Submitted by CLEBER JUNIOR JADOSKI null (cjadoski@gmail.com) on 2016-02-18T20:23:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cleber Jr Jadoski.pdf: 2455858 bytes, checksum: 570df2ab1fc3e0b3ad7c70988ab927ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-19T17:53:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jadoskijunior_c_dr_bot.pdf: 2455858 bytes, checksum: 570df2ab1fc3e0b3ad7c70988ab927ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-19T17:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jadoskijunior_c_dr_bot.pdf: 2455858 bytes, checksum: 570df2ab1fc3e0b3ad7c70988ab927ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O sorgo sacarino é uma cultura que vem ganhando destaque na cadeia produtiva da sacarose, contudo, com alto consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados. No que se refere ao rendimento de sacarose pelo sorgo sacarino pode-se afirmar que alguns fatores ainda devem ser avaliados para aumentar as perspectivas de sucesso, dentre eles o aumento da produtividade e a redução nos custos de produção. Existe interação entre a cultura, elementos biológicos e o manejo, nesse último, a aplicação de mistura de reguladores vem apresentando resultados significativos nos processos metabólicos das plantas, além do aumento da produtividade. Biorreguladores são misturas de reguladores vegetais, que afetam o metabolismo vegetal, cuja ação trará benefícios aos cultivos, melhorando a qualidade e incrementando a produção. A fotossíntese possui relação direta na produtividade das plantas e é um dos processos afetados pelo metabolismo do nitrogênio. A assimilação deste nutriente destaca-se como um dos principais fatores limitantes para produção vegetal. Processos biológicos de fixação de N por organismos procariontes podem tornar os processos produtivos mais eficientes. Neste contexto a bactéria Azospirillum brasilense mostra-se promissora à fornecer nitrogênio e diminuir os custos com fertilizantes nitrogenados. Baseado nos efeitos fisiológicos que os biorreguladores desenvolvem nas plantas, em função do seu modo de ação no metabolismo fotossintético, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiológicas de sorgo sacarino inoculado com Azospirillum brasilense decorrentes da adubação nitrogenada e reguladores vegetais. O experimento constituiu-se de parcelas subdivididas e distribuídas em blocos, ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As subparcelas corresponderam a uma linha na parcela principal, alternadas por uma linha de bordadura. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de níveis de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1) nas parcelas principais aos 10 dias após a emergência (DAE) e nas subparcelas níveis do bioestimulante, produto comercial Stimulate® (0, 300, 400, 500 e 600 mL ha-1) aplicado aos 15 DAE, na cultura de sorgo sacarino cultivar BRS 505 da Embrapa, inoculado com Azospirillum brasilense. Avaliou-se as variáveis de trocas gasosas (A, gs, Ci. E) e as variáveis estimadas de EUA, A/Ci e índice SPAD aos 16, 46 e 81 DAE, área foliar aos 70 DAE, massa de matéria seca aos 90 DAE. A colheita foi realizada aos 90 DAE e os colmos foram preparados para a determinação do POL%, AR% e ART kg t-1. A aplicação do biorregulador na dose de 440,7 ml ha-1 apresentou a maior eficiência fotossintética até os 46 DAE. Nas condições experimentais o tratamento com regulador vegetal não apresentou efeito no aumento da produção de açúcar total recuperável. O biorregulador apresentou sinergia com os tratamentos de adubação nitrogenada, ocasionando incremento no desenvolvimento das características fenológicas: área foliar e massa de matéria seca da cultura. Conclui-se que a ação do biorregulador não influenciou na produção de açúcares pela planta, entretanto se mostrou um bom candidato a diminuir os custos na adubação nitrogenada da cultura, por melhorar a eficiência fotossintética tanto em plantas de sorgo sacarino em que o N metabolizado foi oriundo da inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense ou da adubação nitrogenada. / Sweet sorghum is a prominent culture that has gained in the production chain of sucrose, however, with high consumption of nitrogen fertilizers. As regards income sucrose for sweet sorghum can be said that some factors still need to be evaluated to increase the prospects for success, including increased productivity and reduction in production costs. There is interaction between culture, biological elements and management, in the latter, the application of plant growth regulators has shown significant results in the metabolic processes of plants, and increased productivity. Photosynthesis has direct bearing on the productivity of plants and is one of the processes affected by nitrogen metabolism. The assimilation of this nutrient stands out as one of the main limiting factors for crop production. Biological processes N fixation by prokaryotic organisms can make more efficient production processes. In this context the Azospirillum brasilense bacteria is promising to provide nitrogen and reduce the cost of nitrogen fertilizers. Based on the physiological effects that bioregulators develop the plants, depending on their mode of action in the photosynthetic