribronchiolar vessels and bronchial epithelium; already the exposure of the diesel caused systemic inflammation, increased of the parasympathetic stimulation and bronchoconstriction of the bronchial epithelium. Short-term exposures to low concentrations of CAPs elicited modest but significant pulmonary inflammation and, into a lesser extent, changes in blood parameters. In addition, our data support the concept that changes in climate conditions modify slightly particle toxicity, since equivalent doses of CAPS of the cold/dry period produced a more exacerbated response

Introdução: Em ambientes urbanos, a exaustão dos carros a diesel é uma importante fonte de partículas e gases que afetam diretamente a saúde das pessoas. Como a adição do biodiesel ao diesel é recente, torna-se necessário avaliar o perfil toxicológico dessas emissões e os possíveis efeitos adversos a saúde. Além do mais, a concentração dos poluentes atmosféricos e sua composição físico-química sofrem influências diretas das condições meteorológicas. Esse estudo tem como foco avaliar o perfil toxicológico dos poluentes primários (emitidos diretamente da fonte) e secundários (gerados a partir das condições atmosféricas) por meio de dois estudos. Objetivos: (Estudo I) Avaliar a exposição aguda da exaustão do diesel e biodiesel no perfil inflamatório pulmonar e sistêmico; (Estudo II) Avaliar se a exposição aguda a baixos níveis de partículas ambientais concentradas (PACs) promovem efeitos cardiopulmonares e sistêmicos; e se a magnitude dessas alterações observadas é influenciada pelos períodos (frio/seco e quente/úmido). Métodos: (Estudo I) Camundongos Balb/C foram expostos ao ar filtrado (AF) e a duas concentrações de MP2,5 (600 e 1200 ?g/m3) tanto da exaustão do combustível diesel (D) quanto do biodiesel (BD). As emissões dos poluentes (MP2,5, NO e NO2), temperatura e umidade foram monitorados em tempo real. Os registros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), frequência cardíaca (FC) e da pressão arterial (PA) foram obtidas 30 minutos após a exposição. Após 24 horas os animais foram eutanasiados e foram coletados o lavado broncoalveolar (LBA), o pulmão, o sangue e a medula óssea para avaliar a inflamação pulmonar e sistêmica. A expressão das citocinas (ET-Ar, ET-Br, INOs, ISO, VCAM, IL-8) foram analisadas nos vasos peribronquiolares e no epitélio brônquico. (Estudo II) Camundongos Balb/C foram expostos ao ar filtrado e as PACs na concentração de 200 ?g/m3 geradas no período frio/seco e quente/úmido. A hiperresponsividade pulmonar, VFC, FC, PA foram mensurados 30 minutos após a exposição. Após 24 horas, os animais foram eutanasiados e foram coletados o pulmão e o sangue para avaliar a inflamação pulmonar e sistêmica. Resultados: (Estudo I) As emissões do NO e NO2 foram maiores na exaustão do biodiesel comparado ao diesel. Houve aumento da VFC no BD600, D600 e D1200 comparado ao AF, já a PA reduziu no D1200 comparado ao AF. Houve aumento dos eritrócitos, hematócrito, RDW-SD e reticulócitos no BD1200 e D1200 comparado ao AF; aumento dos eritrócitos, RDW-SD e linfócitos no D600 comparado ao AF; e redução do MCHC no BD1200 e D1200 comparado ao AF. No LBA e na histologia pulmonar foram evidenciados aumento dos neutrófilos no BD600 comparado ao AF. Nos vasos peribronquiolares, houve aumento da expressão da ET-Ar e ET-Br no BD600 comparado ao AF. No epitélio brônquico, houve aumento da expressão da ET-Br no BD600, BD1200, D600 e D1200 comparado ao AF, aumento do VCAM no BD1200 e D600 comparado ao AF. (Estudo II) As PACs geradas nos períodos frio/seco e quente/úmido, induziram alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos e inflamação pulmonar. PACs geradas no período frio/seco reduziram o volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e elevaram os eritrócitos, hemoglobina, MCHC e o RDW-CV comparado ao AF, no parênquima pulmonar houve um influxo de neutrófilos. Similarmente, as PACs geradas no período quente/úmido reduziram o VCM e elevaram os eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito e RDW-CV comparado ao AF. Conclusão: A exposição ao biodiesel causou inflamação pulmonar, broncoconstrição dos vasos peribronquiolares e do epitélio brônquico; já a exposição ao diesel desencadeou uma inflamação sistêmica, aumento do estímulo parassimpático e broncoconstrição do epitélio brônquico. Curtas exposições a baixos níveis de PACs induziram modesta, porém, significante inflamação pulmonar e alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos. Em