Buscando aumentar a qualidade de software, a área de Engenharia de Software tem produzido ferramentas para auxílio ao desenvolvimento de software assim como tem estudado e produzido formas de controlar o processo de desenvolvimento. A tecnologia existente para coordenação de atividades humanas - incluindo sistemas de Workflow e PSEE (Process-Centered Software Engineering Environments) - possui algumas limitações. Uma das principais é a falta de flexibilidade. Algumas características importantes de processos de software não têm sido levadas em consideração pela tecnologia disponível, como por exemplo: o aspecto humano envolvido, a dificuldade em definir todo o processo antes de executá-lo, o tratamento de mudanças durante a execução, dentre outras. Além disso, quando se considera a construção de PSEEs, notase a necessidade de uma abordagem formal adequada, que permita um melhor entendimento, análise e comparação com outros modelos. Este trabalho apresenta e discute um modelo conceitual e mecanismos para contribuir para o aumento da flexibilidade e do nível de automação fornecidos para execução de processos. Para atingir os objetivos do trabalho, foi proposta uma arquitetura, denominada APSEE, construída a partir de um meta-modelo unificado que integra informações organizacionais, gerenciais, sobre artefatos do processo, e sobre ferramentas do ambiente. O modelo proposto define de forma rigorosa seus componentes. Assim, as propriedades de recursos e pessoas são descritas visando melhorar o controle de sua alocação, permitindo a construção de um mecanismo de apoio à instanciação de recursos e pessoas em processos. Além disso, uma linguagem de modelagem visual de processos de software é proposta. Por fim, é fornecido o mecanismo de execução de processos que permite modificações dinâmicas, verifica a consistência dessas modificações, e permite acompanhamento da execução de processos pelo gerente. Os diferentes componentes envolvidos na definição do modelo APSEE proposto foram especificados formalmente através de método algébrico e também através da abordagem de gramáticas de grafos, constituindo uma base semântica de alto nível de abstração que deu origem a um conjunto de protótipos implementados como ferramentas do ambiente PROSOFT-Java. A implementação também serviu para constatar a viabilidade do uso do APSEE como plataforma de integração para vários serviços de gerência de processos desenvolvidos como atividades de pesquisa no contexto do grupo PROSOFT. Finalmente, são apresentadas considerações acerca dos trabalhos relacionados, os elementos críticos que influenciam a aplicabilidade do modelo e as atividades adicionais vislumbradas a partir do trabalho proposto. / Software Engineering evolved to increase software quality through the definition of tools to support both development and management processes. However, the existing technology to provide automated support for human activity coordination - mainly represented by Workflow Management Systems and Process-Centered Software Engineering Environments (PSEEs) - has some limitations. One of the most important limitations is related to the low level of flexibility provided by current tools. Existing technologies provide limited support for some important software process characteristics, which includes, for example, the humanistic aspect of software processes, the difficult to completely prescribe the process model in advance, and the lack of adequate support for dynamic changes on enacting processes. Besides, the construction of a PSEE demand an adequate formal approach for its specification, which can improve its understandability and analysis, while constitutes a basis for comparison with similar proposals. This work presents and discusses a conceptual model and mechanisms which jointly aim to increase the level of flexibility and automation provided for software processes enactment. In order to reach this goal, a software-based architecture is proposed, named APSEE, which provides a unified meta-model that integrates organizational and management information, along with software artifact and tool support. The proposed meta-model rigorously defines its components. Therefore, resource and people properties are formally described in order to allow better allocation through an automated process instantiation mechanism. In addition, a visual software process modeling language is provided which is, in turn, related to the underlying meta-model. Finally, a flexible process enactment mechanism was specified to support dynamic changes on process models that work together with consistency check and monitoring mechanisms. The required software components for the proposed meta-model were specified using algebraic specification and graph grammar-based techniques which, in turn, were used to build prototypes for the Java-PROSOFT environment. This implementation was also useful to evaluate the feasibility of using APSEE as an integration platform for a number of process management services developed by PROSOFT research group. Finally, it is discussed how this proposal relates to the current technological state-ofthe- art, the critical elements that can influence its applicability and effectiveness, and the expected future activities.

