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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Etude du comportement mécanique des terrains anisotropes lors de travaux de génie civil / Study of the mechanical behaviour of anisotropic grounds during civil engineering construction

Le Cor, Thomas 25 November 2014 (has links)
Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit ont été menés dans le cadre d’une convention CIFRE avec le Groupe Dacquin. Le sous-sol rennais est composé, en majorité, de schistes datés du Briovérien. Ces terrains, qui peuvent être rencontrés sur une grande partie du massif armoricain, présentent des degrés d’altération et de fracturation extrêmement variables à l’échelle du bassin rennais. Cette variabilité est très difficile à prendre en compte dans le cadre de la réalisation de soutènement, tant au niveau de la conception qu’au niveau de l’exécution. Dans un premier temps, des modélisations basés sur la méthode des éléments finis (logiciel PLAXIS 2D ©) ont été entreprises afin d’évaluer l’influence de la prise en compte d’une anisotropie du terrain sur le comportement de la paroi, en termes de moments et de déplacements. Le modèle utilisé permettait de prendre en compte une anisotropie élastique combinée à un critère orienté de plasticité de type Mohr-Coulomb. Les résultats obtenus avec ce modèle, pour différentes orientations du critère de plasticité, ont été comparés à ceux obtenus avec un modèle élastique isotrope et critère de plasticité de type Mohr-Coulomb. La même étude a été menée avec un second logiciel éléments finis (CESAR-LCPC) afin de comparer les résultats obtenus. Dans les deux cas une influence importante de l’orientation du critère de plasticité a été observée pouvant conduire à des résultats plus défavorables, selon l’orientation, que ceux obtenus avec le modèle isotrope. Ces résultats ont confirmé la nécessité de mieux caractériser l’anisotropie dans des matériaux tels que les schistes Briovériens. La caractérisation du matériau a donc été menée dans un second temps sur des prélèvements répartis sur la ville de Rennes et ses alentours (lors de travaux d’excavations ou sur des talus). Elle a permis de balayer les caractéristiques des schistes de l’échelle microscopique jusqu’à l’échelle macroscopique. La caractérisation microscopique, basée sur des observations au microscope à balayage électronique, des essais de diffraction des rayons X et des observations de lames minces, a permis de mettre en évidence des variations dans la pétrographie des échantillons (schistosité, granulométrie, teneur en argiles) permettant de les différencier en deux types : grès et siltites. La caractérisation à l’échelle macroscopique a été divisée en trois axes : la caractérisation de la matrice rocheuse et de son anisotropie (essais de compression uniaxiale, mesures de vitesses de propagation d’ondes et essais au scléromètre), la caractérisation de discontinuités exprimées (cisaillement direct) et la caractérisation de la résistance à l’usure (essais de broyabilité et Micro-Deval modifiés). Les siltites se sont révélées être extrêmement sensibles à l’eau (forte diminution des caractéristiques mécaniques mesurées) tandis que les échantillons gréseux l’étaient dans une moindre mesure. L’ensemble des essais réalisés a permis d’établir des ordres de grandeurs de variations des propriétés mécaniques des schistes du Briovérien. Enfin la classification des schistes briovériens élaborés par des géotechniciens pour la seconde ligne de métro de Rennes a été complétée en vue de mieux définir les classes intermédiaires de résistance. / Research work presented in this phD thesis was financed by a CIFRE grant given to Groupe Dacquin. Ground from the city of Rennes is, for the majority of it, composed of schists from the Brioverian era. These schists which can be encountered in the entire Armorican massif, present a weathering and a fracturing degree highly variable. This variability is hardly considered for the construction of retaining structure whether during the design step or the execution step. First, modellings using the finite elements method (PLAXIS 2D ©) have been carried out in order to evaluate the influence of ground anisotropy on the retaining wall behaviour (horizontal displacements and bending moments). The model used combined elastic anisotropy with an oriented plasticity criterion (type Mohr-Coulomb). Results obtained with this model, for different orientations of the plasticity criterion, were compared with the ones from the elastic isotropic model (with a Mohr-Coulomb plastic criterion). The same study was carried out with another finite elements software (CESAR-LCPC) in order to compare the results between the two sofwares. In both cases, an important influence of the orientation of the plasticity criterion was noted and lead to higher efforts in the wall, for certain orientations, compared to the isotropic model. These results confirmed the need of a better characterization of the anisotropy in materials such as Brioverian schists. In a second time, the characterization of the material was carried out on samplings spread over the city of Rennes and its area (during excavation work or on natural banks). Characterization was conducted from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale. Microscopic characterization based on observations with a scanning electron microscope, XRD analyses and thin section observations showed variations in the petrography of the samples (schistosity, granulometry, clay content) that lead to the differentiation of two types: sandstone and siltstone. The characterization at the macroscopic scale was divided into three parts: characterization of the rock matrix and its anisotropy (uniaxial compression tests, ultrasonic wave velocities and Schmidt hammer test), characterization of opened discontinuities (direct shear test) and the characterization of wear resistance (grindability and Micro-Deval tests). Siltstone samples were extremely sensitive to the water content (important decrease of the mechanical characteristics measured) whereas sandstones were less sensitive. The tests carried out lead to the definition of ranges for the mechanical properties of the Brioverian schists. Classification of Brioverian schists established by geotechnical engineers for the second subway line of Rennes was completed in order to better define the transitional states of strength of the material.
82