metabolism, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses of sorghum inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense resulting from nitrogen and plant growth regulators fertilization. The experiment consisted of split plots and distributed in blocks at random, with four repetitions. The subplots correspond to a line in the main plot, alternating by a line boundary. The treatments consisted of nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1), the main plots at 10 days after emergence (DAE) and the subplots levels bioregulator, commercial product Stimulate® (0, 300, 400, 500 e 600 mL ha-1) applied at 15 DAE, the sorghum crop BRS 505 Embrapa inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Were evaluated the variables of gas exchange (A, gs, Ci, E) and the variables estimated efficiency of water use, photosynthetic efficiency and SPAD index at 16, 46 and 81 DAE, leaf area at 70 DAE, dry matter at 90 DAE. Plants were harvested at 90 DAE and the stalks were prepared for the determination of POL% RA% and TRS kg t-1. The application of plant growth regulator at a dose of 440.7 ml ha-1 had the highest photosynthetic efficiency up to 46 DAE. Under the experimental conditions the treatment plant growth regulator has no significant effect on the increase of total recoverable sugar production. The plant growth regulator showed synergy with nitrogen fertilization treatments, leading to increase in the development of phenological characteristics leaf area and dry matter of crop. Concludes that the action of the bioregulators did not influence the production of sugars by the plant, though it showed a good candidate to reduce the costs of nitrogen fertilizer in culture, to improve the photosynthetic efficiency in both sorghum plants in the N metabolized was derived from the inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization.

This study investigated the use of optical remote sensing for estimating leaf and canopy scale light use efficiency (LUE) and carbon exchange. In addition, a new leaf level model capable of predicting dynamic changes in apparent reflectance due to chlorophyll fluorescence was developed. A leaf level study was conducted to assess the applicability of passive remote sensing as a tool to measure the reduction, and the subsequent recovery, of photosynthetic efficiency during the weeks following transplantation. Spectral data were collected on newly planted saplings for a period of 8 weeks, as well as gas exchange measurements of LUE and PAM fluorescence measurements. A set of spectral indices, including the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), were calculated from the reflectance measurements. A marked depression in photosynthetic rate occurred in the weeks after outplanting followed by a gradual increase, with recovery occurring in the later stages of the experimental period. As with photosynthetic rate, there was a marked trend in PRI values over the study period but no trend was observed in chlorophyll based indices. The study demonstrated that hyperspectral remote sensing has the potential to be a useful tool in the detection and monitoring of the dynamic effects of transplant shock. Relationships between hyperspectral reflectance indices, airborne carbon exchange measurements and satellite observations of ground cover were then explored across a heterogeneous Arctic landscape. Measurements were collected during August 2008, using the University of Edinburgh’s research aircraft, from an Arctic forest tundra zone in northern Finland as part of the Arctic Biosphere Atmosphere Coupling at Multiple Scales (ABACUS) study. Surface fluxes of CO2 were calculated using the eddy covariance method from airborne data that were collected from the same platform as hyperspectral reflectance measurements. Airborne CO2 fluxes were compared to MODIS vegetation indices. In addition, LUE was estimated from airborne flux data and compared to airborne measurements of PRI. There were no significant relationships between MODIS vegetation indices and airborne flux observations. There were weak to moderate (R2 = 0.4 in both cases) correlations between PRI and LUE and between PRI and incident radiation. A new coupled physiological radiative transfer model that predicts changes in the apparent reflectance of a leaf, due to chlorophyll fluorescence, was developed. The model relates a physically observable quantity, chlorophyll fluorescence, to the sub leaf level processes that cause the emission. An understanding of the dynamics of the processes that control fluorescence emission on multiple timescales should aid in the interpretation of this complex signal. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm was used to optimise biochemical model parameters by fitting model simulations of transient chlorophyll fluorescence to measured reflectance spectra. The model was then validated against an independent data set. The model was developed as a precursor to a full canopy scheme. To scale to the canopy and to use the model on trans-seasonal time scales, the effects of temperature and photoinhibition on the model biochemistry needs to be taken into account, and a full canopy radiative transfer scheme, such as FluorMOD, must be developed.