Buscando aumentar a qualidade de software, a área de Engenharia de Software tem produzido ferramentas para auxílio ao desenvolvimento de software assim como tem estudado e produzido formas de controlar o processo de desenvolvimento. A tecnologia existente para coordenação de atividades humanas - incluindo sistemas de Workflow e PSEE (Process-Centered Software Engineering Environments) - possui algumas limitações. Uma das principais é a falta de flexibilidade. Algumas características importantes de processos de software não têm sido levadas em consideração pela tecnologia disponível, como por exemplo: o aspecto humano envolvido, a dificuldade em definir todo o processo antes de executá-lo, o tratamento de mudanças durante a execução, dentre outras. Além disso, quando se considera a construção de PSEEs, notase a necessidade de uma abordagem formal adequada, que permita um melhor entendimento, análise e comparação com outros modelos. Este trabalho apresenta e discute um modelo conceitual e mecanismos para contribuir para o aumento da flexibilidade e do nível de automação fornecidos para execução de processos. Para atingir os objetivos do trabalho, foi proposta uma arquitetura, denominada APSEE, construída a partir de um meta-modelo unificado que integra informações organizacionais, gerenciais, sobre artefatos do processo, e sobre ferramentas do ambiente. O modelo proposto define de forma rigorosa seus componentes. Assim, as propriedades de recursos e pessoas são descritas visando melhorar o controle de sua alocação, permitindo a construção de um mecanismo de apoio à instanciação de recursos e pessoas em processos. Além disso, uma linguagem de modelagem visual de processos de software é proposta. Por fim, é fornecido o mecanismo de execução de processos que permite modificações dinâmicas, verifica a consistência dessas modificações, e permite acompanhamento da execução de processos pelo gerente. Os diferentes componentes envolvidos na definição do modelo APSEE proposto foram especificados formalmente através de método algébrico e também através da abordagem de gramáticas de grafos, constituindo uma base semântica de alto nível de abstração que deu origem a um conjunto de protótipos implementados como ferramentas do ambiente PROSOFT-Java. A implementação também serviu para constatar a viabilidade do uso do APSEE como plataforma de integração para vários serviços de gerência de processos desenvolvidos como atividades de pesquisa no contexto do grupo PROSOFT. Finalmente, são apresentadas considerações acerca dos trabalhos relacionados, os elementos críticos que influenciam a aplicabilidade do modelo e as atividades adicionais vislumbradas a partir do trabalho proposto. / Software Engineering evolved to increase software quality through the definition of tools to support both development and management processes. However, the existing technology to provide automated support for human activity coordination - mainly represented by Workflow Management Systems and Process-Centered Software Engineering Environments (PSEEs) - has some limitations. One of the most important limitations is related to the low level of flexibility provided by current tools. Existing technologies provide limited support for some important software process characteristics, which includes, for example, the humanistic aspect of software processes, the difficult to completely prescribe the process model in advance, and the lack of adequate support for dynamic changes on enacting processes. Besides, the construction of a PSEE demand an adequate formal approach for its specification, which can improve its understandability and analysis, while constitutes a basis for comparison with similar proposals. This work presents and discusses a conceptual model and mechanisms which jointly aim to increase the level of flexibility and automation provided for software processes enactment. In order to reach this goal, a software-based architecture is proposed, named APSEE, which provides a unified meta-model that integrates organizational and management information, along with software artifact and tool support. The proposed meta-model rigorously defines its components. Therefore, resource and people properties are formally described in order to allow better allocation through an automated process instantiation mechanism. In addition, a visual software process modeling language is provided which is, in turn, related to the underlying meta-model. Finally, a flexible process enactment mechanism was specified to support dynamic changes on process models that work together with consistency check and monitoring mechanisms. The required software components for the proposed meta-model were specified using algebraic specification and graph grammar-based techniques which, in turn, were used to build prototypes for the Java-PROSOFT environment. This implementation was also useful to evaluate the feasibility of using APSEE as an integration platform for a number of process management services developed by PROSOFT research group. Finally, it is discussed how this proposal relates to the current technological state-ofthe- art, the critical elements that can influence its applicability and effectiveness, and the expected future activities.

