The topic of my thesis is Legal Status of a Victim of Domestic Violence. It is devoted to domestic violence as a contemporary phenomenon and to the legal status of its victim. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse relevant Czech legislation and compare it with the real needs of a victim of such treatment. It attempts to give to the reader a comprehensive overview of this topic and also to suggest some amends aiming at better protection of the victim of domestic violence. The thesis consists of five chapters each of them dealing with different aspects of domestic violence and position of its victim. Chapter one is called The concept of a domestic violence: explanation and is subdivided into five parts. The first part deals with the definition of the concept and its elements. Part two lists kinds and forms of violent conduct. The third part points out the psychological consequences the victims of domestic violence may suffer from, such as the so called battered woman syndrome. Part four suggests that not only women may be victims of domestic violence and deals with selected specific aspects of situations when men, children or elderly people become victims of domestic violence. The last part of the first chapter is about victimization. Chapter two deals with the means of protection of a victim of...

The injured party in criminal procedure and his/her protection The purpose of my thesis is to analyse position of the injured party and his/her rights in Czech criminal procedure and to highlight changes which will be brought to rights of injured party by The Victim of Crime Act. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter briefly introduces the historical evolution of legal regulation of the injured party position in criminal procedure in the territory of the current Czech Republic. Next chapter is concerned with the term "injured party" in the current legal regulation. This part of thesis is especially focused on the need to differentiate between the terms "the injured party" and "victim of crime". The third chapter contains a crucial part of my thesis - it deals with the injured party position in criminal procedure and his/her rights. The chapter is composed of six subchapters. The first subchapter addresses the issue of general interpretation of procedural position of injured party in the Czech Criminal Procedure Code. Next subchapter shifts the focus to two categories of injured parties in criminal proceedings (the first category is the party of adhesion procedure with special rights, the other one is not). The third subchapter describes the procedural rights which are granted...

Els efectes de les altes pressions hidrostàtiques i la capacitat per sobreviure, recuperar-se i créixer de tres microorganismes patògens (Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica) van ser investigats en llet desnatada i en un formatge model elaborat amb i sense estàrter. Les mostres inoculades amb aquests microorganismes, van ser tractades a 300, 400 i 500 MPa (exceptuant les mostres inoculades amb soques de S. enterica) durant 10 minuts a 20ºC o a temperatura ambient i van ser analitzades microbiològicament just després d'aplicar el tractament d'altes pressions i als 1, 2, 7, 10 i 15 dies (en el cas dels experiments fets amb llet desnatada) i 1, 7 i 15 dies después del tractament (en el cas de les mostres de formatge model) per estudiar l'evolució i comportament de la població d'aquests microorganismes durant el període de conservació. Les mostres de llet desnatada i de formatge model elaborades amb estàrter, van mostrar una letalitat màxima després de ser tractades a 400 i 500 MPa i no es van poder detectar diferències estadísticament significatives en el comportament baroresistent d'aquests microorganismes, exceptuant el cas de les soques de Y. enterocoliticaÉs important mencionar que les mostres de formatges elaborades sense estàrter van necessitar més pressió per obtenir les mateixes reduccions que en mostres de formatge produïdes amb estàrter. De fet, en aquest cas, el tractament més efectiu va ser 500 MPa per les soques d'E. coli i 400 MPa per les soques de S. enterica. Els patògens inoculats en formatge model produït amb estàrter no van tenir capacitat de recuperar-se i créixer: els recomptes de microorganismes en les mostres tractades van anar disminuint durant el període de conservació a 8 o 12ºC. En canvi, en el cas de la llet desnatada i del formatge model elaborat sense estàrter, totes les mostres tractades van mostrar una tendència a incrementar els seu recomptes cel·lulars durant el període de conservació. Aquests resultats suggereixen que la presència de l'estàrter i el baix pH són els principals factors per controlar la capacitat d'aquests microorganismes de recuperar-se i créixer en aquest tipus de formatge tractat per altes pressions hidrostàtiques. / The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment, and the ability for survival, repair and growth of three human pathogenic microorganisms (Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica strains) were investigated in skimmed milk and model cheese made with and without starter culture. Inoculated samples were treated at 300, 400 and 500 MPa (except S. enterica) for 10 min at 20ºC or at room temperature and analysed at 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 15 days (in the case of skimmed milk samples) and at 0, 1, 7 and 15 days (in the case of model cheese samples) to study the behaviour of bacterial population over time. Skimmed milk and cheese samples produced with starter culture showed the maximum lethality at 400 and 500 MPa and no significant differences in the baroresistant behaviour of microorganisms were detected, except in the case of Y. enterocolitica strains. Nevertheless, it is important to remark that in cheese produced without starter culture, it was necessary to apply more pressure to obtain the same reduction than in cheese produced with starter culture. In fact, the most effective treatment was mainly 500 MPa, for E. coli strains and 400 MPa for S. enterica strains. Ability to repair and grow was not observed in model cheese produced with starter culture and cell counts of treated samples decreased after 15 days of storage at 8 or 12ºC. Whereas, in skimmed milk and cheese produced without starter, all pressurized samples showed the trend to repair and grow during the storage period. These results suggest that the presence of starter and low pH are the main factors to control the ability to recover and grow of Y. enterocolitica, E. coli and S. enterica strains inoculated in this type of cheese and treated by HHP.