abstract: Microscopic algae have been investigated extensively by researchers for decades for their ability to bioremediate wastewater and flue gas while producing valuable biomass for use as feed, fuel, fertilizer, nutraceutical, and other specialty products. Reports of the exciting commercial potential of this diverse group of organisms started appearing in the literature as early as the 1940’s. However, nearly 80 years later, relatively few successful commercial microalgae installations exist and algae have not yet reached agricultural commodity status. This dissertation examines three major bottlenecks to commercial microalgae production including lack of an efficient and economical cultivation strategy, poor management of volatile waste nutrients, and costly harvesting and post processing strategies. A chapter is devoted to each of these three areas to gain a better understanding of each bottleneck as well as strategies for overcoming them. The first chapter demonstrates the capability of two strains of Scenedesmus acutus to grow in ultra-high-density (>10 g L-1 dry weight biomass) cultures in flat panel photobioreactors for year-round production in the desert Southwest with record volumetric biomass productivity. The advantages and efficiency of high-density cultivation are discussed. The second chapter focuses on uptake and utilization of the volatile components of wastewater: ammonia and carbon dioxide. Scenedesmus acutus was cultured on wastewater from both municipal and agricultural origin and was shown to perform significantly better on flue gas as compared to commercial grade CO2 and just as well on waste nutrients as the commonly used BG-11 laboratory culture media, all while producing up to 50% lipids of the dry weight biomass suitable for use in biodiesel. The third chapter evaluates the feasibility of using gravity sedimentation for the harvesting of the difficult-to-separate Scenedesmus acutus green algae biomass followed by microfluidization to disrupt the cells. Lipid-extracted biomass was then studied as a fertilizer for plants and shown to have similar performance to a commercially available 4-6-6 fertilizer. Based on the work from these three chapters, a summary of modifications are suggested to help current and future microalgae companies be more competitive in the marketplace with traditional agricultural commodities. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Molecular and Cellular Biology 2019

Worldwide, coral cover has declined at rates that have often exceeded 5% per year since the 1980’s. Populations of scleractinians (stony corals) in the Florida Keys reef tract have declined as well, with some communities declining at rates > 3% per year. Decreased water quality (e.g., steady increases in the ocean water temperatures and increased pollution, nutrients, or water turbidity due to coastal runoff) are commonly attributed to this decline. But actual linkages between variability and trends in these environmental parameters, and in stony coral diversity and ecosystem functions such as net community production, have not yet been well characterized. With this research, I examined the influence of water quality (water temperature, nutrients and turbidity) on stony coral diversity and net community productivity in shallow-water reef ecosystems of the Florida Keys between 1996 and 2010. Differences in stony coral diversity in Florida Keys patch reefs with respect to sea surface temperature (SST) variability are evaluated in Chapter Two. Habitat-specific differences in stony coral diversity with respect to changes in a suite of environmental parameters (water turbidity, nutrients, water temperature and depth) are addressed in Chapter Three. Differences in daytime net community production and light-adapted stony coral photosynthetic efficiencies among three reef sites with different turbidity levels and seasons (May and October) are presented in Chapter Four. Environmental parameters examined to characterize the differences in stony coral diversity across the Florida Reef Tract included satellite-derived sea surface temperature [SST] and Degree Heating Weeks [DHWs], field observations of bio-optical properties of the water, and nutrient concentrations. These parameters were compared with live coral cover and species richness, net community production, and coral photo-physiological observations. In Chapter Two, I found that stony coral cover and diversity was higher in patch reefs of the Florida Keys relative to offshore and deeper reefs. Generally, patch reefs were characterized by intermediate to high SST variability (≥7.0°C2). Intermediate SST variance (7.0–10.9°C2) was correlated with higher diversity indices for patch reefs of the Upper (Shannon Diversity: 1.2–1.5) and Middle Keys (Species Richness: 13–19), suggesting that stony coral species in these habitats are either adapted to intermediate temperature ranges or thermal acclimation has taken place for individual colonies. Additionally, I found that found that years for which cold and warm-water extremes coincided (i.e., highest SST variance), such as 1997-98 and 2009-2010, led to significant reductions in both H’ and SR. Coral bleaching and mortality were associated with exposure to cold- and warm-water temperature extremes and the combination of both extremes were associated with reductions in stony coral diversity. The highest species richness and abundance were found in patch reefs of the Middle Keys, despite exposure to the warmest water-temperature anomaly events (as indicated by DHWs exceeding the coral bleaching threshold