Des nombreuses applications de méthodes formelles se fondent sur les solveurs SMT pour valider automatiquement les conditions à vérifier et fournissent des certificats de leurs résultats. Nous visons à la fois à améliorer l'efficacité des solveurs SMT et à accroître leur fiabilité. Notre première contribution est un cadre uniforme pour le raisonnement avec des formules quantifiées dans les solveurs SMT, dans lequel généralement diverses techniques d'instanciation sont utilisées. Nous montrons que les principales techniques d'instanciation peuvent être jetées dans ce cadre. Le cadre repose sur le problème de l'E-ground (dis)unification. Nous présentons une procédure de décision pour résoudre ce problème en pratique: Fermeture de congruence avec variables libres (CCFV}). Nous mesurons l'impact de CCFV dans les solveurs SMT veriT et CVC4. Nous montrons que nos implémentations présentent des améliorations par rapport aux approches à la fine pointe de la technologie. Notre deuxième contribution est un cadre pour le traitement des formules tout en produisant des preuves détaillées. Les principaux composants de notre cadre de production de preuve sont un algorithme de récurrence contextuelle générique et un ensemble extensible de règles d'inférence. Avec des structures de données appropriées, la génération des preuves ne crée que des frais généraux linéaires et les vérifications peuvent être vérifiées en temps linéaire. Nous avons également mis en œuvre l'approche en veriT. Cela nous a permis de simplifier considérablement la base du code tout en augmentant le nombre de problèmes pour lesquels des preuves détaillées peuvent être produites / In many formal methods applications it is common to rely on SMT solvers to automatically discharge conditions that need to be checked and provide certificates of their results. In this thesis we aim both to improve their efficiency of and to increase their reliability. Our first contribution is a uniform framework for reasoning with quantified formulas in SMT solvers, in which generally various instantiation techniques are employed. We show that the major instantiation techniques can be all cast in this unifying framework. Its basis is the problem of E-ground (dis)unification, a variation of the classic rigid E-unification problem. We introduce a decision procedure to solve this problem in practice: Congruence Closure with Free Variables (CCFV). We measure the impact of optimizations and instantiation techniques based on CCFV in the SMT solvers veriT and CVC4, showing that our implementations exhibit improvements over state-of-the-art approaches in several benchmark libraries stemming from real world applications. Our second contribution is a framework for processing formulas while producing detailed proofs. The main components of our proof producing framework are a generic contextual recursion algorithm and an extensible set of inference rules. With suitable data structures, proof generation creates only a linear-time overhead, and proofs can be checked in linear time. We also implemented the approach in veriT. This allowed us to dramatically simplify the code base while increasing the number of problems for which detailed proofs can be produced

Cette recherche, menée en immersion sur le terrain, vise à rendre plus intelligible le mode projet dans le système de décision des organisations bureaucratiques. Ce sujet, manquant d’évidences tant conceptuelles qu’empiriques, a été analysé longitudinalement et en temps réel par le biais d’une étude de cas enchâssés, composée de cinq projets internes d’une même collectivité territoriale. Pour appréhender davantage la complexité de ce sujet, un cadre conceptuel a été spécifiquement développé sur la base d’une approche multidimensionnelle. Puis, différents dispositifs méthodologiques, oscillant de l’observation flottante jusqu’à la recherche-action, ont été mobilisés pour détecter ce qui relève du singulier ou de la répétition dans les pratiques. Au final, les résultats de cette thèse, largement révélés par l’exercice d’une réflexivité, suggèrent que l’analyse du mode projet dans le système de décision d’une organisation bureaucratique ne peut être menée sans l’usage du concept d’instanciation. Plus encore, au sein des bureaucraties publiques, les projets internes connaissent une instanciation incomplète, néfaste à leur efficience. / This research, performed on the field-based approach, aims to give a more intelligible view of the project mode in the decision-making system within bureaucratic organizations. As this subject lacked of both conceptual and empiric evidences, it was analyzed on a real-time and longitudinal basis by means of embedded case study, composed of five internal projects performed in a territorial community. To advance deeper with the complexity of the subject, a conceptual frame was specifically done on the basis of a multidimensional approach. Then, several methological tools, from floating observation to action-research, were mobilized in order to identify if the practices tackled are either originated in a singular or repetitive approach. Finally, this thesis results, highly revealed through the exercise of reflexivity, show us that the analysis of the mode project in decision-making system within a bureaucratic organization can’t be lead without using the concept of instantiation. Moreover, within the public bureaucracies, the internal projects suffer from an unachieved instantiation, undermining their efficiency.