Abstract: Aim: To illuminate how nurses working with burn injured children describe their care for burn injured children in pain during dressing procedures and which conditions and obstacles nurses express they are working under in order to proceed with giving care. Method: Semi-structured qualitative interviews with eight nurses at a pediatric burn ward in Dar es Salaam. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and processed by manifest content analysis. Result: Three themes were derived and identified as, pain assessment, pain management and pain treatment. Nurses experienced the pain management as satisfactory and expressed pain assessment as indication to how the burn injured children behaved and were affected upon daily dressing of burn wounds. Results also showed from observations that there is no specific pain assessment tool being used at the ward, more than the nurse’s clinical eye and work experience at the dressing occasion. The main pain treatment used at the ward was Panadol and nurses described their fear of children becoming tolerant to opiates as reason why Panadol being used so extensively. Conclusion: This is a topic that shows that nurses in dealing with pediatric burn injured patients have good skills in pain management. However the routine use of pain treatment during dressings as an extensive standard treatment needs to be illuminated.

An increasing number of injured service personnel returning from active combat duty will not be redeployed and many of them face discharge from military service. A number of these men and women have sustained life-threatening injuries which may, if the individual survives, result in reduced physical and mental health functioning. This research is focused on the transitions and processes that injured personnel go through when contemplating a new career through engagement with a higher education programme of study. An in-depth qualitative case study of networks of intimacy was used, an approach developed by Heath and Fuller (2007) to explore how, and in what ways, decisions are made within networks of family/significant others. In this case study it was with regard to transitions from a military to civilian culture, where traumatic life-changing events had impacted on the men and their families. As Johnson et al (2008:20) believe, in the case of educational decision-making, it is co-constructed within social networks and interviewing multiple networks facilitates our understanding 'beyond the individual'. The research found that, by supporting their injured ex-combatants (IECs) in complex and difficult transitions, the family network also had to address their own social identities, established attachments and kinship routines and adjust to new ways of thinking and feeling. However whilst the family network is seen as a vital component in the 'operational effectiveness' for transitional readjustment, the Armed Forces Covenant , which states that supporting IECs is ‘an obligation for life’ (Ministry of Defence 2011:8), does not acknowledge that this obligation falls overwhelmingly on the IECs’ families, particularly the wives who receive little support. In both the United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US) there is an absence of research that considers how family and social networks influence transitions into civilian life and especially decisions to undertake higher education programmes. The thesis explores how widening participation policies can be implemented more successfully to support IECs and their families, and how higher education institutions in the UK should improve staff training to raise awareness and understanding of the uniquely special needs that IECs have as a result of their injuries and military experiences.

The Internet and cyberspace are still relatively new occurrences in our lives, yet they already exert powerful influences over us. Research in South Africa is still limited and this is an attempt to begin correcting our lack of knowledge in the field. The study was conducted entirely in cyberspace. E-mail was used to gather information from six participants, who where recruited from the Quadriplegic Association of South Africa website. It is a qualitative examination of the unique experiences of spinal cord injured people, who are regularly interacting in cyber-communities with other injured people and people without injuries. The study attempts to describe the role that computer-mediated communication and cyber-communities play in the spinal cord injured person's self-concept. The information was collected in unstructured, asynchronous interviews, which were e-mailed on a regular basis. The participants included one woman and five men, with a mix of quadriplegic and paraplegic injuries. The questions revolved around two central themes: 1) the participant's experiences of other people offline and 2) their experiences of people online. These experiences were identified and grouped into 14 different categories. The categories were then integrated with the literature on cyberspace and self-concept theory. Although the participant group was small, their experiences were richly illustrated and often confirmed previous results by other cyberspace researchers. Essential to this study was the embodied isolation that participants experienced offline, which evoked a number of negative emotions and consequently affected the self-concept and self-esteem. Online the participants were often able to experience a release from isolation and felt empowered by the expansion in their social support Networks and the practical information they gained. In some cases self-esteem improved. In general, more skills and concepts were integrated, increasing the complexity of the self-concept. Applications of this study's results include greater rehabilitative speed and increased continued support for the spinal cord injured. The online spinal cord injured person can moderate her/his reintroduction to uninjured social circles. In certain situations, adapting to the new injured self-concept may become easier. / Dissertation (MA (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Psychology / unrestricted