of 4) observed during the summers of 1998 and 2010. In Chapter Three, I found that the environmental parameters that best explained the differences in stony coral diversity (species composition and abundance) on patch reefs of the Florida Keys were water turbidity, nutrients, surface water temperature, % surface oxygen saturation and chlorophyll a concentrations averaged over a period of 24 months, along with depth (F = 4.4, R2 = 0.66, R2adj. = 0.40, p < 0.05). Surface water turbidity and depth were the most relevant environmental parameters driving the differences in stony coral diversity (R2 = 0.17, p < 0.05, R2 = 0.10, p < 0.05, respectively). The influence of these environmental parameters decreased towards offshore shallow and deep reefs. In the Florida Keys, stony coral diversity was the highest at patch reefs of the Middle and Lower Keys where exposed to higher water turbidity and nutrients than those in the Upper Keys located in clearer waters. This suggests that, at long-term scales, corals in patch reef environments exposed to higher water turbidity and water temperature variabilities (as reported in Chapter Two) might be better able to withstand thermal and light-induced stress. Moreover, a short-term study (described in Chapter Four) indicated that the net community production (NEP) was similar among sites with different water turbidity levels (i.e., Cheeca Rocks and Crocker Reef; Upper Keys and Sugarloaf Key; Lower Keys) and seasons (May or October). However, the light-adapted photosynthetic efficiencies (F/Fm’) varied spatiotemporally. The highest F/Fm’ values (0.57–0.69) were found at the nearshore patch reef of Sugarloaf Key, Lower Keys, in October 2012. At this patch reef, high light attenuation (Kd (488) = 0.12 m-1) was associated with absorption by colored dissolved organic matter and exacerbated by particulates following thunderstorms. The lowest F/Fm’ values ( This study represents a baseline against which future observations on coral reef biodiversity and net community production in the Florida Keys reef tract may be evaluated.

A eficiência fotossintética do fitoplâncton da baía de Santos foi estudada através de amostras de água coletadas bimestralmente, de fevereiro a dezembro de 1976. Foram amostradas três estações consideradas as mais representativas dos diferentes ambientes da região: uma estação na boca do estuário, outra próxima à praia e a última na entrada da baía. A região despertou interesse devido à presença de poluentes das mais diversas naturezas que poderiam afetar o fitoplâncton. A análise dos parâmetros físico-químicos (transparência, temperatura, salinidade, pH, material em suspensão, Oxigênio dissolvido, nutrientes e Mercúrio) foram efetuadas pela CETESB. A determinação da biomassa do fitoplâncton foi feita pela contagem de células e por medidas da concentração de clorofila-a. A produção primária foi determinada pelo método do 14C. As amostras foram incubadas a diferentes intensidades de luz até um máximo de 60 Klux, a fim de se determinar a eficiência da fotossíntese à luz de saturação. A radioatividade das amostras foi medida pelo contador \"G-M\" e por cintilação líquida. Baseando-se na comparação dos resultados entre estes dois aparelhos, sugere-se que dados obtidos anteriormente através do contador \"G-M\" sejam corrigidos e que este equipamento não seja mais utilizado. Os resultados do Número de Assimilação, assim como da biomassa fitoplanctônica apresentaram-se bastante elevados mesmo quando comparados a outras regiões eutróficas, devido à grande quantidade de nutrientes na região. Os valores de produção primária e de número de assimilação provavelmente estão subestimados devido a diversos fatores que são discutidos no presente estudo. Foram observadas células deformadas de Skeletonema e Lepto-cylindrus. Também são discutidos as possíveis causas destas anomalias. / The phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency of Santos Bay was studied by means of water samples colected bimensaly, from February to December, 1976. Three points were sampled, the most characteristic of the different environments in the region: one station at the estuary mouth, one next to the beach and the last one at the bay entrance. The region is interesting due to the presence of different kinds of polutants, which could afectt the phytoplankton. The analyses of the physical and chemical parameters (trans-parency, temperature, salinity, pH, suspended material,dissol-ved Oxigen, nutrients and Mercury) were carried on by CETESB. The phytoplankton standing-stock determination was made by cells counts and by clorophyll-a concentration measurements. The primary production was determined by 14C method. The samples were incubated at several light intensities up to a maximum of 60 Klux to determine the photosynthesis efficiency at the saturation light. The radioactivity of the samples was measured by \"G-M\"counter and by liquid scintillation. The comparisons of the results between both theequipments suggest that the previous data from \"G-M\" counter must be corrected and that we d\'ont should use this apparatus anymore. The results of the assimilation number, as well as the phytoplankton biomass were high even when comparing then to other eutrofic regions, because of the high leveI of nutrient of the region. The values of primary production and assimilation number probably are subestimated because of several factors that are discussed in the presente paper. Deformed cells of Skeletonema and Leptocylindrus were ob-served. The possible causes of these anomalies are also dis-cussed.