Contribution aux approches multi-échelles séquencées pour la modélisation numérique des matériaux à matrice cimentaire / Sequential multi-scale approch : application to heterogeneous quasi-brittle material

Benkemoun, Nathan 10 December 2010 (has links)
L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de développer un modèle numérique capable de proposer une représentation fine des phénomènes de fissuration pour les matériaux quasi-fragiles à matrice cimentaire. Dans ce sens, l'échelle pertinente retenue est l'échelle mesoscopique. L'échelle mesoscopique est ici de l'ordre du centimètre et le matériau peut être considéré comme bi-phasique (agrégats inclus dans un mortier, contenant lui même des inclusions de taille inférieure). Par ailleurs, de part la diversité des phénomènes de fissuration pour les matériaux quasi-fragiles comme le béton, il est nécessaire de mettre en place un modèle capable de représenter explicitement les fissures à l'interface agrégats/mortier et/ou dans n'importe quelles des deux phases (agrégats et mortier). La modélisation numérique des phénomènes de fissuration proposée s'inscrit, ici, dans le cadre de la méthode des éléments finis à discontinuité forte. Plus précisément, la fissure est ici définie comme l'apparition d'une discontinuité de déplacements ou encore d'une zone d'épaisseur nulle dans laquelle toutes les déformations sont localisées. Elle correspond au cas extrême des bandes de localisation observées dans les sols ou les roches avec une largeur des bandes tendant vers zéro. Par ailleurs, le modèle proposé intégre aussi une discontinuité faible (discontinuité de déformations) afin de capturer les hétérogénéités sans que le maillage soit contraint. Finalement le but est d'intégrer ce meso-modèle dans le cadre d'une approche multi-échelle séquencée permettant le transfert des informations du niveau mesoscopique vers le niveau macroscopique ou au moins sa borne inférieure, le Volume élémentaire Représentatif. Cette approche séquencée permet, par exemple, de déterminer une surface de rupture macroscopique (dans l'esprit d'une fonction seuil) intégrant les principales caractéristiques des matériaux cimentaires. / The main goal of this work is to develop a numerical model capable of providing a fine representation of cracks phenomenon in the case of quasi-brittle material such as concrete. In that way, the relevant chosen scale is the mesoscopic one. The order of magnitude of this scale is here tehe centimeter and the material can be considered as a two-phase material (aggregates melt into a mortar matrix). In addition, due to the diversity of cracks phenomenon in concrete like-material, it is necessary to introduce a model able to explicitely represent cracks at the interface aggregates/mortar matrix and/or in any of the two phases. The numerical cracks phenomenon modeling proposed in this work is cast in the framework of the finite element method with strong discontinuity. Moreover, the proposed model takes into account a weak discontinuity in order to capture heterogeneities without a mesh constrained by the phyysical interfaces between the aggregates and the mortar matrix. Finally, the aim is to use this meso-model in the framework of a sequential multi-scale approach which allows to transfer information from the meso-scale toward the macro-scale.
83

Vertical Acoustic Propagation in the Non-Homogeneous Layered Atmosphere for a Time-Harmonic, Compact Source

