As bactérias do gênero Salmonella, especialmente S. Enteritidis e S. Typhimurium, são responsáveis por imensos prejuízos econômicos ao setor avícola, uma vez que produtos como carne de frango e ovos são apontados como a principal fonte desse patógeno em surtos de salmonelose humana. Perdas econômicas na avicultura também estão relacionadas à infecção em aves jovens devido ao desenvolvimento de doença clínica e ao aumento da mortalidade. A patogenicidade de Salmonella é considerada complexa e multifatorial necessitando de estudos que possam esclarecer a interação entre patógeno e hospedeiro. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a virulência de 130 isolados de S. Enteritidis e 70 de S. Typhimurium, inoculadas em pintos de um dia de idade através do estabelecimento de um índice de patogenicidade. Para cada cepa, foram utilizados 10 pintos comerciais da linhagem Cobb provenientes de matrizes de corte com idade superior a 58 semanas. As aves foram inoculadas com 0,2 mL de uma solução contendo aproximadamente 2x108 UFC de S. Enteritidis ou S. Typhimurium, através da via intraperitoneal. A mortalidade e a presença de lesões associadas à septicemia foram observadas diariamente durante sete dias. As aves encontradas mortas durante esse período foram necropsiadas e observadas quanto à presença de aerossaculite (A), perihepatite (Ph), pericardite (Pc), peritonite (Pt), onfalite (O) e celulite (C). Para cada lesão foi atribuído o valor de “0,833” se presente e o valor “0” quando ausente. Animais mortos nas primeiras 24 horas pósdesafio receberam a pontuação 10, o que representa o índice máximo. Do segundo ao sétimo dia, houve uma diminuição proporcional da pontuação no tempo de morte (TM) a cada dia em que o animal sobrevivia. O cálculo do índice de patogenicidade de cada pintinho inoculado (IP) obedeceu a seguinte fórmula: IP = (TMx5) + A + Ph + Pc + Pt + O + C. Para obtenção do IP de cada amostra foi realizada a média do IP obtido com as 10 aves inoculadas. A partir dos resultados do trabalho, foi possível atribuir um valor de patogenicidade a cada uma das cepas permitindo classificá-las em grupos de baixa, intermediária e de alta patogenicidade. Os sorotipos analisados neste estudo não diferiram na capacidade de induzir a formação de lesões septicêmicas e elevada mortalidade. Desta forma conclui-se que, tanto S. Enteritidis quanto S. Typhimurium, são potencialmente capazes de causar doença clínica e mortalidade de forma semelhante aos sorovares adaptados às aves. / Bacterials of the Salmonella genus, particularly Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, are responsible for serious economic loss on the poultry industry, once eggs and meat chicken are the principle sources of the pathogens on outbreak of salmonellosis in human. Economic loss on the poultry industry, also is related infection in young chicks due to development clinical disease and increased mortality. The pathogenicity of Salmonella is complex and multifactorial which requires studies that elucidate the interaction between pathogen and host. The present study, was conducted to evaluate the virulence of 130 isolate of S. Enteritidis and 70 of S. Typhimurium, inoculated in 01 day old chicks, through establishment of one index of pathogenicity. For each strain was used 10 commercial lineage Cobb chicks older than 58 weeks old. Chickens were inoculated with 0,2 mL containing approximately 2 x 108 CFU of S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium by route intraperitoneal. Mortality and lesions associated septicemia were observed daily for seven days. Dead chicks during this period were necropsied and observed as the presence of airsaculitis (A), perihepatitis (Ph), pericarditis (Pc), peritonitis (Pt), omphalitis (O) and cellulitis. For each lesion was attributed the value “0,833” when present and “0”when absent. Dead animals on first 24 hours post-challenge received the punctuation 10. The second to seventh day, there was a proporcional decrease of punctuation on time of death (TM) each day that the chickens survived. The calculation of the index of pathogenicity obeyed the following formula: IP = (TMx5) + A + Ph + Pc + Pt + O + C. For obtainment IP of each strain was realized the average IP obtained with 10 inculated chickens. Based on results this study, was possible to assign a value of pathogenicity for each isolated allowing to classify them on groups of low, intermediate and high pathogenicity. The sorovars analyzed did not differ on ability to induce septicemic lesions and high mortality. Therefore it is concluded that, such S. Enteritidis as S. Typhimurium, are potencially capable to cause clinical disease and mortality similar to serotypes poultry adapted.