A eficiência fotossintética do fitoplâncton da baía de Santos foi estudada através de amostras de água coletadas bimestralmente, de fevereiro a dezembro de 1976. Foram amostradas três estações consideradas as mais representativas dos diferentes ambientes da região: uma estação na boca do estuário, outra próxima à praia e a última na entrada da baía. A região despertou interesse devido à presença de poluentes das mais diversas naturezas que poderiam afetar o fitoplâncton. A análise dos parâmetros físico-químicos (transparência, temperatura, salinidade, pH, material em suspensão, Oxigênio dissolvido, nutrientes e Mercúrio) foram efetuadas pela CETESB. A determinação da biomassa do fitoplâncton foi feita pela contagem de células e por medidas da concentração de clorofila-a. A produção primária foi determinada pelo método do 14C. As amostras foram incubadas a diferentes intensidades de luz até um máximo de 60 Klux, a fim de se determinar a eficiência da fotossíntese à luz de saturação. A radioatividade das amostras foi medida pelo contador \"G-M\" e por cintilação líquida. Baseando-se na comparação dos resultados entre estes dois aparelhos, sugere-se que dados obtidos anteriormente através do contador \"G-M\" sejam corrigidos e que este equipamento não seja mais utilizado. Os resultados do Número de Assimilação, assim como da biomassa fitoplanctônica apresentaram-se bastante elevados mesmo quando comparados a outras regiões eutróficas, devido à grande quantidade de nutrientes na região. Os valores de produção primária e de número de assimilação provavelmente estão subestimados devido a diversos fatores que são discutidos no presente estudo. Foram observadas células deformadas de Skeletonema e Lepto-cylindrus. Também são discutidos as possíveis causas destas anomalias. / The phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency of Santos Bay was studied by means of water samples colected bimensaly, from February to December, 1976. Three points were sampled, the most characteristic of the different environments in the region: one station at the estuary mouth, one next to the beach and the last one at the bay entrance. The region is interesting due to the presence of different kinds of polutants, which could afectt the phytoplankton. The analyses of the physical and chemical parameters (trans-parency, temperature, salinity, pH, suspended material,dissol-ved Oxigen, nutrients and Mercury) were carried on by CETESB. The phytoplankton standing-stock determination was made by cells counts and by clorophyll-a concentration measurements. The primary production was determined by 14C method. The samples were incubated at several light intensities up to a maximum of 60 Klux to determine the photosynthesis efficiency at the saturation light. The radioactivity of the samples was measured by \"G-M\"counter and by liquid scintillation. The comparisons of the results between both theequipments suggest that the previous data from \"G-M\" counter must be corrected and that we d\'ont should use this apparatus anymore. The results of the assimilation number, as well as the phytoplankton biomass were high even when comparing then to other eutrofic regions, because of the high leveI of nutrient of the region. The values of primary production and assimilation number probably are subestimated because of several factors that are discussed in the presente paper. Deformed cells of Skeletonema and Leptocylindrus were ob-served. The possible causes of these anomalies are also dis-cussed.