<p>Object-oriented frameworks are currently widely used in software application development. Unfortunately, they are known to be generally difficult to use because of the difficulty in understanding the concepts and constraints in different frameworks. With the formalization of framework concepts and constraints in domain-specific modeling languages called framework-specific modeling languages (FSMLs), previous works have shown that round-trip engineering between models of applications using frameworks and the application code is possible to aid framework application development.</p> <p>Framework-specific modeling languages only capture, however, framework concepts and constraints and hence, lack the expressiveness of general-purpose modeling languages. For this reason, the complete code for an entire framework application cannot be generated from the model in the model editor using round-trip engineering, and the user would need to switch to the code editor to program the application logic code. Also, since models are only abstractions of code, implementation details in code may be missing in models. Although default implementation details can be used when generating code from a model, the generated code might require further customization by the user, which would also require switching to the code editor.</p> <p>To reduce the need for the user to switch between the model editor and the code editor and to reduce the need to customize the generated code, this thesis presents a model-guided approach to providing code assistance for framework application development directly in the code editor, where additional implementation details can also be obtained. An approach to building a context-sensitive code assistant that aids the user in the implementation of framework concepts with the consideration of framework constraints is described. A prototype has further been implemented and applied on two widely popular frameworks. The evaluation in this thesis analyzes and characterizes framework concepts and shows that the framework-based code assistant can reduce the need to customize the generated code in the code editor when compared to code generation from the model editor.</p>

<p>Object-oriented frameworks are currently widely used in software application development. Unfortunately, they are known to be generally difficult to use because of the difficulty in understanding the concepts and constraints in different frameworks. With the formalization of framework concepts and constraints in domain-specific modeling languages called framework-specific modeling languages (FSMLs), previous works have shown that round-trip engineering between models of applications using frameworks and the application code is possible to aid framework application development.</p> <p>Framework-specific modeling languages only capture, however, framework concepts and constraints and hence, lack the expressiveness of general-purpose modeling languages. For this reason, the complete code for an entire framework application cannot be generated from the model in the model editor using round-trip engineering, and the user would need to switch to the code editor to program the application logic code. Also, since models are only abstractions of code, implementation details in code may be missing in models. Although default implementation details can be used when generating code from a model, the generated code might require further customization by the user, which would also require switching to the code editor.</p> <p>To reduce the need for the user to switch between the model editor and the code editor and to reduce the need to customize the generated code, this thesis presents a model-guided approach to providing code assistance for framework application development directly in the code editor, where additional implementation details can also be obtained. An approach to building a context-sensitive code assistant that aids the user in the implementation of framework concepts with the consideration of framework constraints is described. A prototype has further been implemented and applied on two widely popular frameworks. The evaluation in this thesis analyzes and characterizes framework concepts and shows that the framework-based code assistant can reduce the need to customize the generated code in the code editor when compared to code generation from the model editor.</p>

Autour de la question de la modernisation des bâtiments protégés, la thèse analyse comment les acteurs implémentent de tels ajustements contemporains sans pour autant dénaturer le Patrimoine véhiculé et personnifié par le bâtiment. Considéré comme la représentation matérielle de l’institution des Bâtiments Protégés – i.e. son instanciation – le bâtiment protégé trouve sa légitimité dans son authenticité dont le respect par les acteurs est primordial pour maintenir la protection institutionnelle. Cependant, parce que la majorité des bâtiments protégés actuels n’ont pas été pensés originellement pour perdurer, i.e. être transmis aux futures générations, les travaux d’intervention pour modifier cet artéfact bâtiment mènent à de nombreux débats entre les acteurs qui participent à ces projets de construction au regard de ce qui doit être ou non patrimonialement considéré. Selon l’approche constructiviste de la méthodologie dite de théorie ancrée, et dans l’optique de comprendre comment ces acteurs parviennent à produire un seul et unique artéfact, la thèse met en avant le processus de construction de l’instantiation au sein duquel les constructions matérielle et symbolique sont considérées. Pour se faire, l’étude propose de coupler l’Institutionnalisme Scandinave et le Bricolage Collectif. En effet, pour sélectionner les matériaux de construction pertinents pour modifier un bâtiment protégé existant, les acteurs doivent dans un premier temps concevoir un cadre interprétatif, commun et partagé, basé sur l’authenticité du bâtiment qu’ils