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agronomy)) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is considered to be an important grain legume and an oil crop. It is also important in livestock feeding and improvement of soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Until recently, soybean was not widely grown by smallholder (SH) farmers in Africa. This has led to breeding of promiscuous varieties to ensure wide adoption of the crop by SH farmers, without the use of inoculants or expensive nitrogen fertilizers. Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted during 2012/2013 growing season. One commercial (specific) variety Dundee and three naturally-nodulating (promiscuous) soybean varieties (TGx-1937-1F, TGx-1740-2F, TGx-1835-10E) were evaluated in a field trial for their growth, nodulation and yield response to B. japonicum strain WB74 inoculation. Seed inoculation in the field enhanced chlorophyll content, number of nodules, nodule dry weight, and the percentage of active nodules, number of pods, hundred seed weight, shelling percentage and grain yield. Varietal differences exerted significant (P≤0.05) effect on all field parameters evaluated except on nodule number and percentage of active nodules. TGx-1937-1F achieved the highest number of nodules (28 per plant) while the highest percentage of active nodules (69%) was achieved by TGx-1740-2F. Huge effect of inoculation was observed on Dundee variety, and resulted in significant grain yield increases (237.8%) while smaller gain increases were observed in TGx-1740-2F (43.9%) and TGx-1835-10E (38.7%). The yield of TGx-1937-1F did not respond to inoculation. Two promiscuous (TGx-1937-1F and TGx-1740-2F) varieties and one commercial (Dundee) variety were evaluated in a glasshouse trial for their growth and nodulation response to inoculation in different soil types (sandy clay loam, sandy loam, loamy sand) of Limpopo Province. In the glasshouse inoculation showed effect on chlorophyll content only, and effect of soybean variety was found to be significant on days to flowering, chlorophyll content, plant height, number of nodules and root dry weight. Soil type showed significant effect on all parameters evaluated in the glasshouse study except on nodule dry weight. Loamy sand soil from Ga-Molepo gave tallest plants and highest nodule number at 61 cm and 29 nodules/plant compared to other soils. All soils evaluated in the study resulted in percent active nodules ranging from 74.5% to 77.4% showing possibility of presence of cowpea-type rhizobia in Limpopo soils capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Inoculation x variety interaction was significant on days to flowering, plant height and chlorophyll content. Inoculant application in TGx-1740-2F variety reduced the number of days it took to flowering from 61 to 54 days and increased its plant height by 57% from 44.8 to 67.9 cm. Eighty three percent (83%) increase on chlorophyll content of variety Dundee was observed due to effect of inoculation. Inoculation x soil type interaction had significant effect on plant height and dried plant biomass. Varity x soil type interaction influenced chlorophyll content, while the interactive effects of inoculation x variety x soil type were significant on chlorophyll content only. The study showed that it is beneficial to inoculate the soybean varieties studied, especially the commercial variety Dundee, in order to enhance their growth, nodulation and yield. / Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries

Thesis (MTech. degree in Agriculture.)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2011. / This study evaluated plant growth and symbiotic performance of four promiscuous-nodulating soybean genotypes and three commercial varieties supplied with a peat-based inoculant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain WB74 at three field sites in Mozambique and a pot experiment in South Africa. The sole aim was to assess whether these promiscuous-nodulating soybean genotypes can benefit from inoculation.

No description available.