adição, nossos dados suportam o conceito de que alterações nas condições climáticas modificam levemente a toxicidade das partículas, já que a dose administrada de PACs geradas durante o período frio/seco produziram uma resposta mais exacerbada / Background: In urban environments, the exhaust of diesel cars is an important source of particles and gases that directly affect people\'s health. As the addition of biodiesel to diesel is recent, it is necessary to evaluate the toxicological profile of these emissions and the possible adverse health effects. Moreover, the concentration of air pollutants and their physico-chemical composition suffer direct influences of weather conditions. This study aims to evaluate the toxicological profile of primary pollutants (emitted directly from the source) and secondary (generated from the weather conditions) through two studies. Objectives: (Study I) Evaluate the acute exposure of diesel and biodiesel exhaust in pulmonary and systemic inflammatory profile. (Study II) Evaluated whether acute exposure to low levels of concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) promotes cardiopulmonary and systemic effects; and whether the magnitude of these observed changes is influenced by periods (cold/dry and warm/humid). Methods: (Study I) Balb/C mice were exposed for two hours to filtered air (FA) and two doses (600 and 1200 ?g/m3) of both diesel (D) and biodiesel (BD) fuels. The PM2.5, NO, and NO2 concentrations, air temperature and humidity were monitored in real time. HRV (time and frequency domain), HR and BP parameters were collected after 30 minutes of exposure. After 24 hours were available the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALf), lung histology, blood and bone marrow for pulmonar and systemic inflammation analysis. The cytokines expression (ET-Ar, ET-Br, INOs, ISO, VCAM, IL-8) were available on peribronchiolar vessels and bronchial epithelium. (Study II) Balb/C mice were exposed to 200 ?g/m3 to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) and filtered air (FA) in cold/dry and warm/humid periods. Lung hyper-responsiveness, heart rate, heart rate variability and blood pressure were evaluated 30 minutes after the exposures. After 24 hours, blood and tissue sampling were performed. Results: (Study I) Emissions of NO and NO2 were higher in the biodiesel compared to diesel oil exhaust. There was an increase in HRV for the BD600, D600 and D1200 compared to FA, already BP reduced the D1200 compared to FA. There was an increase on the erythrocytes, hematocrit, RDW-SD and reticulocytes in BD1200 and D1200 compared to FA; increase in erythrocytes, lymphocytes and RDW-SD on D600 compared to FA; and reduction of MCHC in BD1200 and D1200 compared to FA. BAL and lung histology was evidenced an increase on the neutrophils BD600 compared to FA. In peribronchiolar vessels there was increased of the expression on ET-Ar and ET-Br on the BD600 compared to FA. In the bronchial epithelium there was increased expression of ET-Br in BD600, BD1200, D600 and D1200 compared to FA, increased VCAM on the BD1200 and D600 compared to FA. (Study II) CAPs generated during both periods (warm/humid and cold/dry) induced alterations in red blood cells and lung inflammation. CAPs during the cold/dry period reduced the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels and increased erythrocytes, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red cell distribution width coefficient variation (RDW-CV) levels compared to the FA group. Similarly, CAPs during the warm/humid period decreased MCV levels and increased erythrocytes, hemoglobin, haematocrit and RDW-CV levels compared to the FA group. CAPs during the cold/dry period increased the influx of neutrophils in the alveolar parenchyma. No differences were obtained on vasoconstrictors of pulmonary vessels. Conclusion: The exposure to biodiesel caused lung inflammation, bronchoconstriction of the peribronchiolar vessels and bronchial epithelium; already the exposure of the diesel caused systemic inflammation, increased of the parasympathetic stimulation and bronchoconstriction of the bronchial epithelium. Short-term exposures to low concentrations of CAPs elicited modest but significant pulmonary inflammation and, into a lesser extent, changes in blood parameters. In addition, our data support the concept that changes in climate conditions modify slightly particle toxicity, since equivalent doses of CAPS of the cold/dry period produced a more exacerbated response