Crop yields are coming under pressure to continue to grow in the face of climate change, competition, disease and pressure to reduce inputs. Photosynthetic efficiency is being targeted for improvement to increase yields. This study examined the variation in parameters of photosynthetic efficiency including canopy structure (leaf length, canopy angle, and chlorophyll content and growth rate) and gas exchange (photosynthetic rate, stomatal density and chlorophyll fluorescence) in Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp vulgare). These were first established for modern cultivars representing the most widely grown lines in the last 60 years. As cultivars are developed from a small pool of parents they may have limited genetic variation available for breeding. Landraces have been suggested as sources of variation. Using field and growth cabinet based studies the photosynthetic efficiencies of canopy structure and gas exchange were established for a range of European landraces under high and low nutrient inputs. This study demonstrated that in modern cultivars the leaf length increased with year of release from 23.2 to 29.6 cm and the chlorophyll content decreased from 46.9 to 34.8 SPAD units. Once the ear had emerged no difference was seen in canopy structure or photosynthetic rate. There was variation in landrace canopy establishment rate, leaf angle and number of leaves present within the canopy. The landraces from Northern European latitudes pushed though booting and reached full canopy establishment up to 8 days sooner than those from Southern Europe. This may be a response to a shorter growth season at Northern latitudes requiring the canopy to be established quickly. The landraces held the leaves within their canopy in a more horizontal position than the Southern European lines with leaf angle ranging from 18-45 degrees at GS39 and 31-84 degrees at GS59. This regressed negatively with temperature so it may be that a vertical canopy structure is beneficial in areas with higher temperatures. The photosynthetic rate of the landraces showed no variation but when chlorophyll fluorescence examined the efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) there was a positive regression of Fv/Fm ratio with latitude. This suggested that lines from Southern Europe were experiencing a greater stress with a ratio of up to 0.822 compared to those lines from the North with ratios from 0.767. The stomatal density of the landraces showed a large difference in ranges from 22-41 stomata between the lines. When high and low nutrient inputs were compared reductions from a ratio of 0.48 to 0.47 in Harvest Index and from 55g to 52g in 1000 grain weight were seen. The chlorophyll content of the lines was also reduced from 41.7 to 39.2 SPAD units at GS39 and from 44.9 to 39.8 SPAD units at GS59 by the reduction in nutrient inputs which may be a result of less N available for the production of chlorophyll. In conclusion there is variation present in canopy structure in European landraces that may be useful for future breeding or in identifying landrace collections which could be targeted for traits of interest in photosynthetic efficiency. These landraces may provide traits which could be used to develop cultivars which are locally adapted to climate and environmental conditions.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Como todas as demais atividades agropecuÃrias, a criaÃÃo de pequenos ruminante à geradora de resÃduos que, manejados inadequadamente, acarretam em impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. Entretanto, vale salientar que, quando corretamente manejados, os resÃduos oriundos da ovinocaprinocultura apresentam alto potencial como insumos agrÃcolas. Objetivou-se avaliar as caracterÃsticas morfofisiolÃgicas de Pennisetum purpureum cv Cameroon irrigado e submetido a doses de composto orgÃnico proveniente de resÃduos da produÃÃo e do abate de pequenos ruminantes. O experimento foi realizado em capineira de capim-elefante, na Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral-CE. Os tratamentos foram doses do composto orgÃnico (0; 13,3; 26,6; 39,9; 53,2; 79,8 t&#61598;ha-1), alÃm de um tratamento mineral de nitrogÃnio e potÃssio numa dose equivalente a 720 e 900 kg&#61598;ha-1&#61598;ano-1, respectivamente. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos completos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com medidas repetidas no tempo, onde as parcelas corresponderam a sete doses de composto orgÃnico e um tratamento adicional (adubaÃÃo mineral) e, as subparcelas, quatro ciclos de crescimento da cultura. A eficiÃncia quÃntica potencial (FV/FM) apresentou valor de 0,75 na dose de 79,8 t&#61598;ha-1. PorÃm, a razÃo de decrÃscimo da fluorescÃncia (Rfd) respondeu de maneira quadrÃtica nos ciclos 1 e 2, denotando bom funcionamento do aparato fotossintÃtico ao longo dos ciclos. Nos ciclos 1 e 2, foi verificado a taxa de acÃmulo de forragem mÃxima de 278,9 kg de MS&#61598;ha-1&#61598;dia-1, na dose de 70,63 t&#61598;ha-1. As variÃveis biomassa de lÃmina foliar verde (BLV) e de colmo verde (BCV) apresentaram comportamento quadrÃtico no ciclo 1, com ponto de mÃximo nas doses 67,73 e 63,05 t&#61598;ha-1, respectivamente. Comportamento