INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos prévios já foram capazes de prover evidências científicas suficientes de que o álcool é um fator causal na ocorrência de lesões traumáticas. No entanto, informações sobre o risco de lesão de acordo com o tipo de bebida alcoólica consumida e o contexto do uso de álcool ainda são escassas na literatura. No presente estudo, uma comparação internacional sobre a associação entre o uso de álcool e a ocorrência de lesões foi realizada, com o objetivo principal de expandir o entendimento de como variáveis contextuais relacionadas ao uso de álcool e ao evento que ocasionou a lesão podem influenciar a ocorrência de lesões associadas ao consumo dessa substância. MÉTODOS: Os dados são provenientes de pacientes que foram atendidos com lesões em unidades de emergência de oito países da região da América Latina e do Caribe (ALC). Foram obtidas informações dos pacientes que relataram o uso de álcool até seis horas antes da lesão a respeito do tipo de bebida alcoólica e o volume total de álcool consumido (antes da lesão e durante uma ocasião típica no último ano), além do local do evento que ocasionou a lesão. Os pacientes que relataram não ter bebido antes da lesão também foram questionados quanto ao consumo típico de álcool no último ano e sobre o local do evento que resultou na lesão. As diferenças intra- e entre-grupos foram analisadas segundo o consumo de álcool relatado antes da lesão e durante uma ocasião típica de consumo. RESULTADOS: A cerveja foi o tipo de bebida alcoólica mais comumente relatada pelos pacientes com lesões relacionadas ao uso de álcool entre os países avaliados. Entretanto, os pacientes que fizeram uso de álcool antes da lesão apresentaram um maior consumo típico de bebidas destiladas do que aqueles que não beberam antes do evento que ocasionou a lesão. O volume total de álcool tipicamente consumido e o uso de álcool em locais públicos também apresentaram uma associação positiva com a ocorrência de lesões relacionadas ao uso de álcool. CONCLUSÕES: Os países da ALC estudados apresentaram uma associação similar entre o tipo de bebida alcoólica consumida e a ocorrência de lesões, a qual pode ser atribuída principalmente ao consumo de cerveja nessa região. Além disso, o uso de bebidas destiladas parece estar associado a um maior envolvimento com a ocorrência de lesões comparado à preferência por outros tipos de bebidas alcoólicas, assim como o consumo típico de álcool em grandes quantidades e o uso de álcool em ambientes públicos. Estratégias futuras de prevenção da violência e acidentes relacionados ao uso de álcool na ALC deveriam refletir sobre a educação do público em geral sobre a influência que o contexto do uso de álcool pode ter sobre as consequências negativas advindas do consumo dessa substância / INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have already substantiated alcohol\'s causal role in injuries. Yet the role that alcoholic beverage preferences and drinking situations play in the risk for injury is still under-investigated. In this study a crossnational comparison of the association between alcohol and injury focusing on beverage type preference and the drinking context is reported. METHODS: Data are derived from emergency room injured patients who were interviewed in eight countries in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region. Patients who reported any alcohol consumption within six hours prior to being injured were inquired regarding the type of alcoholic beverage and the total alcohol volume consumed (before injury and on a typical drinking occasion during the last year), as well as the place where the injury occurred. Patients who did not drink prior to injury were also asked about their alcohol consumption on a typical drinking occasion and the injury setting. Differences within- and between-groups were evaluated regarding the drinking-in-the-event behavior and patients\' typical drinking. RESULTS: Beer was the most prevalent beverage type usually consumed among injured patients across countries, however, patients who drank before injury had a higher typical consumption of spirits than those not drinking prior to injury. The total alcohol volume typically consumed and drinking in public settings were also found to be positively associated with alcohol-related injury. CONCLUSIONS: A similar beverage-specific association with alcohol-related injury was found across LAC countries, mainly attributed to beer consumption. In addition, spirits drinkers and those who typically consume alcohol in greater quantities or were drinking in public settings before being injured seem to have a greater chance of becoming involved in injury events. Future prevention strategies applied in LAC countries should inform the public about harms from drinking associated with the context in which drinking takes place