The goal of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive comparison of national legislations governing assistance provided to crime victims in both the Czech Republic and Finland. Although emphasis has been placed on analysis of the respective legal regulations of both countries, it also places the issue into historical context while analyzing international requirements laid down by the Council of Europe, the European Union and the United Nations. At the end of the thesis, the level of victim protection in both countries is assessed and particular de lege ferenda proposals are submitted. The first chapter offers historical and international insight into the assistance of victims of crime and details how this field has evolved over the last hundred years. The second chapter describes the development of protective legislation in the Czech Republic and Finland. In chapter 3, the different types of assistance provided to victims in practice, regardless of the existence of relevant regulations, are analyzed. The fourth chapter explains the legal terms "victim" and "injured party", with a view toward their use in subsequent chapters of this thesis. Chapter 5 discusses the position of the injured party in criminal proceedings, including the feasibility of achieving their rightful claims while the sixth...

1 Abstract This dissertation thesis discusses the problems of entitlement to a claim of the injured party in adhesion proceedings. Concretely the procedure and conditions of a claim of the injured party in adhesion proceedings were introduced and the differences between a civil and adhesion claims were identified, especially in the relation to determining the amount of damage or other than proprietary loss. Academic literature, internet sources, relevant legal regulations, case law from not only the supreme court but also other sources, such as many personal meetings with specialists in given area, or practical experience gained during a study-related internship, were used to obtain information. The thesis is divided systematically into eight chapters. The first chapter deals with defining the term 'injured party' including its historical development. Next it deals with the legislation now in force alongside with defining the categories of injured parties. Following is an interpretation of the term 'victim of a criminal act.' The second chapter is focused on the claim of the injured party, concretely the conditions of a claim in adhesion proceedings, a claim of a legal representative and the basic principles of a claim were also explained. The third chapter is centered around damage compensation. Included...

The tasks of the study were as follows: to investigate histological findings of the spinal cord two hours after a trauma; to investigate the influence of the narrowing of spinal canal on the histological changes development of the injured spinal cord; to estimate the influence of the spinal cord surgical decompression performed within twenty hours after the cervical spine trauma on its clinical signs of the changes of the injury; to determinate the relationship between the duration of the cervical spinal cord compression and its clinical signs of changes of the injury. The main results: The hemorrhages in the gray matter and within the perivascular spaces of the spinal cord and beneath it dura mater, blood stasis in the vessels of the spinal cord gray matter and the thrombosis of the superficial spinal cord vessels, ischemic neurons were established in axial sections of the spinal cord two hours after the experimental trauma. The degree of pericellular edema established in axial sections of the spinal cord stained with hematoxylin and eosin by light microscopy two hours after the experimental trauma was more severe for the laboratory animals which underwent reduction of vertical diameter of the spinal canal by 50 % followed by spinal cord compression. The cervical spinal cord decompression performed within twenty four hours after trauma provided significant neurologic recovery twelve months after surgical intervention. The decompression of the injured spinal cord manifested... [to full text]

An injured party in criminal proceedings and his/her protection Abstract This Master's thesis is devoted to the analysis of the procedural rights and protection afforded to the injured party in criminal proceedings. This Master's thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter focuses on the analysis of the historical developments of the status of the injured party in criminal proceedings in the Czech law. The analysis commences with the Austro-Hungarian criminal procedural code no. 119/1873 Coll., the Czech Criminal code of 1950, its subsequent novelization in 1956 and the current Czech criminal code no. 141/1961 Coll., all the cited laws had a significant impact on the status of the injured party in criminal proceedings. The second chapter is dedicated to defining the term injured party, both via a negative and positive definition. Furthermore emphasis is placed on the distinction between the definition of the injured party from the perspective of Article 43 of the criminal procedural code, as such an injured party has the right to claim damages against the accused defendant and thus such an injured party might concurrently have the status of a subject in adhesion proceedings, and the injured party which does not have a right to claim damages. The third chapter is focused on defining the term...