Yoerger, Edward J, Jr 20 December 2019 (has links)
In this work we study vertical, acoustic propagation in a non-homogeneous media for a spatially-compact, time-harmonic source. An analytical, 2-layer model is developed representing the acoustic pressure disturbance propagating in the atmosphere. The validity of the model spans the distance from the Earth's surface to 30,000 meters. This includes the troposphere (adiabatic), ozone layer (isothermal), and part of the stratosphere (isothermal). The results of the model derivation in the adiabatic region yield pressure solutions as Bessel functions of the First (J) and Second (Y) Kind of order $-\frac{7}{2}$ with an argument of $2 \Omega \tau$ (where $\Omega$ represents a dimensionless frequency and $\tau$ is a dimensionless vertical height in z (vertical coordinate)). For an added second layer (isothermal region), the pressure solution is a decaying sinusoidal, exponential function above the first layer. In particular, the vertical, acoustic propagation is examined for various configurations. These are divided into 2 basic classes. The first class consists of examining the pressure response function when the source is located on boundary interfaces, while the second class consists of situations where the source is arbitrarily located within a finite layer. In all instances, a time-harmonic, compact source is implicitly understood. However, each class requires a different method of solution. The first class conforms to a general boundary value problem, while the second requires the use of Green's functions method. In investigating problems of the first class, 3 different scenarios are examined. In the first case, we apply our model to a semi-infinite medium with a time-harmonic source ($e^{-i \omega t}$) located on the ground. In the next 2 cases, a semi-infinite medium is overlain on the previous medium at a height of z=13,000 meters. Thus, there exist two boundaries: the ground and the layer interface between the 2 media. Sources placed at these interfaces represent the 2nd and 3rd scenarios, respectively. The solutions to all 3 cases are of the form $A \frac{J_{-\frac{7}{2}}(2 \Omega \tau)}{{\tau}^{-\frac{7}{2}}} + B \frac{Y_{-\frac{7}{2}}(2 \Omega \tau)}{{\tau}^{-\frac{7}{2}}}$, where \textit{A} and \textit{B} are constants determined by the boundary conditions. For the 2nd class, we examine the application to a time-harmonic, compact source placed arbitrarily within the 1st layer. The method of Green's functions is used to obtain a particular solution for the model equations. This result is compared with a Fast Field Program (FFP) which was developed to test these solutions. The results show that the response given by the Green's function compares favorably with that of the FFP. Keywords: Linear Acoustics, Inhomogeneous Medium, Layered Atmosphere, Boundary Value Problem, Green's Function Method
84

Inhomogeneity of the land surface and the parameterization of surface fluxes

Panin, Gennadij N., Tetzlaff, Gerd, Raabe, Armin, Schönfeldt, Hans-Jürgen, Nasonov, A. E. 03 November 2016 (has links)
Modem measurement methods ofthe surface turbulent fluxes (STF) of heat, moisture and momentum in the near surface atmospheric layer by the eddy correlation method and their calculation, relay on the validity of the similarity theory of Monin-Obukhov, which requests stationarity and horizontal homogeneity. Experimental data taken at specially selected sites allowed to develop this concept. Recently performed experiments, purposely conducted in non-ideal conditions showed an underestimation ofthe STF values. To systematise this effect it is suggested to parameterize such underestimation as the influence of inhomogeneity and nonstationarity of the landscape and the atmosphere around the point of observation. This scheme might prove to be useful for the design of new validation experiments in non-ideal terrain. / Modeme Meßmethoden zur Erfassung der turbulenten Oberflächenflüsse für fühlbare und latente Wärme sowie Impuls mit Hilfe der Eddy-Korrelations-Methode basieren für die bodennahe Grenzschicht auf der Monin-Obukhov-Turbulenztheorie, die stationäre und horizontal homogene Verhältnisse voraussetzt. Über speziell ausgewählten Oberflächen wurde dieses Konzept häufig mit Erfolg überprüft. Experimente jedoch, die gezielt unter inhomogenen Verhältnissen durchgeführt werden, zeigen oft eine Unterschätzung der turbulenten Oberflächenflüsse. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diese Unterschätzungen als einen Einfluß inhomogener Umbegungsbedingungen und instationärer atmosphärischer Prozesse zu interpretieren und zu systematisieren. Dieses Schema kann dazu beitragen, eine neue Art von Validierungsexperimenten unter natürlichen Verhältnissen einer inhomogenen Umgebung zu entwerfen.
85