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos prévios já foram capazes de prover evidências científicas suficientes de que o álcool é um fator causal na ocorrência de lesões traumáticas. No entanto, informações sobre o risco de lesão de acordo com o tipo de bebida alcoólica consumida e o contexto do uso de álcool ainda são escassas na literatura. No presente estudo, uma comparação internacional sobre a associação entre o uso de álcool e a ocorrência de lesões foi realizada, com o objetivo principal de expandir o entendimento de como variáveis contextuais relacionadas ao uso de álcool e ao evento que ocasionou a lesão podem influenciar a ocorrência de lesões associadas ao consumo dessa substância. MÉTODOS: Os dados são provenientes de pacientes que foram atendidos com lesões em unidades de emergência de oito países da região da América Latina e do Caribe (ALC). Foram obtidas informações dos pacientes que relataram o uso de álcool até seis horas antes da lesão a respeito do tipo de bebida alcoólica e o volume total de álcool consumido (antes da lesão e durante uma ocasião típica no último ano), além do local do evento que ocasionou a lesão. Os pacientes que relataram não ter bebido antes da lesão também foram questionados quanto ao consumo típico de álcool no último ano e sobre o local do evento que resultou na lesão. As diferenças intra- e entre-grupos foram analisadas segundo o consumo de álcool relatado antes da lesão e durante uma ocasião típica de consumo. RESULTADOS: A cerveja foi o tipo de bebida alcoólica mais comumente relatada pelos pacientes com lesões relacionadas ao uso de álcool entre os países avaliados. Entretanto, os pacientes que fizeram uso de álcool antes da lesão apresentaram um maior consumo típico de bebidas destiladas do que aqueles que não beberam antes do evento que ocasionou a lesão. O volume total de álcool tipicamente consumido e o uso de álcool em locais públicos também apresentaram uma associação positiva com a ocorrência de lesões relacionadas ao uso de álcool. CONCLUSÕES: Os países da ALC estudados apresentaram uma associação similar entre o tipo de bebida alcoólica consumida e a ocorrência de lesões, a qual pode ser atribuída principalmente ao consumo de cerveja nessa região. Além disso, o uso de bebidas destiladas parece estar associado a um maior envolvimento com a ocorrência de lesões comparado à preferência por outros tipos de bebidas alcoólicas, assim como o consumo típico de álcool em grandes quantidades e o uso de álcool em ambientes públicos. Estratégias futuras de prevenção da violência e acidentes relacionados ao uso de álcool na ALC deveriam refletir sobre a educação do público em geral sobre a influência que o contexto do uso de álcool pode ter sobre as consequências negativas advindas do consumo dessa substância / INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have already substantiated alcohol\'s causal role in injuries. Yet the role that alcoholic beverage preferences and drinking situations play in the risk for injury is still under-investigated. In this study a crossnational comparison of the association between alcohol and injury focusing on beverage type preference and the drinking context is reported. METHODS: Data are derived from emergency room injured patients who were interviewed in eight countries in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region. Patients who reported any alcohol consumption within six hours prior to being injured were inquired regarding the type of alcoholic beverage and the total alcohol volume consumed (before injury and on a typical drinking occasion during the last year), as well as the place where the injury occurred. Patients who did not drink prior to injury were also asked about their alcohol consumption on a typical drinking occasion and the injury setting. Differences within- and between-groups were evaluated regarding the drinking-in-the-event behavior and patients\' typical drinking. RESULTS: Beer was the most prevalent beverage type usually consumed among injured patients across countries, however, patients who drank before injury had a higher typical consumption of spirits than those not drinking prior to injury. The total alcohol volume typically consumed and drinking in public settings were also found to be positively associated with alcohol-related injury. CONCLUSIONS: A similar beverage-specific association with alcohol-related injury was found across LAC countries, mainly attributed to beer consumption. In addition, spirits drinkers and those who typically consume alcohol in greater quantities or were drinking in public settings before being injured seem to have a greater chance of becoming involved in injury events. Future prevention strategies applied in LAC countries should inform the public about harms from drinking associated with the context in which drinking takes place

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / Background Rugby union is one of South Africa’s most popular sports; it requires high levels of skill and fitness and is played at a high intensity and speed which allows for a greater risk of injury. The high risk of injury is said to be due to the nature of the physicality of rugby. It is because of this high risk of injury that several adaptations of rugby have since developed which rely more on speed and agility than physicality. These adaptations include tens or ten-a-side rugby, sevens or seven-a-side rugby and finally touch rugby, which is played with six players a-side. Each adaptation has its own set of rules and is played differently to the traditional rugby union or fifteen-a-side rugby. Hence, in these adaptations the physicality is said to decrease with a resultant increase in demand for speed and agility. The reduction of physicality and increase in the need for speed and agility would imply that the nature of injuries sustained will be different to those sustained in traditional rugby union. Objectives To develop a profile of injuries that describe the type, anatomical location and mechanism of injuries sustained in tens, sevens and touch rugby; to compare the injuries sustained between the three groups; and, to analyse management strategies utilised by chiropractic students at the 2014 Durban ‘Rugby Rush Tournament’. Additionally this study aimed to provide recommendations to the injury reporting form utilised. Method This study was a retrospective, quantitative, descriptive study based