Šiame darbe nagrinėjami bendrieji maisto produktų kokybės aspektai ir smulkiau aptartas svarbiausias kokybės aspektas – produkto sauga ir saugumo užtikrinimas naudojant modernią rizikos veiksnių analizės svarbių valdymo taškų (RVASVT) sistemą. I��nagrinėjus esamą RVASVT sistemos diegimo padėtį Lietuvos maisto įmonėse , ypatingas dėmesys darbe skirtas rizikos veiksniams ir RVASVT sistemos diegimo problemoms ir jų sprendimui didesnėse maisto gamybos įmonėse. Darbe naudojami metodai teorinė analizė, maisto pramonės įmonių vadovų , personalo apklausa siekiant sužinoti jų nuomonę apie RVASVT sistemos diegimą ir jos naudą, srauto diagramų pagalba žaliavos/produkto pavaizduojami perdirbimo etapai įmonėje. Darbe apibūdinama RVASVT sistema ir jos nauda, analizuojami Lietuvos teisės aktai, ,reglamentuojantys maisto tvarkymą ir kontroliuojančių institucijų veikla šioje srity. Pateikiamas Lietuvos ir kitų šalių maisto įmonių požiūris į RVASVT diegimo privalumus , trūkumus ir sistemos reikalingumą maisto saugai. Pagrindžiama kai kurių teiginių ir praktinių nuorodų sudėtingumą ar abejotiną reikalingumą diegiant produkto saugos sistemą įmonėje. / The aim of the work to determine increasing problems of HACCP system inoculation in the enterprises of food to prove the expediece and need of picking information.. It is judge HACCP system necessarity, which is reglamented by the juristic base. The analysis of problems that are promineted during the inoculation and the recommendation how to avoid them. The methods which were used are: theoretic analysis, interogation, and the diagrama of flow.There were refered on interrogation of food remaking enterprises results and data that was annouced in articles of EU specialists.There is analysed common aspects of food products quality and discused the most important aspect of quality narrowlly – the safetiness of product and assurance of safetiness using the modern HACCP system. There are indicated interfasings among UQM and HACCP systems. After studying current situation of the HACCP system inoculation and knowledge in Lithuania and other countries, special attention was paid to risk factors and problems which is originating during HACCP system inaculation in a industry enterprise. The more qualified personnel participate and more expedient information is fixed from the very beginning of the inoculation of the system, the more quaranties that a process, ruling with the guard of product in an enterprise, when producing it is not only standartification of documents, decreasing mismaching cases, the posibility of product selling was expanded.

High-moisture ear corn (HMEC) was untreated, treated with propionic acid (PA) or inoculated with a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus faecium, and then ensiled in both tower and laboratory silos. Ensiled HMEC was evaluated for fermentation quality, silage microbiology, and aerobic stability. In control and inoculated ensiled HMEC, maximum pH reduction was observed within 7 d; such pH reduction was observed only after 21 d of ensiling with PA-treated HMEC. Irrespective of treatment, ammonia concentration increased with storage time. The lactic acid content increased up to 42 d of ensilage; between 138 d and 202 d of ensilage, there was a substantial reduction in lactic acid with all treatments. Throughout ensilage, there was no difference in water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content between control and inoculated HMEC. Secondary fermentation was minimized by both inoculation and PA treatment. Regardless of treatment, the population of lactic acid bacteria increased within 7 d of ensilage and reached a maximum at 21 d of ensilage. Populations of yeasts and moulds decreased with fermentation time up to 42 d, then increased as the ensilage progressed. Bacterial inoculation increased aerobic stability of ensiled HMEC. PA was more effective than inoculation in reducing the disappearance of lactic acid and the rise in pH. Irrespective of treatment, the population of yeasts and moulds and other microorganisms increased in aerated HMEC. Both PA treatment and bacterial inoculation reduced aerobic spoilage of ensiled HMEC. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Biological soil inoculants are products that contain beneficial microorganisms with the ability to increase plant-available nutrients. Soil inoculants are claimed to serve as a supplement for fertilizer N, improve germination and tilth, improve root systems, and increase crop quality and yield. The inoculant evaluated in this study was Effective Microorganisms (EM) produced by Nature Farm Foundation of Lompoc, California. A field trial with corn (Zea mays, L.) was conducted at Oakwood Organic Farm in East Central Indiana in 1992. Two soil types were used in the study, a Genesee silt loam (Fluventic Eutorchrept) and a Sloan silt loam (Fluventic Haplaquoll). Soil nitrate level measured through the growing season was not significantly affected by the addition of EM. Neither foliar nutrient content nor grain dry matter yield were significantly greater with use of EM compared to the control. / Department of Natural Resources