pensent être nécessaire de respecter selon les trois piliers institutionnels en présence. Un tel cadre est en fait une étape préliminaire servant à implémenter un dialogue double-niveau permettant la matérialisation de l’ensemble des idées immatérielles: 1) entre les acteurs et le cadre interprétatif pour tester les solutions matérielles suggérées et 2) entre chaque répertoire de chaque acteur, comprenant leur ressources à disposition, grâce à six critères de sélection qui aident les acteurs à décider quel matériau il est utile ou non d’utiliser. / The dissertation studies how actors implement contemporary adjustments in listed buildings without disrupting their embodied Heritage. The listed building’s legitimacy relies on its authenticity whose respect by actors is essential to maintain the institutional protection, as it is the material representation, or instantiation, of the Listed-Buildings Institution. However, intervention works to change such an artifact lead to various debates among actors, as the majority of current listed buildings were not originally constructed to last, i.e. to be transmitted to future generations. One debate during intervention works tackles the issue of what needs to be or not to be considered in terms of Heritage. Through a constructivist grounded-theory methodology, the dissertation allows the understanding of how actors succeed in producing one unique outcome. I propose the instantiation construction process in which both symbolic but also material constructions are emphasised. And to do so, I intertwine Scandinavian Institutionalism and Collective Bricolage. Indeed, actors need first to design, with the help of the three institutional pillars, a shared interpretative frame to select relevant building materials. They could thus modify an existing building in regards to what building’s authenticity deserves to be respected. This frame acts in fact as a preliminary step to implement a simultaneous two-level dialogue enabling the materialisation of the intangible ideas: 1) between actors and the frame to test the material solutions actors suggest and 2) between each actors’ “resources at hand” repertoires by means of six selection criteria that help them to make decision on which material is relevant to use or not.

L'orientation service occupe de plus en plus une place importante dans la structuration des systèmes complexes. La conception et le développement d'applications évoluent progressivement d'un modèle traditionnel vers un modèle plus dynamique orienté services où la réutilisation et l'adaptabilité jouent un rôle important. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une étude portant sur la conception et le développement d'applications par composition de services. Nous décrivons un environnement de partage de services : DyCoSe. Il consiste en un écosystème coopératif où les entreprises membres, organisées en communautés, partagent un consensus global représentant les fonctionnalités métier récurrentes et les propriétés non fonctionnelles communes. La composition d'applications dans DyCoSe repose sur une architecture à trois niveaux combinant à la fois une démarche descendante et une autre ascendante. La démarche descendante permet de décrire l’application à travers une interaction de composants haut niveau et de la raffiner en une ou plusieurs orchestrations de services. La démarche ascendante projette les caractéristiques de l’infrastructure réseau sous-jacente au niveau services. Un processus d’instanciation visant à réaliser une application composite est détaillé. Il formalise le choix des services, selon un ensemble de contraintes données, comme un problème d’optimisation de coûts. Deux solutions au problème d’instanciation sont étudiées. Une solution globale tient compte de l’ensemble des services disponibles dans l’écosystème et une solution locale favorise les services de certaines communautés. Un algorithme génétique est décrit comme implémentation de l’instanciation globale. Une simulation stochastique de l’environnement DyCoSe est proposée. Elle permet d'étudier les possibilités d’instanciation d’une application donnée dans un environnement où la disponibilité des services n’est pas garantie. Elle permet d'étudier aussi, le taux de réussite de l’exécution d’une instance d’une application donnée. / The service oriented computing paradigm plays an increasingly important role in structuring complex systems. Application design and development approaches are witnessing a shift from traditional models towards a more dynamic service oriented model promoting reuse and adaptability. In this thesis, we study an approach for application design and development based on services’ composition. We propose DyCoSe, an environment for sharing services. It consists of an enterprise ecosystem wherein members, organized in communities, share a global agreement describing traditional business functionalities and common non-functional properties. DyCoSe relies on a three level architecture for service based application composition combining both, a top down and a bottom up composition approach. The top down part describes an application using high-level components and refines it to an orchestration of services. The bottom up part projects network characteristics to the services’ level. An instantiation process aiming at realizing an application is described. It formalizes services’ selection as a cost optimization problem considering a set of user given constraints. Two solutions of the instantiation problem are proposed. A global solution considers all the available services in an ecosystem. A local solution gives priority to services of selected communities. A genetic algorithm implements the global instantiation. A stochastic simulation of DyCoSe is proposed. It allows studying the instantiation success rate and the application execution success rate both in a dynamic environment wherein services availability is not guaranteed.