on the Chiropractic Student Sports Association’s report form in order to produce a retrospective cohort analysis of injury and treatment profiles. Participants who made use of the chiropractic treatment facility were required to complete the informed consent section of the injury reporting form. The chiropractic intern was required to complete the remainder of the form pertaining to the participant, complaint and treatment information. This study was limited to event participants to allow for subgroup analysis. The forms were then captured and analysed. Results The data collected consisted of a total of 345 individual patient forms which indicated 626 visits for a total of 733 complaints. The average participant age was 24 ± 5.58. The study found muscle strains (41.5%), SI Syndrome (17.6%) and Joint sprains (15.0%) to be the most frequent diagnoses. A history or previous injury or trauma was reported in 18.7% and 7.40% respectively. Acute injuries accounted for 64.3% and 35.7% were recorded as chronic in nature. The most frequent mechanism of injury was that of overuse (81.9%) and trauma accounted for 17.2% of injuries. The lumbar region (26.1%), thigh (20.7%) and shin/calf (15.6%) were the most commonly reported regions of complaint. Manipulation (58.8%), massage (32.0%) and stretch PNF (27.9%) were the most frequently used treatment protocols. Strapping was utilised in 21.1% of injuries of which 5.20% was applied to the muscle and 13.6% was applied to the joint. No comparison was made using the sevens subgroup as there were insufficient records, thus only tens and touch players were compared. A borderline non-significant difference (p = 0.057) was noted between the type of player and the history of previous trauma. Tens players were more likely to have a history of trauma compared to touch players. A significant difference (p = 0.001) was found between the type of athlete and mechanism of injury. Overuse was more common in touch players whereas trauma was more common in tens players. Due to statistical inconsistencies no significance tests were applicable to compare the type of player and region of complaint. Recommendations were proposed in order to avoid this in future research. Conclusion This study provides a base of knowledge regarding the injuries that were presented to the chiropractic treatment facility at the 2014 Durban ‘Rugby Rush Tournament’ and the management strategies utilised by the chiropractic interns at the event. This research provides insight into injury profiling of tens, sevens and touch rugby players. There were several recommendations proposed for future researchers in order to expand on this field of knowledge. / M

The focus of this investigation was an analysis of the work demands being placed on South African automotive industry workers as there is a recognised problem with regard to the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Preliminary work was conducted to highlight the dominant risks and areas which elicited higher numbers of MSDs within the chosen automotive plant. An area of concern was highlighted through medical record analysis and the use of risk assessment tools, thereby prioritising the need for ergonomic intervention. In particular, the effects of varying restricted and overhead work heights on the biomechanical, physiological and psychophysical responses of an individual were investigated. Twenty-eight subjects were required to complete sixteen conditions. The conditions consisted of the adoption of restricted and upright overhead static postures, with half requiring the holding of four kilograms of weight in the hands and the remaining eight conditions having no weight. Testing was carried out using an electromyography unit, ergospirometer and a perceptual Body Discomfort Map and Scale. This involved a habituation and testing session. The results of the testing revealed the biomechanical and physiological responses were dependant on the change in height. Body discomfort was also shown to be variable over the changing height conditions. This indicates that there is a significant effect of height on an individual’s responses during overhead work. The extreme restricted (-200mm and -100mm) and upright (+300mm and +400mm) overhead conditions within this study were limiting, as they elicited the highest muscle activation, physiological responses and body discomfort ratings. Positions that are preferable to adopt, which were identified from the results in this study, indicate conditions closer to head height (0mm and +100mm) were favourable. The results therefore illustrate how awkward working postures during work are likely to elicit higher demands from an individual, which could lead to an increased risk for the development of a musculoskeletal disorder. The added factor of weight elicited significant results over all variables, excluding a respiratory The focus of this investigation was an analysis of the work demands being placed on South African automotive industry workers as there is a recognised problem with regard to the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Preliminary work was conducted to highlight the dominant risks and areas which elicited higher numbers of MSDs within the chosen automotive plant. An area of concern was highlighted through medical record analysis and the use of risk assessment tools, thereby prioritising the need for ergonomic intervention. In particular, the effects of varying restricted and overhead work heights on the biomechanical, physiological and psychophysical responses of an individual were investigated. Twenty-eight subjects were required to complete sixteen conditions. The