Subterranean clover mottle virus (SCMoV) is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus that infects subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and a number of related legume species. The ultimate aim of this research was to investigate aspects of SCMoV that would support its use as a gene silencing vector for legume species, since RNA (gene) silencing is now a potential tool for studylng gene function. The ability of viruses to induce an antiviral defense system is being explored by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), in which engmeered viral genomes are used as vectors to introduce genes or gene ii-agments to understand the function of endogenous genes by silencing them. To develop a gene silencing vector, a number of aspects of SCMoV host range and molecular biology needed to be studied. A requirement for a useful viral vector is a suitably wide host range. Hence the first part of this work involved study of the host range and symptom development of SCMoV in a range of leguminous and non-leguminous plants. The aim of this work was to identify new and most suitable hosts among economically important crop and model legumes for functional genomic studies, and also to study symptom development in these hosts for comparison with host responses to any SCMoV-based viral vectors that might be used in later infection studies. A total of 61 plant genotypes representing 52 species from 25 different genera belonging to 7 families were examined for their response to SCMoV infection, including established and new crop legumes, established pasture, and novel pasture and forage legumes, and 12 host indicator plants belonging to the families Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae. Following mechanical inoculation, plants were examined for symptoms and tested for primary and secondary infection by RT-PCR andlor ELISA after 2-3 weeks and 3-9 weeks, respectively. Thirty-six legume hosts belonging to eight different genera of legumes were identified as suitable hosts of SCMoV, 22 of them systemic hosts and 15 were infected locally. Only two non-legumes were infected with SCMoV-P23, one systemically and one as a local host, so confirming that SCMoV is essentially a legume-infecting virus. This work considerably expanded knowledge of the host range of SCMoV. To provide the information needed to modify the SCMoV genome to develop gene vectors, the virus was characterized in detail. The complete genomes of four isolates, SCMoV-AL, SCMoV-MB, SCMoV-MJ and SCMoV-pFL, were sequenced using high fidelity RT-PCR and molecular cloning, and compared to the first sequenced isolate (SCMoV-P23) to give a complete picture of the genome organisation of the virus. The 4,258 nucleotide (nt) sequence of SCMoV RNA is not polyadenylated. The 5' non-coding region (NCR) is 68 nt in length and the 3' NCR is 174 nt. The coding regon contains four overlapping open reading fi-ames (ORFs). The first, OW1 (nt 68-608), encodes a putative protein containing 179 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass (Ma,) of 20.3 kDa. It overlaps with the next ORF, ORF2a, by four bases. ORF2a (nt 605-2347) encodes a putative protein of 580 amino acids with a Ma, of 63.7 kDa and contains a motif characteristic of chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. The ORF2b is probably translated as part of a polyprotein by -1 ribosomal fiameshifting in ORF2a. The transfiame product (Ma, = 107.5 kDa) is made up of 966 amino acids. A GDD motif typical of RNA virus polymerases is present in ORF2b. The 3' terminal ORF3 (nt 3323-4084) encodes the 27.3 kDa coat protein (CP). Nucleotide variation between the complete sequences of the isolates was two to three orders of magnitude larger than base misincoporation rates of the polymerases used in RT-PCR. Molecular relationship analysis between all five isolates, undertaken with the complete nucleotide sequences, clearly separated them into three groups. These groups reflect similar significantly diverse groupings based on the symptoms and