Das inhomogene Optimierungsproblem

Heinrich, Harald, Metz, Werner 18 January 2017 (has links)
Es erfolgt eine Darstellung der theoretischen Grundlagen, die für die Berechnung von inhomogenen optimalen Vektoren nötig sind. Diese Vektoren maximieren die Reaktion auf ein vorgegebenes Antriebsfeld und besitzen nach Ablauf der Optimierungszeit die größtmögliche kinetische Energie. Die inhomogenen optimalen Vektoren sind eng mit den Nullstellen der Nebenbedingung der Optimierungsaufgabe verknüpft, die die Gestalt eines Polynoms besitzt. Der Grad dieses Polynoms ist von der verwendeten Modellauflösung abhängig. Anhand eines barotropen Modells, welches um einen klimatologischen 300 hPa Grundstrom linearisiert ist, wird die Sensitivität der Störungen in Abhängigkeit von der Stärke des Antriebes untersucht. Das für die Berechnung der inhomogenen optimalen Vektoren benötigte Antriebsfeld ist die optimal korrelierte Stromfunktionstendenz im Falle eines blockierenden Hochs über dem Atlantik. Die Gestalt und Position der resultierenden Störungen besitzt Ähnlichkeiten mit beobachteten Blocking-Dipolen. / For linear inhomogeneous problems, a method is developed to maximize the response of a perturbation with fixed initial kinetic energy to a prescribed forcing field. These perturbations can be described as optimal, in the sense that they maximize linear disturbance growth (with respect to the kinetic energy) over a chosen integration period. The inhomogeneous optimal perturbations are found by calculating the roots of a polynomial, which represents the auxiliary condition of the optimization problem. The degree of this polynomial depends on the model truncation. For the numerical experiments a barotropic model triangularly truncated with global domain is used. The model is linearized about a 300 hPa climatological flow. The sensitivity of the inhomogeneous perturbations with respect to the strength of the forcing is investigated. The forcing needed for the calculation of the inhomogeneous optimal perturbations is the optimally correlated tendency field for the case of Atlantic blocking. The structure and position of the resulting perturbations are similar to observed blocking dipoles.
86

Block Periodization Programming: Efficacy in Subjects of Differing Strength Levels

Moquin, Paul 01 December 2020 (has links)
Physiological muscle adaptations due to resistance training are still not fully known. The rate and area of hypertrophy could drastically help or hinder athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to observe the changes in lean body mass (and related factors), relative allometrically scaled strength and absolute strength through an 11-week block periodized resistance training program. The subjects (n = 15) realized an increase in total body water (pre = 49.77Kg; post = 51.70Kg), lean body mass (pre = 67.98Kg; post = 70.63Kg), adjusted lean body mass (pre = 20.35Kg; post = 21.03Kg) and cross sectional area (pre = 32.73 cm2; post = 36.33cm2). Subjects (n= 15) were divided into either a strong (1 RM ≥ 1.75x body weight), moderate (1 RM = ≥ 1.25-1.74x body weight), or weak (1 RM < 1.25x body weight) group and data were analyzed in pre-post training. While all subjects showed gains in LBM and related factors, initial strength levels altered these adaptations. Subjects with a lower initial maximum strength level tended to make greater gains. However, due to the increase in total body water and relatively small increases in adjusted LBM, it appears, among this group, that little myofibrillar hypertrophy occurred during this short training period. These data suggest that greater accuracy for measures of alterations in LBM and related factors may require measures of total body water.
87

Axial anomaly and fluctuation effects in the inhomogeneous chiral phase / 非一様カイラル相における軸性アノマリーと揺らぎの効果

Yoshiike, Ryo 26 March 2018 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20915号 / 理博第4367号 / 新制||理||1627(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 菅沼 秀夫, 教授 田中 貴浩, 教授 川合 光 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
88

Multiple Scattering Of Light In Inhomogeneous Media And Applications

Mujat, Claudia 01 January 2004 (has links)
Light scattering-based techniques are being developed for non-invasive diagnostics of inhomogeneous media in various fields, such as medicine, biology, and material characterization. However, as most media of interest are highly scattering and have a complex structure, it is difficult to obtain a full analytical solution of the scattering problem without introducing approximations and assumptions about the properties of the system under consideration. Moreover, most of the previous studies deal with idealized scattering situations, rarely encountered in practice. This dissertation provides new analytical, numerical, and experimental solutions to describe subtle effects introduced by the properties of the light sources, and by the boundaries, absorption and morphology of the investigated media. A novel Monte Carlo simulation was developed to describe the statistics of partially coherent beams after propagation through inhomogeneous media. The Monte Carlo approach also enabled us to study the influence of the refractive index contrast on the diffusive processes, to discern between different effects of absorption in multiple scattering, and to support experimental results on inhomogeneous media with complex morphology. A detailed description of chromatic effects in scattering was used to develop new models that explain the spectral dependence of the detected signal in applications such as imaging and diffuse reflectance measurements. The quantitative and non-invasive characterization of inhomogeneous media with complex structures, such as porous membranes, diffusive coatings, and incipient lesions in natural teeth was then demonstrated.
89

Spatially localized self-sustaining mechanism induced by inhomogeneity in turbulence / 乱流中の非一様性により誘起された自律局在構造

Teramura, Toshiki 23 March 2016 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19481号 / 理博第4141号 / 新制||理||1595(附属図書館) / 32517 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 藤 定義, 教授 佐々 真一, 教授 早川 尚男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
90

Topics in the Physics of Inhomogeneous Materials

Barabash, Sergey V. 30 July 2003 (has links)
No description available.

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