conditions consisted of the adoption of restricted and upright overhead static postures, with half requiring the holding of four kilograms of weight in the hands and the remaining eight conditions having no weight. Testing was carried out using an electromyography unit, ergospirometer and a perceptual Body Discomfort Map and Scale. This involved a habituation and testing session. The results of the testing revealed the biomechanical and physiological responses were dependant on the change in height. Body discomfort was also shown to be variable over the changing height conditions. This indicates that there is a significant effect of height on an individual’s responses during overhead work. The extreme restricted (-200mm and -100mm) and upright (+300mm and +400mm) overhead conditions within this study were limiting, as they elicited the highest muscle activation, physiological responses and body discomfort ratings. Positions that are preferable to adopt, which were identified from the results in this study, indicate conditions closer to head height (0mm and +100mm) were favourable. The results therefore illustrate how awkward working postures during work are likely to elicit higher demands from an individual, which could lead to an increased risk for the development of a musculoskeletal disorder. The added factor of weight elicited significant results over all variables, excluding a respiratory individual.

Text in English / Regular exercise has significant physical and psychological health benefits yet, paradoxically, may also have harmful effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and psychological health risks of distance running, a popular participation sport in South Africa. Structural equation modelling was employed to examine the personality and motivational antecedents of running addiction and its influence, in turn, on self-reported overuse injuries and upper respiratory tract infections in 220 athletic club members. The predictors and physical health effects of customary training load were also assessed. It was found that perfectionistic concerns, Type A behaviour pattern, and task goal orientation had a direct, positive impact on running addiction, which predicted higher running injury scores. In contrast, training workload (Volume × Intensity) was inversely related to injury risk. Neither running addiction nor any training load variables influenced infectious illness susceptibility. The findings of this study indicate that maladaptive perfectionism, Type A behaviour, and achievement goal orientation may be risk factors for running addiction, which may, in turn, contribute to increased injury incidence in South African distance runners. Conversely, heavier training loads may be protective against injury occurrences in this population. The results of this research may help to enhance current understanding of the possible health hazards of distance running. This knowledge may have practical implications for the health and well-being of runners of diverse levels of ability and experience. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Grounded theory analysis, informed by a socio-cultural lens, was applied to the narratives of eighteen motorcycle riders in order to understand, from the rider’s perspective, receptivity to warning messages regarding motorcycle helmet use. This study relied upon narrative analysis to identify patterns in communication that surround motorcycle riders’ experiences. Socio-cultural cues identified importance in the process of interest development in motorcycle riding, search for information regarding motorcycle riding, response to danger within the motorcycle riding experience, and attitude toward protection messages. Narratives specific to danger, or experiences of motorcycle accidents were analyzed for comparison with fear appeal theory. Special focus was applied to Terror Management Theory (TMT) and applied to the communication surrounding the real experiences of motorcycle accident and the perceived threat of danger while motorcycle riding. Communication evidencing relational influence was examined for examples of socially constructed interpretation of social identity and an individual rider's perspective of their lifeworld. The analysis revealed evidence of the TMT concept of burying or denying thoughts of danger. The TMT concept of lifeworld influence on behavior was evidenced in riders who did not accept warning messages involving helmet use. Examples of attitude and behavior change where present in two study participants’ narratives that described experience of severe injury and also the death of a friend. The riders cited these occurrences as experiences that inhibited their previous behavior of placing thoughts of motorcycle injury and death in the back of mind. Although small in number, this participant group offered multiple categorizations of rider descriptions. The narratives offered distinction in time of life when riding interest developed. As well, motorcycle training facilities were often noted as a source of communication from which riders obtained influence on their future behaviors. From this information insight was gained to offer suggestions for future research on time of message delivery. Riders who develop interest in riding as adults represent a category on which to focus preliminary educational messages. Individuals who have not yet developed an interest in motorcycle riding may benefit from societal cues that demonstrate safe riding behavior. Future research in mass media appeals focused on motorcycle riders are suggested, as is development of educational programs for delivery to high school audiences.