their severity in subterranean clover. Intra-isolate sequence variability is therefore a possible cause of the differences in symptom severity. The analysis also showed that there were more nucleotide substitutions at the 5' terminal half of SCMoV than at the 3' end. This observation was confirmed by the higher value of nucleotide diversities at nonsynonymous versus synonymous sites (dN/ds ratio) estimated for the ORF1, compared to the near conservation of sequences of the other ORFs. These results, together with functional and comparative sequence analysis with other sobemoviruses, implicate the ORFl gene product in pathogenicity of SCMoV, possibly as a severity determinant or as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing in plants. Because more information on SCMoV genome function was required, the possible involvement of the ORFl gene product (PI) and the CP in movement of SCMoV was studied in cells of grasspea (Lathyrus clymenum L) and chickpea as C-terminal fusion constructs with jellyfish (Aequorea victoriae) green fluorescent protein (GFP). A transient expression vector, pTEV, for in planta synthesis of reporter gene constructs was developed. The vector was based on pGEM-T with 35s RNA transcriptional promoter of Caulzjlower Mosaic virus (CaMV) and nopaline synthase gene transcription terminator signal (T-Nos) separated by a multiple subcloning site. A custom-made particle inflow gun was used to introduce the constructs into plant cells. The bombardment conditions were fxst optimised for efficient delivery of DNAcoated particles. Transient gene expression of GFP was monitored 24-96 hours after particle bombardment. Fluorescence from GFP alone, GFP:CP and GFP:Pl constructs was observed in the nucleus of single cells, cytoplasm and cell periphery of neighbouring cells. There was limited spread of these fusion proteins from one cell to another 36-48 hours after transformation. These results indicate that the P 1 and CP cannot move independently from cell to cell. Other viral/cellular components might be needed to form a complex with these proteins to transport the viral genome. Putative nuclear export signals in the P1 and CP sequences of SCMoV were identified by sequence comparison. These could be tested by mutagenesis using full-length infectious clones. To determine the possibility of gene expression of vectors based on SCMoV, three forms of a full-length cDNA clone of SCMoV-pFL were developed: one with no heterologous transcriptional factors (pFL), a second under the control of only 35s (p35SFL) and a third with 35s and T-Nos (pTEVFL). Fifteen day-old in vitro-cultured chickpea, grasspea and subterranean clover seedlings were inoculated by particle bombardment using gold particles coated with plasmid pTEVFL. In vivo-transcribed RNA transcripts were detected by RT-PCR after two weeks in grasspea but not in subterranean clover and chickpea. Experiments were undertaken towards developing the SCMoV genome into a VIGS vector. Three forms each of five major GFP chimeric constructs of pFL (the full length SCMoV cDNA clone) were generated from which in vitro- and in vivo-transcribed RNA transcripts could be derived. The rationale used in developing these constructs was gene insertion andlor replacement with d p , and duplication of the putative subgenomic RNA promoter (sgPro) of SCMoV. The major constructs were as follows: pFLCPgfp, pFL with the d p gene fused to the 3' end of the CP gene, pFLP 1 gfp, pFL with gj27 gene fused to the 3 ' end of the ORF 1, pFLCPsgprogfp, pFL with a putative sgPro sequence and a translatable & gene cloned in tandem between the CP gene and the 3' NCR of SCMoV, pFLCPVsgprogf$, pFL with a putative sgPro sequence and a translatable gfp gene cloned in tandem between a truncated CP gene and the 3' NCR and pFLREPsgprog@, pFL with the ORF2b, a putative sgPro sequence and a translatable &fP gene cloned in tandem between a truncated CP gene and the 3' NCR These constructs were all made, but a detailed assessment of their vector potential could not be done because there was a delay of about one year whilst the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator processed the application for permission for glasshouse testing. Although additional work needs to be undertaken to complete development of a final RNA silencing vector, this study has contributed to new knowledge in terms of extending understanding of SCMoV host range, symptoms, sequence variation and control of gene expression. The constructs made have also laid the groundwork for development of a legume gene silencing vector based on SCMoV.