semelhante foi verificado para as variÃveis eficiÃncia de uso Ãgua para produÃÃo de lÃmina (EUABLV) e de colmo (EUABCV), com ponto de mÃximo nas doses 62,94 e 60,28 t&#61598;ha-1 do composto. A anÃlise de contraste entre as doses do composto orgÃnico x adubaÃÃo mineral nÃo revelou efeito no primeiro ciclo para a maioria das variÃveis analisadas. Conclui-se que devido à alta taxa de mineralizaÃÃo do nitrogÃnio do composto orgÃnico nos dois primeiros ciclos de crescimento, hà a necessidade da suplementaÃÃo com o uso de adubaÃÃo nitrogenada nos ciclos subsequentes, com o propÃsito de garantir a manutenÃÃo da produtividade. / Similarly to other agricultural activities, small ruminant farming produces waste that, if managed improperly, results in negative environmental impacts. However, when properly managed, sheep and goat farming waste have a high potential to be used as agricultural inputs. This study evaluated the morphological and physiological characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon irrigated and subjected to different levels of organic compost from waste production and slaughter of small ruminants. The experiment was conducted in a cut and carry elephant grass at Embrapa Goats and Sheep, Sobral-CE. The treatments consisted of different levels of the organic compost (0; 13,3; 26,6; 39,9; 53,2; 79,8 t&#61598;ha-1) besides a mineral treatment of nitrogen and potassium equivalent to 720 and 900 kg&#61598;ha-1&#61598;year-1 , respectively. This was a split-plot randomized complete block design with repeated measures over time, in which the plots corresponded to seven levels of organic compost and an additional treatment (mineral fertilization), and the subplots to four crop growth cycles. The potential quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) showed a value of 0,75 at a level of 79,8 t&#61598;ha-1. The fluorescence decrease ratio (Rfd) responded quadratically in cycles 1 and 2, indicating proper functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus over the cycles. In cycles 1 and 2, it was observed the maximum forage accumulation rate of 278,9 kg DM&#61598;ha-1&#61598;day1 at a level of 70,63 t&#61598;ha-1. Biomass of leaf blades (LDB) and green stems (GCB) presented a quadratic response in cycle 1, with maximum point at the levels 67,73 and 63,05 t&#61598;ha-1, respectively. Similar behavior was found for the variables water use efficiency for blade production (WUELDB) and stem (WUEGCB), with maximum point at the levels 62,94 and 60,28 t&#61598;ha-1 compost. The contrast analysis between the levels of the organic compost x mineral fertilization evidenced no effect in the first cycle for most variables. In conclusion, due to the high rate of mineralization of nitrogen from the organic compost in the first two growth cycles, there is need for supplementation with nitrogen fertilizer in subsequent cycles, for the purpose of maintaining productivity.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-21T18:41:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VALÉRIA FERNANDES DE OLIVEIRA SOUSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT-2017.pdf: 2027743 bytes, checksum: 6ca8150b959fb0703c67f3a12bf50521 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T18:41:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VALÉRIA FERNANDES DE OLIVEIRA SOUSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT-2017.pdf: 2027743 bytes, checksum: 6ca8150b959fb0703c67f3a12bf50521 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-25 / O cultivo do meloeiro exerce importância social e econômica à Região Nordeste por levar rentabilidade de produtores. Os estresses abióticos são responsáveis pela perda de produção agrícola no mundo inteiro especialmente nas regiões semiáridas, sendo que a salinidade da água e do solo afeta o desenvolvimento e a produção de espécies hortícolas, logo a seleção de cultivares de meloeiro tolerante à salinidade é relevante para a exploração da cultura. Nesse sentido, o estudo teve como objetivo estudar a influência da salinidade da água e solo nos mecanismos fisiológicos envolvidos com o crescimento, eficiência fotossintética e produção de cultivares de meloeiro. O experimento foi realizado em dois ensaios em ambiente de casa de vegetação na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar, Pombal-PB. No primeiro ensaio foi feita seleção de cultivares tolerantes ao estresse salino, testando-se seis cultivares de meloeiro, durante a produção de mudas, com delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 6x5, seis cultivares (Natal, Solares, Goldex, Mandacaru, Iracema e Amarelo Ouro) e cinco concentrações salinas na água de irrigação (0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7; 3,5 dS m -1 CE) com quatro repetições. Foram aferidas mensurações biométricas, fisiológicas e fitomassa. O aumento da salinidade inibiu o desenvolvimento fenológico, aparato fotossintético e acúmulo de massa seca das mudas de meloeiro. As cultivares Natal, Iracema e Goldex foram as mais adaptadas, enquanto que Mandacaru, Solares e Amarelo Ouro as mais sensíveis às condições salinas na produção de mudas. Posteriormente foi realizado o segundo ensaio com o delineamento em blocos cazualizados em esquema fatorial 3x5, três cultivares (Iracema, Goldex e Natal) e cinco concentrações salinas no solo (0,3; 1,3; 2,3; 3,3; 4,3 dS m-1 CE), em quatro repetições para avaliação da biometria, fisiologia e produção. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos de 20 L em sistema tutorado. Os níveis de salinidade do estrato de saturação do solo foram obtidos a partir da dissolução do cloreto de sódio (NaCl), calculado conforme os tratamentos, considerando a salinidade incial do solo (0,3 dS m-1 ), o peso de solo por vaso (20 kg) e a porcentagem de saturação (23%). Nas condições em que o trabalho foi conduzido conclui-se que o aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação inibiu o desenvolvimento com danos fisiológicos as cultivares de meloeiro, mas, dentre as cultivares a Natal revelou maior tolerância aos sais e superou as demais em produtividade. / The cultivation of the melon exerts social and economic importance to the Northeast Region for increasing profitability of producers. Abiotic stresses are responsible for the loss of agricultural production worldwide, especially in semi-arid regions, where salinity of water and soil affects the development and production of horticultural species, so the selection of salinity-tolerant melon cultivars is relevant for the exploitation of culture. In this sense, the study aimed to study the influence of salinity of water and soil on the physiological mechanisms involved with growth, photosynthetic efficiency and production of melon cultivars. The experiment was carried out in two greenhouse experiments at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Agro-Food Science and Technology Center, Pombal-PB. In the first trial, a selection of cultivars tolerant to saline stress was carried out, six cultivars of melon were tested during the production of seedlings, with a randomized block design in a 6x5 factorial scheme, six cultivars (Natal, Solares, Goldex, Mandacaru, Iracema and ) And five saline concentrations in irrigation water (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, 3.5 dS m -1 EC) with four replications. Biometric, physiological and phytomass measurements were measured. The increase in salinity inhibited the phenological development, photosynthetic apparatus and accumulation of dry mass of the melon seedlings. The cultivars Natal, Iracema and Goldex were the most adapted, while Mandacaru, Solares and Amarelo Ouro the most sensitive to salt conditions in the production of seedlings. The second experiment was carried out with a 3x5 factorial design, three cultivars (Iracema, Goldex and Natal) and five saline concentrations in the soil (0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, 4,3 dS m-1 EC), in four replicates for evaluation of biometry, physiology and production. The experiment was conducted in 20 L pots under tutorship. The salinity levels of the soil saturation stratum were obtained from the dissolution of sodium chloride (NaCl), calculated according to the treatments, considering the initial salinity of the soil (0.3 dS m-1 ), the soil weight (20 kg) and the saturation percentage (23%). In the conditions under which the work was carried out, it was concluded that the increase in the salinity of the irrigation water inhibited the development with physiological damages of the melon cultivars, but, among the cultivars at Natal, it showed higher tolerance to the salts and exceeded the others in productivity.

Biogeochemical processes of reefs have been studied for over fifty years, however, information is still lacking on several fundamental reef processes. This lack of information has been limited essentially by techniques that cannot repeatedly sample large spatial areas. These limitations can be reduced with the use of an optical model to estimate biogeochemical processes. This project applied Monteith's light-use efficiency model to coral reef communities for determining photosynthetic and calcification efficiency of light. Gross primary production and net calcification were pooled from the peer-reviewed literature to calculate efficiency. Process efficiency was then compared across functional types of reef communities (i.e., coral, algae/seagrasses, mixed, and sand), and by year, location, season, and depth. Photosynthetic efficiency was calculated from 19 studies, showing an average of 0.039 mol O2 mol-1 photons. Photosynthetic efficiency differed significantly for mixed communities between studies, and for algae/seagrass communities among depths. Calcification efficiency averaged at 0.007 mol CaCO3 mol-1 photons. Significant differences were found in calcification efficiency of algae/seagrasses and mixed reef communities among studies and localities. Additionally, calcification efficiency of algae/seagrasses varied significantly in accordance with depth. Future use of the light-use efficiency model will require determining the efficiency of each functional type to estimate gross production and calcification. Additionally, further investigation of the light-use efficiency model will require long-term measurements of APAR, which is the fraction of incident light absorbed, and the incorporation of environmental parameters that reduce efficiency.