Submitted by CLEBER JUNIOR JADOSKI null (cjadoski@gmail.com) on 2016-02-18T20:23:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cleber Jr Jadoski.pdf: 2455858 bytes, checksum: 570df2ab1fc3e0b3ad7c70988ab927ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-19T17:53:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jadoskijunior_c_dr_bot.pdf: 2455858 bytes, checksum: 570df2ab1fc3e0b3ad7c70988ab927ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-19T17:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jadoskijunior_c_dr_bot.pdf: 2455858 bytes, checksum: 570df2ab1fc3e0b3ad7c70988ab927ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O sorgo sacarino é uma cultura que vem ganhando destaque na cadeia produtiva da sacarose, contudo, com alto consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados. No que se refere ao rendimento de sacarose pelo sorgo sacarino pode-se afirmar que alguns fatores ainda devem ser avaliados para aumentar as perspectivas de sucesso, dentre eles o aumento da produtividade e a redução nos custos de produção. Existe interação entre a cultura, elementos biológicos e o manejo, nesse último, a aplicação de mistura de reguladores vem apresentando resultados significativos nos processos metabólicos das plantas, além do aumento da produtividade. Biorreguladores são misturas de reguladores vegetais, que afetam o metabolismo vegetal, cuja ação trará benefícios aos cultivos, melhorando a qualidade e incrementando a produção. A fotossíntese possui relação direta na produtividade das plantas e é um dos processos afetados pelo metabolismo do nitrogênio. A assimilação deste nutriente destaca-se como um dos principais fatores limitantes para produção vegetal. Processos biológicos de fixação de N por organismos procariontes podem tornar os processos produtivos mais eficientes. Neste contexto a bactéria Azospirillum brasilense mostra-se promissora à fornecer nitrogênio e diminuir os custos com fertilizantes nitrogenados. Baseado nos efeitos fisiológicos que os biorreguladores desenvolvem nas plantas, em função do seu modo de ação no metabolismo fotossintético, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiológicas de sorgo sacarino inoculado com Azospirillum brasilense decorrentes da adubação nitrogenada e reguladores vegetais. O experimento constituiu-se de parcelas subdivididas e distribuídas em blocos, ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As subparcelas corresponderam a uma linha na parcela principal, alternadas por uma linha de bordadura. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de níveis de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1) nas parcelas principais aos 10 dias após a emergência (DAE) e nas subparcelas níveis do bioestimulante, produto comercial Stimulate® (0, 300, 400, 500 e 600 mL ha-1) aplicado aos 15 DAE, na cultura de sorgo sacarino cultivar BRS 505 da Embrapa, inoculado com Azospirillum brasilense. Avaliou-se as variáveis de trocas gasosas (A, gs, Ci. E) e as variáveis estimadas de EUA, A/Ci e índice SPAD aos 16, 46 e 81 DAE, área foliar aos 70 DAE, massa de matéria seca aos 90 DAE. A colheita foi realizada aos 90 DAE e os colmos foram preparados para a determinação do POL%, AR% e ART kg t-1. A aplicação do biorregulador na dose de 440,7 ml ha-1 apresentou a maior eficiência fotossintética até os 46 DAE. Nas condições experimentais o tratamento com regulador vegetal não apresentou efeito no aumento da produção de açúcar total recuperável. O biorregulador apresentou sinergia com os tratamentos de adubação nitrogenada, ocasionando incremento no desenvolvimento das características fenológicas: área foliar e massa de matéria seca da cultura. Conclui-se que a ação do biorregulador não influenciou na produção de açúcares pela planta, entretanto se mostrou um bom candidato a diminuir os custos na adubação nitrogenada da cultura, por melhorar a eficiência fotossintética tanto em plantas de sorgo sacarino em que o N metabolizado foi oriundo da inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense ou da adubação nitrogenada. / Sweet sorghum is a prominent culture that has gained in the production chain of sucrose, however, with high consumption of nitrogen fertilizers. As regards income sucrose for sweet sorghum can be said that some factors still need to be evaluated to increase the prospects for success, including increased productivity and reduction in production costs. There is interaction between culture, biological elements and management, in the latter, the application of plant growth regulators has shown significant results in the metabolic processes of plants, and increased productivity. Photosynthesis has direct bearing on the productivity of plants and is one of the processes affected by nitrogen metabolism. The assimilation of this nutrient stands out as one of the main limiting factors for crop production. Biological processes N fixation by prokaryotic organisms can make more efficient production processes. In this context the Azospirillum brasilense bacteria is promising to provide nitrogen and reduce the cost of nitrogen fertilizers. Based on the physiological effects that bioregulators develop the plants, depending on their mode of action in the photosynthetic metabolism, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses of sorghum inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense resulting from nitrogen and plant growth regulators fertilization. The experiment consisted of split plots and distributed in blocks at random, with four repetitions. The subplots correspond to a line in the main plot, alternating by a line boundary. The treatments consisted of nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1), the main plots at 10 days after emergence (DAE) and the subplots levels bioregulator, commercial product Stimulate® (0, 300, 400, 500 e 600 mL ha-1) applied at 15 DAE, the sorghum crop BRS 505 Embrapa inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Were evaluated the variables of gas exchange (A, gs, Ci, E) and the variables estimated efficiency of water use, photosynthetic efficiency and SPAD index at 16, 46 and 81 DAE, leaf area at 70 DAE, dry matter at 90 DAE. Plants were harvested at 90 DAE and the stalks were prepared for the determination of POL% RA% and TRS kg t-1. The application of plant growth regulator at a dose of 440.7 ml ha-1 had the highest photosynthetic efficiency up to 46 DAE. Under the experimental conditions the treatment plant growth regulator has no significant effect on the increase of total recoverable sugar production. The plant growth regulator showed synergy with nitrogen fertilization treatments, leading to increase in the development of phenological characteristics leaf area and dry matter of crop. Concludes that the action of the bioregulators did not influence the production of sugars by the plant, though it showed a good candidate to reduce the costs of nitrogen fertilizer in culture, to improve the photosynthetic efficiency in both sorghum plants in the N metabolized was derived from the inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-28. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000834957.pdf: 3564767 bytes, checksum: 0131b920f37cf2c928de7c95af5a707c (MD5) / Devido ao elevado custo da adubação nitrogenada e a pouca utilização da inoculação de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio na cultura do feijão, considerada ineficiente quando comparada à outras leguminosas, tecnologias que otimizem a utilização do Rhizobium nessa cultura é fundamental para a busca de uma produção sustentável. A utilização de bactérias do gênero Azospirillum em conjunto com o Rhizobium potencializa a nodulação no feijoeiro, e consequentemente a resposta da cultura à fixação biológica. A necessidade da utilização e a dose da adubação nitrogenada concomitantemente à inoculação de sementes, e o desempenho desses fatores em sistema plantio direto também é incerto. Com base nisso, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em área experimental da UNESP - Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria (MS) e no Campus de Agronomia da UNESP - Ilha Solteira, com o objetivo de verificar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do feijoeiro com inoculação de sementes (T1 - inoculação ausente, T2 - Azospirillum brasilense, T3 - Rhizobium tropici, T4 - Azospirillum brasilense + Rhizobium tropici) e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha - 1 ) Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados dispostos em um esquema fatorial 4x5, com 4 repetições no experimento em campo e 3 repetições no experimento em laboratório. Concluiu-se que: a coinoculação com A. brasilense + R. tropici proporcionou às plantas de feijão maior massa de sistema radicular e aumentou o número de vagens; a massa da parte aérea aumentou até a dose de 86 kg ha -1 de N em 2012; as maiores doses de nitrogênio mineral em cobertura diminuiu o número e a massa de nódulos; a produtividade em 2012 foi influenciada linearmente pelas doses de N, e em 2013 a inoculação com A. brasilense proporcionou a maior produtividade de grãos de feijão / Due to the high cost of nitrogen fertilization and the limited use of inoculation with nitrogen- fixing bacteria in commun bean, considered inefficient compared to other legumes, technologies that optimize the use of Rhizobium in this culture are fundamental to the pursuit of sustainable production. The use of bacteria of the genus Azospirillum together with Rhizobium may potentiate the nodulation in bean and consequently the crop response to the biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Based on this, the study was conducted in the experimental area, UNESP - Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria ( MS ) and the Campus of Agronomy UNESP - Ilha Solteira, aiming to verify the development and productivity of bean inoculated with seeds ( T1 - no inoculation, T2 - Azospirillum brasilense, T3 - Rhizobium tropici, T4 - Azospirillum brasilense + Rhizobium tropici ) and doses of nitrogen ( 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha -1 ) was used to experimental design was randomized blocks arranged in a 4x5 factorial scheme with four replications in a field experiment and 3 replications in laboratory experiment. It was concluded that: a coinoculação with A. brasilense + R. tropici bean plants greater mass of roots and increased the number of pods and the mass of shoots increased up to a dose of 86 kg ha -1 N in 2012, the highest doses of mineral nitrogen topdressing reduced the number and nodule mass ; productivity in 2012 was influenced linearly by N, and in 2013 the inoculation with A. brasilense provided the highest yield of commun beans